Pub Date : 2024-10-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103483
A large amount of used cooking oil (UCO) is improperly disposed of in sewage and rivers, leading to environmental pollution and posing health risks such as carcinogenic diseases. This study explores an eco-friendly approach to addressing this issue by repurposing UCO for laundry soap production, contributing to waste management and environmental decontamination. The soap was prepared by treating UCO with an alkaline solution (NaOH) through a simple saponification process, providing a greener alternative to traditional methods that rely on imported vegetable oils. The prepared soaps were evaluated for cleansing capacity as well as physical, chemical, and physicochemical properties. The results showed moisture content of 9.27 % to 10.34 %, pH ranging from 6.03 to 4.46, chloride percentage from 0.055 % to 0.29 %, free caustic alkali between 0.152 and 0.175, and total alkali content from 0.29 % to 0.73 %. These values meet the requirements of East African Standards (EAS), validating the quality of UCO-based soaps. By diverting UCO from waste streams and utilizing it in soap production, this approach supports waste management, minimizes environmental pollution, and contributes to sustainable production practices.
{"title":"From kitchen to cosmetics: Study on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of waste cooking oil-derived soap","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A large amount of used cooking oil (UCO) is improperly disposed of in sewage and rivers, leading to environmental pollution and posing health risks such as carcinogenic diseases. This study explores an eco-friendly approach to addressing this issue by repurposing UCO for laundry soap production, contributing to waste management and environmental decontamination. The soap was prepared by treating UCO with an alkaline solution (NaOH) through a simple saponification process, providing a greener alternative to traditional methods that rely on imported vegetable oils. The prepared soaps were evaluated for cleansing capacity as well as physical, chemical, and physicochemical properties. The results showed moisture content of 9.27 % to 10.34 %, pH ranging from 6.03 to 4.46, chloride percentage from 0.055 % to 0.29 %, free caustic alkali between 0.152 and 0.175, and total alkali content from 0.29 % to 0.73 %. These values meet the requirements of East African Standards (EAS), validating the quality of UCO-based soaps. By diverting UCO from waste streams and utilizing it in soap production, this approach supports waste management, minimizes environmental pollution, and contributes to sustainable production practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103482
Samsum (Brachyponera sennaarensis) ant venom contains several peptides that have an aggressive impact on the architecture of the internal organs including the thymus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of venom with various doses as a toxin insult by examining the histological alterations and measurable biochemical parameters in the thymus. Forty Wistar albino rats separated into seven groups were used.
Data demonstrated statistically significant hyperplasia in the cellular density, shrinkage in cortical thickness, and medullary area in the venom- intraperitoneally treated group compared to the − orally treated group. Additionally, there was a prominent increase in apoptotic cells TGB, the density of lesions, and hemorrhagic cysts effects of the venom on thymic cells. There was a notable higher intensity of pathological features in the thymus.
Results validated the role of SAV in the general thymic atrophy in the histological structure of thymus tissues and acted as a carcinogenic agent. The structural analysis of the thymus revealed that a larger dosage of SAV produced a thymoma in the histoarchitecture. The differences between the low dose of SAV-treated groups orally and (IP) were not statistically significant in some analyses. In terms of the thymus tissue’s structure, the administration of a high dose of (450 µl) intraperitoneally had the worst impact on the health of the thymus.
