Journal of Interpersonal Violence最新文献

There is an ongoing debate about the risk of long-term sexual recidivism for justice-involved perpetrators of sexual offense. There is a long-held belief that lifetime sexual recidivism varies between 40% and 60% but other more recent estimations are in the 20% to 30% range. Higher rates appear to stem from older, higher-risk samples, which might not be generalizable nowadays. The current study presents findings from a 30-year prospective longitudinal study of adults incarcerated for a sexual offense and the long-term prediction of risk assessment. A sample of 553 consecutively admitted individuals in a Canadian penitentiary were followed for an average of 18 years following their prison release. The study provided information for the cumulative sexual recidivism rate for a 5-year (0.09; 95% CI [0.07, 0.12]), a 10-year (0.15; [0.13, 0.19]), a 20-year period (0.19; [0.16, 0.23]) and a 25-year period (0.20; [0.17, 0.24]). The Static-99R scores were informative about the risk of sexual recidivism (Total score area under the receiver operating characteristics curve [AUC] = 0.662; [0.619, 0.702]; Risk level AUC = 0.639; [0.596, 0.680]), but the instrument was outperformed by other information, including custody and community re-entry experiences. Very similar findings were observed for the Static-2002R. The findings stress the need to investigate risk and protective factors distinctively for short, moderate and long-term recidivism.

Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) includes two distinct symptom clusters: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and disturbances in self-organization (DSO), which may differ in manifestation, trajectories, and psychosocial impact. However, longitudinal studies remain limited. This study investigates the joint developmental trajectories of PTSD and DSO symptoms in emerging adults with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the influence of different ACE types. From a three-wave cohort of emerging adults assessed at two-year intervals, 2,063 individuals (58.5% male) who reported at least one ACE at baseline were included in the final analysis. Multiple-process growth mixture model was employed to identify distinct joint developmental trajectories of PTSD and DSO symptoms, and logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the predictive associations between different types of ACEs and trajectory membership. Three heterogeneous symptom trajectory groups of CPTSD were identified among emerging adults with histories of childhood adversity: the low-symptom group (n = 1,526, 73.7%), the increasing DSO and rebounding PTSD group (n = 113, 5.4%), and the moderate DSO and decreasing PTSD group (n = 424, 20.9%). Multinomial logistic regression revealed that physical abuse, emotional neglect, and parental incarceration were associated with a greater likelihood of belonging to the increasing DSO and rebounding PTSD group. In contrast, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and family mental illness were more strongly linked to membership in the moderate DSO and decreasing PTSD group. The results suggest the trajectories of CPTSD symptoms of college students with ACEs were heterogeneous. Different types of ACEs have varying predictive effects on CPTSD symptoms trajectories.

One critical area where sexual violence has been underexplored is in the ridesharing industry in the United States, where women drivers frequently must interact with unknown male passengers. Sexual violence against them is categorized as technology-facilitated gender-based violence in the online to offline world, where services such as transportation are ordered through an online app and result in a person-to-person interaction once the driver picks the passenger up. Since ridesharing drivers are mostly independent contractors, they do not have at their disposal traditional legal and strong organizational remedies to address sexual violence; moreover, like all victims of violence, these methods usually can only be accessed after the incident has taken place. Instead, in the moment of sexual violence, they must often utilize informal methods at their disposal, including confrontational and nonconfrontational coping tools. This study uses qualitative content analysis methods on a survey of 32 ridesharing drivers (31 women and 1 nonbinary individual) who described 69 cases of sexual violence. It found that confrontational responses dominated, including the following: verbal opposition sometimes paired with physicality; canceling the ride, threatening to stop the ride, and actually stopping the ride; and threatening to attack the perpetrator, actually attacking the perpetrator, and threatening to involve the police. Less common nonconfrontational responses included emotional reactions; other strategies in this category involved ignoring the perpetrator, joking with the perpetrator, and changing the conversational subject. This study has important implications for understanding the contextual environment where confrontation is prevalent and strongly points to additional needed safeguards for drivers, passenger education campaigns, as well as app-based transportation corporate reform.

Although drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) cases account for a significant portion of sexual assaults (SA), their psychological and emotional consequences-beyond Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-remain underexplored. The current study addresses this gap by examining the psychopathological symptoms and emotion regulation difficulties in DFSA and non-DFSA survivors, identifying emotional dysregulation as a potential predictor of psychological sequelae. The sample included 39 women SA survivors from a clinical sample who experienced an isolated assault within the past year (20 non-DFSA, 19 DFSA) and 35 control participants comparable in sex, age, nationality, and educational level. To prevent confounding variables, cases with a history of childhood sexual abuse, prior SA, other traumatic events, or pre-existing mental health diagnoses were excluded. The results revealed that, while both survivor groups exhibited higher psychological symptoms than controls (i.e., somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostility, phobic anxiety, and paranoid ideation), the non-DFSA group reported significantly higher anxiety and psychoticism symptoms than the DFSA one. Furthermore, whereas non-DFSA survivors demonstrated greater difficulties than controls in all emotional regulation domains (i.e., lack of emotional control, non-acceptance of emotional distress, daily life interference, inattention to one's emotions, and emotional confusion), the differences in DFSA survivors were restricted to difficulties with non-acceptance of emotional distress. Regression analyses identified non-acceptance of emotional distress and lack of emotional control as key predictors of anxiety and psychoticism in SA survivors. These findings suggest that differences in assault-related contextual factors, such as substance use, may lead to distinct psychological and emotional profiles, although having comparable rates of PTSD. Clinically, the results underscore the importance of tailoring interventions mainly focused on reducing the non-acceptance of emotional distress and enhancing emotional control, as these two components have been identified as significant predictors of anxiety and psychoticism symptoms among both DFSA and non-DFSA survivors.

