As fiber-optic transmission systems evolve toward higher per-wavelength-channel data rates, the analog bandwidth of digital-to-analog converters (DACs) has become a bottleneck. Here, external analog multiplexing techniques utilizing multiple DACs in each signaling dimension enable us to generate signals with bandwidths exceeding the DACs’ capabilities. This tutorial provides a comprehensive review of these techniques, including electronic and optical ones. Moreover, it presents an analytical model from the perspective of spectral image superposition as a basis for a unified understanding of the principles of the various schemes.
{"title":"Analog Electronic and Optical Multiplexing Techniques for Transmitter Bandwidth Extension","authors":"Hiroshi Yamazaki;Munehiko Nagatani;Masanori Nakamura;Fukutaro Hamaoka;Takayuki Kobayashi;Toshikazu Hashimoto;Yutaka Miyamoto","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3484571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3484571","url":null,"abstract":"As fiber-optic transmission systems evolve toward higher per-wavelength-channel data rates, the analog bandwidth of digital-to-analog converters (DACs) has become a bottleneck. Here, external analog multiplexing techniques utilizing multiple DACs in each signaling dimension enable us to generate signals with bandwidths exceeding the DACs’ capabilities. This tutorial provides a comprehensive review of these techniques, including electronic and optical ones. Moreover, it presents an analytical model from the perspective of spectral image superposition as a basis for a unified understanding of the principles of the various schemes.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 4","pages":"1550-1564"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10738312","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2024.3485129
Christina Lim;Chathurika Ranaweera;Yijie Tao;Ampalavanapillai Nirmalathas;Sampath Ediringhe;Lena Wosinska;Tingting Song
The radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology which was first introduced in the late eighties has evolved over time and is now considered as a possible solution for future wireless transport. The exponential growth in mobile user applications and their diverse requirements demand the future wireless and its transport network to be more intelligent, software-defined, and ubiquitous to provide immersive, high bandwidth, ultra-low latency, and hyper reliable communication. These evolutions mandate rethinking of the design and development of physical layer and upper layer of RoF technologies. This paper reviews the past and current developments of RoF technologies and summarizes the challenges that the technologies can potentially face in the future to support beyond 5G networks and their requirements.
{"title":"Past and Future Development of Radio-Over-Fiber","authors":"Christina Lim;Chathurika Ranaweera;Yijie Tao;Ampalavanapillai Nirmalathas;Sampath Ediringhe;Lena Wosinska;Tingting Song","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3485129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3485129","url":null,"abstract":"The radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology which was first introduced in the late eighties has evolved over time and is now considered as a possible solution for future wireless transport. The exponential growth in mobile user applications and their diverse requirements demand the future wireless and its transport network to be more intelligent, software-defined, and ubiquitous to provide immersive, high bandwidth, ultra-low latency, and hyper reliable communication. These evolutions mandate rethinking of the design and development of physical layer and upper layer of RoF technologies. This paper reviews the past and current developments of RoF technologies and summarizes the challenges that the technologies can potentially face in the future to support beyond 5G networks and their requirements.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 4","pages":"1525-1541"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The utilization of probabilistic shaping (PS) techniques effectively mitigates the average power of the transmitted signal by optimizing modulation mapping schemes, which helps to improve the resistance of the wireless transmission system to the nonlinear effect induced by envelope detection. In this work, we have experimentally demonstrated FPGA-based real-time photonics-assisted W-band with envelope detection 23 Gb/s PS 64-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (64QAM) discrete multi-tone (DMT) signals over 40.5-m wireless link. In addition, an intra-symbol two-stage bit-weighted distribution matching-based PS-64QAM scheme was implemented based on FPGA to alleviate nonlinear damage caused by envelope detector. This PS-64QAM scheme has the advantages of no complex multiplication, division operations and low hardware implementation complexity. According to experimental results, by adopting our proposed PS-64QAM scheme, the receiver sensitivity can be significantly improved. This study demonstrates the attainment of the greatest wireless range to date through FPFA-based real-time photonics millimeter wave envelope detection for wireless communication. The results underscore the feasibility of integrating millimeter wave photonics, electronics, and advanced DSP algorithms to accomplish high-speed wireless communication over long distances in real time. This will provide important assistance for our future work in real-time photonics- assisted millimeter wave wireless communication.