森蚺（Brachyponera sennaarensis）蚁毒含有几种肽，对包括胸腺在内的内脏器官结构具有侵袭性影响。本研究的目的是通过检测胸腺的组织学改变和可测量的生化参数，评估不同剂量的毒液作为毒素侮辱的有效性。数据显示，与口服毒液组相比，腹腔注射毒液组的细胞密度明显增高，皮质厚度和髓质面积缩小。此外，毒液对胸腺细胞的影响还包括凋亡细胞 TGB、病变密度和出血性囊肿的显著增加。结果验证了 SAV 在胸腺组织学结构中导致胸腺萎缩的作用，并具有致癌作用。胸腺的结构分析表明，较大剂量的 SAV 会在组织结构中产生胸腺瘤。在一些分析中，低剂量 SAV 口服组和（IP）处理组之间的差异没有统计学意义。就胸腺组织结构而言，腹腔注射高剂量（450微升）对胸腺健康的影响最大。
{"title":"Comparison of the cytotoxic impact of samsum ant venom (Brachyponera sennaarensis) administration routes on quantitative histological analysis of thymus","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Samsum (<em>Brachyponera sennaarensis</em>) ant venom contains several peptides that have an aggressive impact on the architecture of the internal organs including the thymus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of venom with various doses as a toxin insult by examining the histological alterations and measurable biochemical parameters in the thymus. Forty Wistar albino rats separated into seven groups were used.</div><div>Data demonstrated statistically significant hyperplasia in the cellular density, shrinkage in cortical thickness, and medullary area in the venom- intraperitoneally treated group compared to the − orally treated group. Additionally, there was a prominent increase in apoptotic cells TGB, the density of lesions, and hemorrhagic cysts effects of the venom on thymic cells. There was a notable higher intensity of pathological features in the thymus.</div><div>Results validated the role of SAV in the general thymic atrophy in the histological structure of thymus tissues and acted as a carcinogenic agent. The structural analysis of the thymus revealed that a larger dosage of SAV produced a thymoma in the histoarchitecture. The differences between the low dose of SAV-treated groups orally and (IP) were not statistically significant in some analyses. In terms of the thymus tissue’s structure, the administration of a high dose of (450 µl) intraperitoneally had the worst impact on the health of the thymus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103484
The act of tobacco smoking cigarettes is linked to the development of lung cancer, which accounts for around 90 % of lung cancers in the world. This paper reviewed 76 articles on harmful heavy metals in tobacco cigarette brands and associated health risk assessment. This comprehensive examination involved searching targeted databases across multiple search engines, such as Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and Research Gate, published in English from 2000 to September 2024. The mean heavy metals concentrations are 2.9, 10.5, 4.5, 7.9 and 3.5 mg/kg for Cd, Pb, Cr, As and Hg, respectively. Related mean hazard quotient (HQ for non-carcinogenic ingestion and inhalation were determined. HQ for ingestion and inhalation were < 1 and > 1, respectively. HQ for all metal inhalation, which signifies considerable health risk. The risk of cancer for ingestion of all metals is in the acceptable limit below 1E-04, while the risk of cancer for inhalation of all metals is in the unacceptable range. Additional research on toxic heavy metals in tobacco cigarette brands from diverse countries is necessary to arrive at conclusive mean risks for each specific toxic heavy metal.
{"title":"Review of toxic metals in tobacco cigarette brands and risk assessment","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103484","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The act of tobacco smoking cigarettes is linked to the development of lung cancer, which accounts for around 90 % of lung cancers in the world. This paper reviewed 76 articles on harmful heavy metals in tobacco cigarette brands and associated health risk assessment. This comprehensive examination involved searching targeted databases across multiple search engines, such as Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and Research Gate, published in English from 2000 to September 2024. The mean heavy metals concentrations are 2.9, 10.5, 4.5, 7.9 and 3.5 mg/kg for Cd, Pb, Cr, As and Hg, respectively. Related mean hazard quotient (HQ <span><math><mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> for non-carcinogenic ingestion and inhalation were determined. HQ for ingestion and inhalation were < 1 and > 1, respectively. HQ <span><math><mrow><mo>></mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span> for all metal inhalation, which signifies considerable health risk. The risk of cancer for ingestion of all metals is in the acceptable limit below 1E-04, while the risk of cancer for inhalation of all metals is in the unacceptable range. Additional research on toxic heavy metals in tobacco cigarette brands from diverse countries is necessary to arrive at conclusive mean risks for each specific toxic heavy metal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103479
Helicases are ubiquitous enzymes with specific functions that contribute to almost all nucleic acid metabolic processes. The RecQ helicase family is essential for integrity in all organisms through DNA replication, repair, and recombination. This study investigated five RecQ-like helicases in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtRecQl) that exhibit diverse structural and physiochemical attributes and functions. Cis-regulatory element analysis identified stress, hormone, cell cycle, and development-responsive modules involved in various events in plant growth and development. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the five AtRecQl were associated with various cellular components, molecular functions, and biological processes. Protein-protein interaction analysis also implicated some in various abiotic stress processes. Structural analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to examine conformational stability through root means square deviation and radius of gyration, showing stable AtRecQl protein structures. Free energy landscape analysis validated thermodynamically stable structures throughout the MD simulation. Principle component analysis and probability density functions from MD simulations provided satisfactory structural variational data for the complexes and limited coordinate movements. These insights might greatly benefit future studies.
