Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.564
H.S.A Golicha, Mohamed H. Omarn, N. Mbithi
There is no denying that the future of liquid crystals is in the display industry. The use of the twisted nematic (TN) and the superwisted nematic (STN) is widespread. The twisting in these devices is achieved either by use of optical components such as polarizers or the use of chiral dopants in a guest-host system. The later has gained much more attention. This is because not only are the accompanying optical components not needed, but any desired colour can be achieved by varying the pitch length of the helix formed by the chiral nematic (cholesteric) compound. In such application, the ability to determine the pitches of the resulting helical superstructure accurately and quickly is essential. Currently there are many methods for measuring the pitch of a helical super structure. These methods mostly employ optical or spectroscopic techniques. In this paper, four such methods namely, Fingerprint, Diffraction, Selective Reflection and Cano-wedge, are discussed in terms of their theoretical foundation, suitability to given situations and the validity of the results obtained. The suitability of the method depends among other things on the type of mesophase and the length of the pitch in relation to the wavelengths of the visible light. While the Fingerprint and Selective reflection may be used for both cholesteric and chiral smectic C (SmC*), Diffraction and Cano techniques are most suitable for the cholesterics.
{"title":"Optical Techniques in the Determination of Pitch Lengths in the Cholesteric and Chiral Smectic C Phases","authors":"H.S.A Golicha, Mohamed H. Omarn, N. Mbithi","doi":"10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.564","url":null,"abstract":"There is no denying that the future of liquid crystals is in the display industry. The use of the twisted nematic (TN) and the superwisted nematic (STN) is widespread. The twisting in these devices is achieved either by use of optical components such as polarizers or the use of chiral dopants in a guest-host system. The later has gained much more attention. This is because not only are the accompanying optical components not needed, but any desired colour can be achieved by varying the pitch length of the helix formed by the chiral nematic (cholesteric) compound. In such application, the ability to determine the pitches of the resulting helical superstructure accurately and quickly is essential. Currently there are many methods for measuring the pitch of a helical super structure. These methods mostly employ optical or spectroscopic techniques. In this paper, four such methods namely, Fingerprint, Diffraction, Selective Reflection and Cano-wedge, are discussed in terms of their theoretical foundation, suitability to given situations and the validity of the results obtained. The suitability of the method depends among other things on the type of mesophase and the length of the pitch in relation to the wavelengths of the visible light. While the Fingerprint and Selective reflection may be used for both cholesteric and chiral smectic C (SmC*), Diffraction and Cano techniques are most suitable for the cholesterics.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"51 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82551245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.570
J. Roberts
This is a story of elements, electrons, protons, neutrons and quarks together with their cousins, molecules and the zoo of fundamental particles, as we plot a route through the complexity and diversity of the Universe following requests from several editors of journals to produce a review article as a result of publication of “Implications of the link between the Periodic Table and the Standard Model” in 2018.
{"title":"How a Table within Quantum Field Theory Results in Numerous Periodic Tables","authors":"J. Roberts","doi":"10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.570","url":null,"abstract":"This is a story of elements, electrons, protons, neutrons and quarks together with their cousins, molecules and the zoo of fundamental particles, as we plot a route through the complexity and diversity of the Universe following requests from several editors of journals to produce a review article as a result of publication of “Implications of the link between the Periodic Table and the Standard Model” in 2018.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87574313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.556
Riny Yol, ha Parapat
{"title":"Editorial Note for Journal of Material Sciences and Engineering","authors":"Riny Yol, ha Parapat","doi":"10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.556","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74549295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.569
J. Partheepan, Emily Hunt
Renewable power generation can reduce the dependence on fossil fuels while minimizing greenhouse gas emissions from electric power generation. However, most renewable energy sources are naturally occurring which makes them seasonal and generally unpredictable over time. With more countries trending toward renewable power by 2050, it is imperative that technologies are developed which can utilize and optimize the storage and distribution of this type of power. Hydrogen energy storage is becoming increasingly popular due to its versatility. It is considered an energy carrier like electricity and can be generated and stored in large quantities and for long periods of time. Hydrogen can be derived from water, biomass, and other technologies and can generate electric power using fuel cells and through combustion. This study investigates a novel combined cycle configuration which is thermodynamically analyzed to identify its potential to adapt steam from a hydrogen oxygen steam generator. A thermodynamic analysis on the system is performed using Engineering Equation Solver from F Chart Software. Results show that the oxygen hydrogen fueled combined cycle excels in the specific power ratio, as this cycle was able to achieve the lowest pressure values at the highest points for both thermal loading and pressure loading. This is a major advantage since the thermal loading on some of the power cycles are much higher that what is currently in use, thus reducing it even by a smaller percentage is significant. The oxygen hydrogen fueled combine cycle reduced the specific power by 78%, pressure at the most thermal loaded point by 157%, and pressure at the most pressure loaded element by 10% when compared to other common cycles.