{"title":"Real-Time Intra-Symbol Two-Stage Bit-Class Distribution Matcher-Based PS-64QAM DMT Transceiver for W-Band Wireless Transmission","authors":"Long Zhang;Jianjun Yu;Kaihui Wang;Zonghui Zhu;Xiongwei Yang;Luhan Jiang;Jiaxuan Liu;Bohan Sang;Chen Wang;Jianyu Long;Xinda Sun;Yuanxiao Meng;Yumeng Gou;Jingwen Tan;Yikai Wang;Yu Chen;Junjie Ding;Li Zhao;Wen Zhou;Min Zhu;Jianguo Yu","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3484511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3484511","url":null,"abstract":"The utilization of probabilistic shaping (PS) techniques effectively mitigates the average power of the transmitted signal by optimizing modulation mapping schemes, which helps to improve the resistance of the wireless transmission system to the nonlinear effect induced by envelope detection. In this work, we have experimentally demonstrated FPGA-based real-time photonics-assisted W-band with envelope detection 23 Gb/s PS 64-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (64QAM) discrete multi-tone (DMT) signals over 40.5-m wireless link. In addition, an intra-symbol two-stage bit-weighted distribution matching-based PS-64QAM scheme was implemented based on FPGA to alleviate nonlinear damage caused by envelope detector. This PS-64QAM scheme has the advantages of no complex multiplication, division operations and low hardware implementation complexity. According to experimental results, by adopting our proposed PS-64QAM scheme, the receiver sensitivity can be significantly improved. This study demonstrates the attainment of the greatest wireless range to date through FPFA-based real-time photonics millimeter wave envelope detection for wireless communication. The results underscore the feasibility of integrating millimeter wave photonics, electronics, and advanced DSP algorithms to accomplish high-speed wireless communication over long distances in real time. This will provide important assistance for our future work in real-time photonics- assisted millimeter wave wireless communication.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 4","pages":"1759-1772"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid development of emerging technologies has led to a significant increase in data traffic, posing challenges for data centers in terms of storing, transmitting, and processing large volumes of information. Intra- and inter-datacenter connections with high bandwidth, low latency, high reliability, and high energy efficiency are in great demand. Traditional electrical communication is becoming increasingly inadequate, while optical communication has emerged as promising solutions. Visible light laser communication (VLLC) utilizes the spectrum ranging from 380 nm to 700 nm and has the advantages of offering high transmission rates, cost-effectiveness, and simple system structures. In this paper, enabling technologies including high-bandwidth laser diodes, advanced modulation formats, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based equalization schemes are introduced. A compact 50-channel VLLC interconnect system has been developed, achieving ultra-high-speed short-range VLLC transmission with a record data rate of 534.51 Gbps, showcasing the potential of VLLC as a high-capacity and cost-effective optical intra-data center connection solution.