{"title":"Comprehensive in silico characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana RecQl helicases through structure prediction and molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Helicases are ubiquitous enzymes with specific functions that contribute to almost all nucleic acid metabolic processes. The RecQ helicase family is essential for integrity in all organisms through DNA replication, repair, and recombination. This study investigated five RecQ-like helicases in <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> (AtRecQl) that exhibit diverse structural and physiochemical attributes and functions. Cis-regulatory element analysis identified stress, hormone, cell cycle, and development-responsive modules involved in various events in plant growth and development. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the five AtRecQl were associated with various cellular components, molecular functions, and biological processes. Protein-protein interaction analysis also implicated some in various abiotic stress processes. Structural analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to examine conformational stability through root means square deviation and radius of gyration, showing stable AtRecQl protein structures. Free energy landscape analysis validated thermodynamically stable structures throughout the MD simulation. Principle component analysis and probability density functions from MD simulations provided satisfactory structural variational data for the complexes and limited coordinate movements. These insights might greatly benefit future studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103480
The identification of novel therapeutic agents using nanomedicine is critical in the fight against diabetes mellitus (DM). Cholic acid (CA) has shown potential in diabetes management, but its effectiveness is limited by poor solubility and stability. To overcome these challenges, CA was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (CACNPs). The CACNPs had a negative zeta potential (ZP) of −13.6 ± 5.81 mV, which is an indication of good stability and potential for enhanced uptake by diseased cells. The average particle size (PS) measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was 169.8 ± 84.3 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.220, indicating uniform particle size distribution. The drug loading capacity (DL%) of the CACNPs was 60.96 ± 0.9 %, whereas, the entrapment efficiency (EE%) was 69.19 ± 1.02 %. The MTT assay on 3 T3-L1 cells revealed a concentration-dependent effect on cell viability, with an IC50 value of 766.0 ± 0.09 µg/ml. Furthermore, CACNPs demonstrated dose-dependent enhancement of glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes, while at 500 µg/ml, they inhibited adipocyte differentiation, suggesting a potential role in adipogenesis inhibition. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) indicated positive modulation of glucose metabolism-related genes (PI3K, GLUT4, PPARg) upon treatment with CACNPs. These findings suggest that CACNPs could serve as a novel inhibitor of adipocyte differentiation and may influence key pathways in glucose metabolism, making them promising candidates for the management of DM.
{"title":"Mechanistic analysis for identifying the anti-diabetic effects of Cholic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: An in vitro approach","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The identification of novel therapeutic agents using nanomedicine is critical in the fight against diabetes mellitus (DM). Cholic acid (CA) has shown potential in diabetes management, but its effectiveness is limited by poor solubility and stability. To overcome these challenges, CA was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (CACNPs). The CACNPs had a negative zeta potential (ZP) of −13.6 ± 5.81 mV, which is an indication of good stability and potential for enhanced uptake by diseased cells. The average particle size (PS) measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was 169.8 ± 84.3 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.220, indicating uniform particle size distribution. The drug loading capacity (DL%) of the CACNPs was 60.96 ± 0.9 %, whereas, the entrapment efficiency (EE%) was 69.19 ± 1.02 %. The MTT assay on 3 T3-L1 cells revealed a concentration-dependent effect on cell viability, with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 766.0 ± 0.09 µg/ml. Furthermore, CACNPs demonstrated dose-dependent enhancement of glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes, while at 500 µg/ml, they inhibited adipocyte differentiation, suggesting a potential role in adipogenesis inhibition. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) indicated positive modulation of glucose metabolism-related genes (PI3K, GLUT4, PPARg) upon treatment with CACNPs. These findings suggest that CACNPs could serve as a novel inhibitor of adipocyte differentiation and may influence key pathways in glucose metabolism, making them promising candidates for the management of DM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103477
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most diagnosed cancer in men and the second most common cancer in women and remains associated with high morbidity and mortality in Saudi Arabia. The current understanding of genetic heterogeneity of CRC biology encourages the identification of the genetic causes of CRC in the Saudi population.