Bullying in schools remains a critical issue, and teachers often struggle to identify students at risk of victimization. This study explores the prevalence of various forms of bullying among high-risk groups in Taiwanese schools, using peer perspectives to gain insight. A total of 1,732 students (734 males and 998 females) participated in a survey that measured 10 common types of bullying, assessing both students' perceptions and the actual frequency of occurrences over the past 6 months. The multidimensional Rasch model (Kelderman, 1996) was employed to analyze the alignment between students' perceptions of bullying and their actual experiences in school. The study produced three key findings: (a) Students with "personality or behavioral problems" were most likely to be bullied, followed by those with "abnormal appearance" and "hygiene problems." (b) Peer reports on bullying behavior were generally accurate in identifying victims. (c) In assessing bullying related to "sexual orientation or gender identity," there was a discrepancy between perceived peer views and the actual frequency of such bullying. These findings suggest that students can be crucial in combating school bullying. Stakeholders involved in prevention efforts should focus on students with personality or behavioral problems, as they are particularly vulnerable to victimization, which can perpetuate the cycle of bullying. In addition, schools should incorporate peer feedback to enhance their strategies for identifying and preventing bullying.

Inclusive and supportive classroom environments are essential, particularly during political and societal crises such as wars, disinformation, polarization, and rising populism and extremism. While existing research underscores the importance of such environments, few studies comprehensively examine the impact of anti-hate speech prevention programs on classroom dynamics and students' social development. This study addressed this gap by investigating the direct and indirect effects of the HateLess anti-hate speech prevention program on inclusive classroom climate, classroom cohesion, empathy, and self-efficacy among adolescents. A sample of 820 adolescents aged 12 to 16 years (M = 13.27, SD = 1.04) from 11 German schools was divided into an intervention group (n = 567), who participated in the 1-week program, and a control group (n = 253). Multilevel mediation analyses revealed that, at T2 (1 month after the intervention), the intervention group reported significantly higher levels of inclusive classroom climate, cohesion, empathy, and self-efficacy than the control group. In addition, inclusive classroom climate and cohesion were positively associated with empathy and self-efficacy, and significant indirect effects indicated that the intervention's impact on empathy and self-efficacy was partially mediated through classroom climate and cohesion. These findings highlight the effectiveness of HateLess in fostering inclusive classroom environments and suggest integrating such interventions into school curricula to cultivate supportive learning spaces that empower adolescents to address hate speech effectively.

This study presents a model of harsh parenting that has an indirect and direct effect on problematic Internet use (PIU) through the mediating process of basic need satisfaction and self-concept clarity. A sample of 490 Chinese middle-school adolescents completed anonymous questionnaires regarding harsh parenting, PIU, basic need satisfaction, and self-concept clarity during class sessions. After controlling the sex, grade, and history of Internet use, harsh parenting was positively related to PIU. Moreover, basic need satisfaction and self-concept clarity mediated the association between harsh parenting and PIU among adolescents. These findings indicate that basic need satisfaction and self-concept clarity are protective factors in reducing the negative effect of harsh parenting on PIU. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Many Haitian parents in poverty send their children to more-resourced homes to become child domestic servants, known as Restaveks, in the hopes of their child securing a better quality of life. Contrary to these goals, Restavek youth show worse physical, emotional, and educational outcomes than non-Restavek youth. The aim of this study was to examine associations between various risk and protective resources, experience as a Restavek, and mental health outcomes. Participants were Haitian girls (N = 1,457) aged 13 to 24 involved in the nationally representative survey. Restavek experience was significantly associated with greater socioeconomic deficits, experience of all types of violence, and fewer protective resources. Restavek girls also had a 19% greater likelihood of feeling worthless and a 53% greater chance of endorsing ever having suicidal thoughts. Findings suggest an elevated mental health disadvantage among Restavek girls compared to non-Restavek Haitian girls with other adverse childhood experiences.

Women in jail report significantly higher rates of interpersonal violence, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and substance use disorders compared to the general population. Exposure to interpersonal violence is associated with PTSD and maladaptive behaviors such as substance use and engagement in risky behaviors. However, less is known about mechanisms, such as emotion regulation and trauma-coping self-efficacy, that might increase or decrease the likelihood of these maladaptive behavioral health outcomes in this population. The present study investigated the extent to which emotion regulation and trauma-coping self-efficacy exert indirect effects on the relations between cumulative interpersonal violence exposure and distress outcomes (i.e., PTSD, substance use, and risky behavior) among women in jail. Interviews were completed by 180 randomly selected women recruited from two county detention centers in the Mountain Northwest. Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. Interpersonal violence significantly predicted PTSD, risky behaviors, difficulties in emotion regulation, and trauma-coping self-efficacy. Difficulties with emotion regulation predicted PTSD and trauma-coping self-efficacy predicted PTSD and substance use symptoms. In addition, there were significant indirect effects for both emotion regulation and trauma-coping self-efficacy on interpersonal violence and PTSD and interpersonal violence and substance use. These findings suggest potential targets for intervention in the underserved and highly trauma-exposed population of system-involved women.