{"title":"Enabling Technologies to Achieve Beyond 500 Gbps Optical Intra-Connects Based on WDM Visible Light Laser Communication","authors":"Nan Chi;Wenqing Niu;Yingjun Zhou;Junfei Wang;Hui Chen;Zhixue He;Jiali Li;Zengyi Xu;Xianhao Lin;Zhiteng Luo;Zhilan Lu;Junwen Zhang;Chao Shen;Ziwei Li;Jianyang Shi;Shaohua Yu","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3486062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3486062","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development of emerging technologies has led to a significant increase in data traffic, posing challenges for data centers in terms of storing, transmitting, and processing large volumes of information. Intra- and inter-datacenter connections with high bandwidth, low latency, high reliability, and high energy efficiency are in great demand. Traditional electrical communication is becoming increasingly inadequate, while optical communication has emerged as promising solutions. Visible light laser communication (VLLC) utilizes the spectrum ranging from 380 nm to 700 nm and has the advantages of offering high transmission rates, cost-effectiveness, and simple system structures. In this paper, enabling technologies including high-bandwidth laser diodes, advanced modulation formats, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based equalization schemes are introduced. A compact 50-channel VLLC interconnect system has been developed, achieving ultra-high-speed short-range VLLC transmission with a record data rate of 534.51 Gbps, showcasing the potential of VLLC as a high-capacity and cost-effective optical intra-data center connection solution.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 4","pages":"1843-1854"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2024.3485074
R. Tufan Erdogan;Georgy A. Filonenko;Stephen J. Picken;Peter G. Steeneken;Wouter J. Westerveld
Ultrasound is widely used in medical imaging, and emerging photo-acoustic imaging is crucial for disease diagnosis. Currently, high-end photo-acoustic imaging systems rely on piezo-electric materials for detecting ultrasound waves, which come with sensitivity, noise, and bandwidth limitations. Advanced applications demand a large matrix of broadband, high-resolution, and scalable ultrasound sensors. Silicon photonic circuits have been introduced to meet these requirements by detecting ultrasound-induced deformation and stress in silicon waveguides. Although higher sensitivities could facilitate the exploration of new applications, the high stiffness of the waveguide materials constrains the intrinsic sensitivity of the silicon photonic circuits to ultrasound signals. Here, we explore the impact of the mechanical properties of a polymer cladding on the sensitivity of silicon photonic ultrasound sensors. Our model and experiments reveal that optimizing the polymer cladding's stiffness enhances the resonance wavelength sensitivity. Experimentally, we show a fourfold increase in the sensitivity compared to the sensors without a cladding polymer and, a twofold sensitivity increase compared to the sensors with a cladding polymer of saturated cross-linking density. Interestingly, comparing experiments with the optomechanical model suggests that the change in Young's Modulus alone cannot explain the sensitivity increase. In conclusion, polymer-coated silicon photonic ultrasound sensors exhibit potential for advanced photo-acoustic imaging applications. It offers the prospect of increasing the ultrasound detection sensitivity of silicon photonic ultrasound sensors while using CMOS-compatible processes. This paves the way to integrate the polymer-coated silicon photonic ultrasound sensors with electronics to utilize the sensors in advanced medical imaging applications.
{"title":"Optimizing Cladding Elasticity to Enhance Sensitivity in Silicon Photonic Ultrasound Sensors","authors":"R. Tufan Erdogan;Georgy A. Filonenko;Stephen J. Picken;Peter G. Steeneken;Wouter J. Westerveld","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3485074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3485074","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound is widely used in medical imaging, and emerging photo-acoustic imaging is crucial for disease diagnosis. Currently, high-end photo-acoustic imaging systems rely on piezo-electric materials for detecting ultrasound waves, which come with sensitivity, noise, and bandwidth limitations. Advanced applications demand a large matrix of broadband, high-resolution, and scalable ultrasound sensors. Silicon photonic circuits have been introduced to meet these requirements by detecting ultrasound-induced deformation and stress in silicon waveguides. Although higher sensitivities could facilitate the exploration of new applications, the high stiffness of the waveguide materials constrains the intrinsic sensitivity of the silicon photonic circuits to ultrasound signals. Here, we explore the impact of the mechanical properties of a polymer cladding on the sensitivity of silicon photonic ultrasound sensors. Our model and experiments reveal that optimizing the polymer cladding's stiffness enhances the resonance wavelength sensitivity. Experimentally, we show a fourfold increase in the sensitivity compared to the sensors without a cladding polymer and, a twofold sensitivity increase compared to the sensors with a cladding polymer of saturated cross-linking density. Interestingly, comparing experiments with the optomechanical model suggests that the change in Young's Modulus alone cannot explain the sensitivity increase. In conclusion, polymer-coated silicon photonic ultrasound sensors exhibit potential for advanced photo-acoustic imaging applications. It offers the prospect of increasing the ultrasound detection sensitivity of silicon photonic ultrasound sensors while using CMOS-compatible processes. This paves the way to integrate the polymer-coated silicon photonic ultrasound sensors with electronics to utilize the sensors in advanced medical imaging applications.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 3","pages":"1419-1428"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2024.3485982