Methods
In this study, we obtained 89 CRC patients’ tumor samples from Saudi Arabia and investigated the molecular alterations of the NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase (NRAS) gene in the collected CRC tumor tissue samples to identify gene mutations using DNA sequencing using an automated DNA sequencer ABI 3730xl. The impact of mutations was analyzed using different bioinformatics tools including SwissModel, Missense3D, molecular dynamics simulations using YASARA DYNAMICS and Protein Variation Effect Analyzer (PROVEAN) tool.
Results
We identified a novel mutation c.40 G > T, in one patient in whom valine was replaced by phenylalanine (V14F). Notably, we also identified another mutation in the same codon c.40 G > A where valine is replaced by isoleucine (V14I). Our in-silico analysis revealed that this novel mutation alters the binding affinity of the NRAS gene substantially, and as a result, could have lethal consequences on the downstream signaling genes and pathways including MAPK and PI3K involved in regulating CRC growth and progression.
Conclusions
These findings provide insights into the molecular etiology of CRC in general and particularly in the Saudi population. Thus, these findings in NRAS mutation testing may also guide further treatment modalities, and more personalized therapy may be optimized.
背景在沙特阿拉伯，结直肠癌（CRC）是男性诊断率最高的癌症，也是女性诊断率第二高的癌症，而且发病率和死亡率居高不下。方法在这项研究中，我们从沙特阿拉伯获得了 89 例 CRC 患者的肿瘤样本，并使用 ABI 3730xl 自动 DNA 测序仪进行 DNA 测序，调查了所收集的 CRC 肿瘤组织样本中 NRAS 原癌基因 GTPase（NRAS）基因的分子改变，以确定基因突变。我们使用不同的生物信息学工具分析了基因突变的影响，包括 SwissModel、Missense3D、YASARA DYNAMICS 分子动力学模拟和 Protein Variation Effect Analyzer (PROVEAN) 工具。值得注意的是，我们还在同一密码子 c.40 G > A 中发现了另一个突变，其中缬氨酸被异亮氨酸取代（V14I）。我们进行的室内分析表明，这种新型突变大大改变了 NRAS 基因的结合亲和力，因此可能对参与调控 CRC 生长和进展的下游信号基因和通路（包括 MAPK 和 PI3K）产生致命影响。因此，这些 NRAS 基因突变检测结果还可指导进一步的治疗方法，并优化更多的个性化疗法。
{"title":"The discovery and simulation analysis of a novel mutation c.40 G < T (V14F) in the NRAS gene in patients with colorectal cancer in Saudi Arabia","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most diagnosed cancer in men and the second most common cancer in women and remains associated with high morbidity and mortality in Saudi Arabia. The current understanding of genetic heterogeneity of CRC biology encourages the identification of the genetic causes of CRC in the Saudi population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this study, we obtained 89 CRC patients’ tumor samples from Saudi Arabia and investigated the molecular alterations of the NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase (NRAS) gene in the collected CRC tumor tissue samples to identify gene mutations using DNA sequencing using an automated DNA sequencer ABI 3730xl. The impact of mutations was analyzed using different bioinformatics tools including SwissModel, Missense3D, molecular dynamics simulations using YASARA DYNAMICS and Protein Variation Effect Analyzer (PROVEAN) tool.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We identified a novel mutation c.40 G > T, in one patient in whom valine was replaced by phenylalanine (V14F). Notably, we also identified another mutation in the same codon c.40 G > A where valine is replaced by isoleucine (V14I). Our in-silico analysis revealed that this novel mutation alters the binding affinity of the NRAS gene substantially, and as a result, could have lethal consequences on the downstream signaling genes and pathways including MAPK and PI3K involved in regulating CRC growth and progression.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings provide insights into the molecular etiology of CRC in general and particularly in the Saudi population. Thus, these findings in NRAS mutation testing may also guide further treatment modalities, and more personalized therapy may be optimized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103476
Objectives
Immune effector mechanisms operating against large extracellular systemic pathogens, such as adult stages of filarial nematodes, are not clearly understood. The only immune effect on the adult worms appears to be directed towards embryos in adult worms. The role of IL-4 or TLR-4 in immune responses that inhibit embryogenesis in adult filarial worms has been well-documented. This host’s immune responses that control embryogenesis (anti-fecundity immunity) are considered critical and were addressed in the current study. The current investigation demonstrated the possible operation of anti-adult immunity that could be functional against large stage adults.
Methods
Adult filaria worms were pulsed with macromolecules such as Concanavalin A, Human immunoglobulins, and Rabbit immunoglobulins for 6 hrs, and entry of these molecules was demonstrated using flow cytometry. Filaria worms were also preincubated with Latrunculin A, an endocytic inhibitor, to explain if macromolecules enter by endocytosis.
Results
Using the flow cytometry approach, we could show the entry of immunoglobulins into the uterine cavity of female Setaria digitata, a cattle-dwelling filarial parasite. Immunoglobulins were observed to bind to the surface of intrauterine stages of female worms. We also demonstrated the presence of bovine immunoglobulins in different embryonic stages in situ.
Conclusions
Overall, experimental evidence demonstrates the existence of the host’s immune molecules inside large-stage adult parasites. However, future studies are directed to understand the functional aspect of the presence of these effector molecules inside the adults.
目的针对大型细胞外系统性病原体（如丝虫的成虫阶段）的免疫效应机制尚不清楚。对成虫的唯一免疫效应似乎是针对成虫体内的胚胎。IL-4 或 TLR-4 在抑制丝虫成虫胚胎发生的免疫反应中的作用已得到充分证实。这种控制胚胎发生的宿主免疫反应（抗繁殖免疫）被认为是至关重要的，也是本次研究的主题。目前的研究表明，抗成虫免疫可能对大阶段成虫起作用。方法用大分子如康卡纳伐林 A、人免疫球蛋白和兔免疫球蛋白对成丝虫脉冲 6 小时，并用流式细胞术证明这些分子的进入。我们还用内吞抑制剂 Latrunculin A 预孵化丝虫，以解释大分子是否通过内吞作用进入。我们观察到免疫球蛋白与雌虫宫内阶段的表面结合。我们还在原位证明了牛免疫球蛋白存在于不同的胚胎阶段。总之，实验证据表明寄生虫大阶段成虫体内存在宿主免疫分子，但未来的研究方向是了解成虫体内存在这些效应分子的功能方面。
{"title":"Internalization of macromolecules into filarial parasites – Possible operation of host’s anti-fecundity immunity inside adult filarial nematodes","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Immune effector mechanisms operating against large extracellular systemic pathogens, such as adult stages of filarial nematodes, are not clearly understood. The only immune effect on the adult worms appears to be directed towards embryos in adult worms. The role of IL-4 or TLR-4 in immune responses that inhibit embryogenesis in adult filarial worms has been well-documented. This host’s immune responses that control embryogenesis (anti-fecundity immunity) are considered critical and were addressed in the current study. The current investigation demonstrated the possible operation of anti-adult immunity that could be functional against large stage adults.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Adult filaria worms were pulsed with macromolecules such as Concanavalin A, Human immunoglobulins, and Rabbit immunoglobulins for 6 hrs, and entry of these molecules was demonstrated using flow cytometry. Filaria worms were also preincubated with Latrunculin A, an endocytic inhibitor, to explain if macromolecules enter by endocytosis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Using the flow cytometry approach, we could show the entry of immunoglobulins into the uterine cavity of female Setaria digitata, a cattle-dwelling filarial parasite. Immunoglobulins were observed to bind to the surface of intrauterine stages of female worms. We also demonstrated the presence of bovine immunoglobulins in different embryonic stages <em>in situ.</em></div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Overall, experimental evidence demonstrates the existence of the host’s immune molecules inside large-stage adult parasites. However, future studies are directed to understand the functional aspect of the presence of these effector molecules inside the adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103474
This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer and antioxidant potential of Tridax potential and to identify its main phenolic compounds using reverse-phase HPLC. The crude extract of T. procumbens was separated into different fractions using the liquid–liquid partition method. T. procumbens crude extracts and fractions were tested on human cancer cell lines (PC-3, COLO-205, A549, A431, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and K562) as well as a control cell line (HEK-293). The antioxidant activities of the extracts and fractions were also assessed. The majority of the extracts appeared to inhibit the progression of human cancer cell lines based on IC50 values that varied from 23.41 to 90.76 µg/mL. However, the chloroform fraction of the stem (7) displays strong activity against A431 and MDA-MB-231, with IC50 values of 23.41 g/mL and 29.45 µg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant result shows that extracts