Wei Wang;Liming Chen;Dongdong Zou;Weihao Ni;Dongmei Huang;Fan Li
Recently, coherent digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) technology has become an attractive solution for next-generation ultra-high-speed datacenter interconnects (DCIs). To meet the requirements of low-cost and low-power consumption in DCI applications, a comprehensive simplification of the coherent DSCM system has been investigated. The pilot-tone-based polarization demultiplexing (PT-PDM) technique, known for its low-power consumption and ultra-fast polarization tracking capabilities, has emerged as a compelling alternative to the power-hungry N-tap adaptive multi-input multiple-output (MIMO) equalizer. However, the effectiveness of this PT-PDM technique is extremely vulnerable to the receiver-side XY-skew (Rx-XY-skew), which is revealed in this paper for the first time. Then, a pilot-tone-enabled modified Godard phase detector (PT-MGPD) scheme is proposed to realize Rx-XY-skew estimation, serving as the prerequisite for the successful implementation of the PT-PDM and simplification of the adaptive equalizer. Both the simulation and experiment are conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed PT-MGPD scheme. The results prove it can achieve accurate estimation with an error of less than ±0.3 ps. Besides, a low-complexity, high-spectral-efficiency, and ultra-fast polarization demultiplexing method based on a single pilot tone (SPT) is proposed for coherent DSCM systems in this work. Based on the proposed PT-MGPD and SPT schemes, the conventional N-tap MIMO equalizer served for each subcarrier can be successfully pruned into two polarization-independent single-input single-output equalizers, which exhibit no performance penalty even if the polarization rotation speed reaches 10 Mrad/s. According to the results, the proposed schemes provide a hardware-efficient and reliable coherent DSCM solution for next-generation ultra-high-speed DCIs.
{"title":"Hardware-Efficient and Reliable Coherent DSCM Systems Enabled by Single-Pilot-Tone-Based Polarization Demultiplexing","authors":"Wei Wang;Liming Chen;Dongdong Zou;Weihao Ni;Dongmei Huang;Fan Li","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3485982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3485982","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, coherent digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) technology has become an attractive solution for next-generation ultra-high-speed datacenter interconnects (DCIs). To meet the requirements of low-cost and low-power consumption in DCI applications, a comprehensive simplification of the coherent DSCM system has been investigated. The pilot-tone-based polarization demultiplexing (PT-PDM) technique, known for its low-power consumption and ultra-fast polarization tracking capabilities, has emerged as a compelling alternative to the power-hungry <italic>N</i>-tap adaptive multi-input multiple-output (MIMO) equalizer. However, the effectiveness of this PT-PDM technique is extremely vulnerable to the receiver-side XY-skew (Rx-XY-skew), which is revealed in this paper for the first time. Then, a pilot-tone-enabled modified Godard phase detector (PT-MGPD) scheme is proposed to realize Rx-XY-skew estimation, serving as the prerequisite for the successful implementation of the PT-PDM and simplification of the adaptive equalizer. Both the simulation and experiment are conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed PT-MGPD scheme. The results prove it can achieve accurate estimation with an error of less than ±0.3 ps. Besides, a low-complexity, high-spectral-efficiency, and ultra-fast polarization demultiplexing method based on a single pilot tone (SPT) is proposed for coherent DSCM systems in this work. Based on the proposed PT-MGPD and SPT schemes, the conventional <italic>N</i>-tap MIMO equalizer served for each subcarrier can be successfully pruned into two polarization-independent single-input single-output equalizers, which exhibit no performance penalty even if the polarization rotation speed reaches 10 Mrad/s. According to the results, the proposed schemes provide a hardware-efficient and reliable coherent DSCM solution for next-generation ultra-high-speed DCIs.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 3","pages":"1150-1161"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2024.3486047
Rongrong Niu;Qingwen Liu;Yuanpeng Deng;Yanming Chang;Zuyuan He
Distributed fiber-optic vibration and temperature sensor are very important for many applications. However, existing multi-parameter sensing systems are usually based on a hybrid system of multiple scattering mechanisms, and thus suffer from complex system structures and high costs. Here we reported a quasi-distributed fiber-optic sensor for both static and dynamic signal measurement based on weak reflector array. A double-sideband optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) is proposed to detect the beat frequency difference between adjacent weak reflectors, realizing simultaneous detection of both dynamic and static signals. The measurement range is only limited by the destructive threshold of fiber in principle. In the demonstration experiments, a temperature resolution of 0.36 $^{circ }$C and a vibration sensitivity of 30 $pepsilon /sqrt{ text{Hz} }$ are achieved simultaneously with a frequency sweeping range of 6.75 GHz.