and their fractions scavenge free radicals with an IC50 value between 14.70 and 93.80 µg/mL. However, 7 showed more efficacies with an IC50 of 14.70 µg/mL in the DPPH assay and 29.90 µg/mL in the nitric oxide assay. HPLC analysis revealed that the flower part of T. procumbens contains high levels pf ferulic acid (0.55 to 2.65 mg/g) and kaempferol (1.1 to 4.95 mg/g). A strong antioxidant activity observed in DPPH and NO assay which helps to measure the extract’s effectiveness in scavenging NO free radical, neutralizing other reactive oxygen species (ROS), often correlate with significant antiproliferative effects in various cancer cell lines. This study highlights the potential of plant-based compounds in cancer treatment.
{"title":"Antiproliferative and antioxidant potential of Tridax procumbens extracts against various human cancer cell lines: An insight for medicines from weeds","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer and antioxidant potential of Tridax potential and to identify its main phenolic compounds using reverse-phase HPLC. The crude extract of <em>T</em>. <em>procumbens</em> was separated into different fractions using the liquid–liquid partition method. <em>T</em>. <em>procumbens</em> crude extracts and fractions were tested on human cancer cell lines (PC-3, COLO-205, A549, A431, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and K562) as well as a control cell line (HEK-293). The antioxidant activities of the extracts and fractions were also assessed. The majority of the extracts appeared to inhibit the progression of human cancer cell lines based on IC<sub>50</sub> values that varied from 23.41 to 90.76 µg/mL. However, the chloroform fraction of the stem (7) displays strong activity against A431 and MDA-MB-231, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 23.41 g/mL and 29.45 µg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant result shows that extracts and their fractions scavenge free radicals with an IC<sub>50</sub> value between 14.70 and 93.80 µg/mL. However, 7 showed more efficacies with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 14.70 µg/mL in the DPPH assay and 29.90 µg/mL in the nitric oxide assay. HPLC analysis revealed that the flower part of <em>T</em>. <em>procumbens</em> contains high levels pf ferulic acid (0.55 to 2.65 mg/g) and kaempferol (1.1 to 4.95 mg/g). A strong antioxidant activity observed in DPPH and NO assay which helps to measure the extract’s effectiveness in scavenging NO free radical, neutralizing other reactive oxygen species (ROS), often correlate with significant antiproliferative effects in various cancer cell lines. This study highlights the potential of plant-based compounds in cancer treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103475
Polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) are of significant concern due to their widespread use, pervasive persistence in the environment that induce multiple organ damage especially in the liver. Poncirin (PON) is a naturally present flavone with conspicuous pharmacological properties. the current investigation was formulated to ascertain the palliative role of PON against PE-MPs-provoked hepatic dysfunction. Twenty-four male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, PE-MPs-treated (1.5 mg/kg), PE-MPs + PON co-treated (1.5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg), and PON-treated (20 mg/kg). PE-MPs inebriation markedly lowered the expressions of antioxidant genes and Nrf-2, besides escalating Keap-1 expression. It also decreased antioxidants i.e., glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GSR) activities, while remarkably upsurged reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Additionally, a notable escalation was observed in the levels of hepatic serum markers i.e., alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Furthermore, PE-MPs exposure increased the levels of inflammatory biomarkers, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activities. PE-MPs intoxication augmented the expressions of Caspase-3 and Bax along with decreasing the expression of Bcl-2. Nevertheless, PON treatment notably abated PE-MPs prompted liver injuries owing to its hepatoprotective efficacy. Thus, it may be inferred that PON could be a potential therapeutic option for treating hepatic damage caused by PE-MPs.
{"title":"Attenuative effects of poncirin against polyethylene microplastics-prompted hepatotoxicity in rats","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) are of significant concern due to their widespread use, pervasive persistence in the environment that induce multiple organ damage especially in the liver. Poncirin (PON) is a naturally present flavone with conspicuous pharmacological properties. the current investigation was formulated to ascertain the palliative role of PON against PE-MPs-provoked hepatic dysfunction. Twenty-four male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, PE-MPs-treated (1.5 mg/kg), PE-MPs + PON co-treated (1.5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg), and PON-treated (20 mg/kg). PE-MPs inebriation markedly lowered the expressions of antioxidant genes and Nrf-2, besides escalating Keap-1 expression. It also decreased antioxidants i.e., glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GSR) activities, while remarkably upsurged reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Additionally, a notable escalation was observed in the levels of hepatic serum markers i.e., alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Furthermore, PE-MPs exposure increased the levels of inflammatory biomarkers, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activities. PE-MPs intoxication augmented the expressions of Caspase-3 and Bax along with decreasing the expression of Bcl-2. Nevertheless, PON treatment notably abated PE-MPs prompted liver injuries owing to its hepatoprotective efficacy. Thus, it may be inferred that PON could be a potential therapeutic option for treating hepatic damage caused by PE-MPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103471
Background
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of physico-chemical factors on soil organic matter by comparing two types of soil improver: one produced from olive mill waste cake residues (CRPM) and the other from manure (CF). This was achieved using Full Factorial Design, the main objective of which is to measure precisely the impact of each factor on a given response, to analyze the interactions between the various factors and to identify the optimum conditions for achieving a specific objective or improving the performance of a process.
Methods
Four independent factors were studied: pH, electrical conductivity, humidity and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Using design, based on their significance, coefficient of determination, analysis of variance and Pareto charts, the interactions between these variables were assessed to identify those with the most positive impact on soil fertility.
Results
The results show that, for CRPM compost, the most positive interaction is between pH and ratio C/N. For manure, the interaction between pH and moisture has the greatest beneficial effect. These findings underline the importance of controlling all three factors − pH, moisture and ratio C/N to optimize soil fertility.
Conclusions
The analysis confirmed the reliability of the models used, with p-values below 0.05 and coefficients of determination (R2 and adjusted R2) close to 1, indicating the robustness of the models. Pareto diagrams were used to precisely identify the most relevant interactions for improving soil amendment management.
{"title":"Comparing how compost and manure affect soil organic matter using a complete factorial design","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The aim of this study was to determine the influence of physico-chemical factors on soil organic matter by comparing two types of soil improver: one produced from olive mill waste cake residues (CRPM) and the other from manure (CF). This was achieved using Full Factorial Design, the main objective of which is to measure precisely the impact of each factor on a given response, to analyze the interactions between the various factors and to identify the optimum conditions for achieving a specific objective or improving the performance of a process.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Four independent factors were studied: pH, electrical conductivity, humidity and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Using design, based on their significance, coefficient of determination, analysis of variance and Pareto charts, the interactions between these variables were assessed to identify those with the most positive impact on soil fertility.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results show that, for CRPM compost, the most positive interaction is between pH and ratio C/N. For manure, the interaction between pH and moisture has the greatest beneficial effect. These findings underline the importance of controlling all three factors − pH, moisture and ratio C/N to optimize soil fertility.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The analysis confirmed the reliability of the models used, with p-values below 0.05 and coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup> and adjusted R<sup>2</sup>) close to 1, indicating the robustness of the models. Pareto diagrams were used to precisely identify the most relevant interactions for improving soil amendment management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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