{"title":"Quasi-Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensor With Large Measurement Range for Both Static and Dynamic Signals","authors":"Rongrong Niu;Qingwen Liu;Yuanpeng Deng;Yanming Chang;Zuyuan He","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3486047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3486047","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed fiber-optic vibration and temperature sensor are very important for many applications. However, existing multi-parameter sensing systems are usually based on a hybrid system of multiple scattering mechanisms, and thus suffer from complex system structures and high costs. Here we reported a quasi-distributed fiber-optic sensor for both static and dynamic signal measurement based on weak reflector array. A double-sideband optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) is proposed to detect the beat frequency difference between adjacent weak reflectors, realizing simultaneous detection of both dynamic and static signals. The measurement range is only limited by the destructive threshold of fiber in principle. In the demonstration experiments, a temperature resolution of 0.36 <inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>C and a vibration sensitivity of 30 <inline-formula><tex-math>$pepsilon /sqrt{ text{Hz} }$</tex-math></inline-formula> are achieved simultaneously with a frequency sweeping range of 6.75 GHz.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 3","pages":"1437-1444"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the contribution, a 5.58 kW monochromatic narrow linewidth fiber laser centered at 1080 nm realized by combining house-made confined doped fiber and bidirectional pump scheme has been presented. At the maximum power of 5.58 kW, the beam quality factor M2 is ∼1.5. Experimental results have revealed that 90% confined doping is competent to increase TMI threshold by 20% and fit well with numerical calculation, which proves confined doping has the potential for further power scaling of narrow linewidth fiber laser by TMI mitigation, and experimental results indicate that confined doping can also be regarded as a reference for the design and optimization of high-power narrow linewidth near-diffraction-limited fiber lasers.
{"title":"5.58 kW Narrow-Linewidth Fiber Laser Based on House-Made Confined-Doped Fiber","authors":"Yisha Chen;Pengfei Ma;Tianfu Yao;Wei Liu;Zhiyong Pan;Huan Yang;Zefeng Wang;Pu Zhou;Jinbao Chen","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3486060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3486060","url":null,"abstract":"In the contribution, a 5.58 kW monochromatic narrow linewidth fiber laser centered at 1080 nm realized by combining house-made confined doped fiber and bidirectional pump scheme has been presented. At the maximum power of 5.58 kW, the beam quality factor M<sup>2</sup> is ∼1.5. Experimental results have revealed that 90% confined doping is competent to increase TMI threshold by 20% and fit well with numerical calculation, which proves confined doping has the potential for further power scaling of narrow linewidth fiber laser by TMI mitigation, and experimental results indicate that confined doping can also be regarded as a reference for the design and optimization of high-power narrow linewidth near-diffraction-limited fiber lasers.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 3","pages":"1381-1386"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2024.3468353
Marcelo A. Soto;Jonathan Bohbot;Luc Thévenaz;Moshe Tur
This paper investigates the so-far unexplored influence of the probes on the state of polarization (SOP) of the pump pulse in a distributed fiber sensor based on dual-probe Brillouin optical-time domain analysis (BOTDA). A theoretical framework, based on a vector formalism in the Stokes space, is proposed to describe the Brillouin interaction of a dual-probe BOTDA setup. Experimental results over a 50 km long fiber, supported by numerical simulations over a few km of a modeled birefringent fiber, demonstrate for the first time notable Brillouin-mediated attraction/repulsion actions from the probes on the SOP of the pump pulse. While the probes experience Brillouin-induced polarization transformation only during their relatively short interaction with the pump pulse, the effect of the probes on the pump SOP accumulates over the entire fiber length, becoming more significant with higher probe power. The opposite actions of the two (gain and loss) probes do not provide full compensation, since they are dissimilarly affected by the pump, and have slightly different associated Brillouin frequency shifts. The study highlights an overlooked limitation in BOTDA sensing, where the different influences of the probes on the pump SOP impair the commonly used method for polarization fading mitigation based on a polarization switch. This method involves launching a pair of orthogonally co-polarized probes (or pumps) propagating in the sensing fiber against a single-polarization pump (or single-polarization dual-sideband probes). This limitation becomes particularly relevant in advanced configurations using high probe powers, especially for long sensing ranges and high-performance applications.
{"title":"Polarization Pulling in Dual-Probe Distributed Brillouin Optical Fiber Sensors","authors":"Marcelo A. Soto;Jonathan Bohbot;Luc Thévenaz;Moshe Tur","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3468353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3468353","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the so-far unexplored influence of the probes on the state of polarization (SOP) of the pump pulse in a distributed fiber sensor based on dual-probe Brillouin optical-time domain analysis (BOTDA). A theoretical framework, based on a vector formalism in the Stokes space, is proposed to describe the Brillouin interaction of a dual-probe BOTDA setup. Experimental results over a 50 km long fiber, supported by numerical simulations over a few km of a modeled birefringent fiber, demonstrate for the first time notable Brillouin-mediated attraction/repulsion actions from the probes on the SOP of the pump pulse. While the probes experience Brillouin-induced polarization transformation only during their relatively short interaction with the pump pulse, the effect of the probes on the pump SOP accumulates over the entire fiber length, becoming more significant with higher probe power. The opposite actions of the two (gain and loss) probes do not provide full compensation, since they are dissimilarly affected by the pump, and have slightly different associated Brillouin frequency shifts. The study highlights an overlooked limitation in BOTDA sensing, where the different influences of the probes on the pump SOP impair the commonly used method for polarization fading mitigation based on a polarization switch. This method involves launching a pair of orthogonally co-polarized probes (or pumps) propagating in the sensing fiber against a single-polarization pump (or single-polarization dual-sideband probes). This limitation becomes particularly relevant in advanced configurations using high probe powers, especially for long sensing ranges and high-performance applications.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 3","pages":"1486-1496"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10733942","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have designed a symmetrical dual in-line Sagnac interferometer with excellent frequency response characteristics. On the basis of its structural characteristics, a localization algorithm based on variational mode decomposition and generalized cross-correlation (VMD-GCC) is designed. This algorithm can effectively separate noise. With a sensing length of about 60 km, a localization error of ± 10 m is achieved, and the overall localization error is 0.017%. In the single frequency large signal disturbance test, the maximum error of the sensor's localization result for low-frequency signals under the VMD-GCC algorithm is 20 m. When the disturbance signal is greater than 500 Hz, the maximum error is less than 10 m. In the single frequency small signal disturbance test, the sensor also showed certain localization ability for low frequency disturbances, with a maximum error of 180 m for disturbances at 300 Hz. Time error problem is analyzed. Symmetrical dual in-line SI based on VMD-GCC for localization exhibits better immunity to time error problem. The system and algorithm have application potential in long-distance perimeter security and many other fields.
{"title":"Symmetrical Dual In-Line Sagnac Fiber Sensor Based on VMD-GCC for High Precision Localization","authors":"Yixiao Ma;Kun Jia;Yuchen Song;Lai Zhang;Xin Lai;Qian Xiao;Bo Jia","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3485739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3485739","url":null,"abstract":"We have designed a symmetrical dual in-line Sagnac interferometer with excellent frequency response characteristics. On the basis of its structural characteristics, a localization algorithm based on variational mode decomposition and generalized cross-correlation (VMD-GCC) is designed. This algorithm can effectively separate noise. With a sensing length of about 60 km, a localization error of ± 10 m is achieved, and the overall localization error is 0.017%. In the single frequency large signal disturbance test, the maximum error of the sensor's localization result for low-frequency signals under the VMD-GCC algorithm is 20 m. When the disturbance signal is greater than 500 Hz, the maximum error is less than 10 m. In the single frequency small signal disturbance test, the sensor also showed certain localization ability for low frequency disturbances, with a maximum error of 180 m for disturbances at 300 Hz. Time error problem is analyzed. Symmetrical dual in-line SI based on VMD-GCC for localization exhibits better immunity to time error problem. The system and algorithm have application potential in long-distance perimeter security and many other fields.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 3","pages":"1445-1454"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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