{"title":"Thermodynamic Modeling of oxyhydrogen fueled combined cycle power plant","authors":"J. Partheepan, Emily Hunt","doi":"10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.569","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable power generation can reduce the dependence on fossil fuels while minimizing greenhouse gas emissions from electric power generation. However, most renewable energy sources are naturally occurring which makes them seasonal and generally unpredictable over time. With more countries trending toward renewable power by 2050, it is imperative that technologies are developed which can utilize and optimize the storage and distribution of this type of power. Hydrogen energy storage is becoming increasingly popular due to its versatility. It is considered an energy carrier like electricity and can be generated and stored in large quantities and for long periods of time. Hydrogen can be derived from water, biomass, and other technologies and can generate electric power using fuel cells and through combustion. This study investigates a novel combined cycle configuration which is thermodynamically analyzed to identify its potential to adapt steam from a hydrogen oxygen steam generator. A thermodynamic analysis on the system is performed using Engineering Equation Solver from F Chart Software. Results show that the oxygen hydrogen fueled combined cycle excels in the specific power ratio, as this cycle was able to achieve the lowest pressure values at the highest points for both thermal loading and pressure loading. This is a major advantage since the thermal loading on some of the power cycles are much higher that what is currently in use, thus reducing it even by a smaller percentage is significant. The oxygen hydrogen fueled combine cycle reduced the specific power by 78%, pressure at the most thermal loaded point by 157%, and pressure at the most pressure loaded element by 10% when compared to other common cycles.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89124617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.560
Zinabie Degu
The Cupola Furnace Capacity of 450 kilograms per hour was designed and fabricated using locally sourced raw materials which include pig irons, crop ends and foundry shop returns, and ferroalloys for the production of quality cast iron which depends on the customer's demand. Metallurgical coke is the main fuel source employed for the production processes. The design parameters were analyzed and the metallic shells were then fabricated into four sections to allow proper lining. A mild 5 mm thick steel sheet was collected, marked out according to the required specification. slit and formed into cylindrical shapes. The sections were coupled and joined together through a welding process. Sodium silicate was used as a binder to make them bondable to the interior sections; the internal configurations were first lined with asbestos sheets measured 5 mm thick. With a less dense insulating refractory material. Fireclay refractory bricks were used for furnishing as they directly interfaced with the molten metal, while the flame blower was connected, assembled, and erected in the different segments. Financial analysis was performed to give a general overview of the cost of manufacturing and building a cupola furnace produced locally at N1, 467,266.00, which is relatively cheap compared to the imported ones. The technical details were given for the production processes. The raw materials used were sourced locally as they are readily available in quantum and are essential to the government policies on adding values to the production processes by using these materials to promote the addition of these materials for the creation of local content.
{"title":"Cupola Furnace Design and Fabrication","authors":"Zinabie Degu","doi":"10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.560","url":null,"abstract":"The Cupola Furnace Capacity of 450 kilograms per hour was designed and fabricated using locally sourced raw materials which include pig irons, crop ends and foundry shop returns, and ferroalloys for the production of quality cast iron which depends on the customer's demand. Metallurgical coke is the main fuel source employed for the production processes. The design parameters were analyzed and the metallic shells were then fabricated into four sections to allow proper lining. A mild 5 mm thick steel sheet was collected, marked out according to the required specification. slit and formed into cylindrical shapes. The sections were coupled and joined together through a welding process. Sodium silicate was used as a binder to make them bondable to the interior sections; the internal configurations were first lined with asbestos sheets measured 5 mm thick. With a less dense insulating refractory material. Fireclay refractory bricks were used for furnishing as they directly interfaced with the molten metal, while the flame blower was connected, assembled, and erected in the different segments. Financial analysis was performed to give a general overview of the cost of manufacturing and building a cupola furnace produced locally at N1, 467,266.00, which is relatively cheap compared to the imported ones. The technical details were given for the production processes. The raw materials used were sourced locally as they are readily available in quantum and are essential to the government policies on adding values to the production processes by using these materials to promote the addition of these materials for the creation of local content.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"87 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82684123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.562
P. Dodge, Emily Hunt
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and biofouling both begin with an initial layer of bacteria accumulating on a hard surface exposed to the natural environment. These bacteria quickly form a biofilm which becomes the feeding source for marine life fouling and the root of both of these highly damaging, expensive types of corrosion. Preventative methods for biofilm development is an ongoing field of study due to critical necessity in many industries including healthcare, aerospace, and oil and gas. Today, biofilm inhibitors for the oil and gas industry may include regular cleaning or scraping of the affected surface, electrochemical processes, or biocide injections which have a negative impact on the environment and provide only temporary relief from MIC. This constant need for MIC and fouling remediation creates a great demand and thus market potential for long-term, more environmentally conscious methods to mitigate and control biofilm development. This study investigates the incorporation of well-known biocidal materials as well as one commercial additive into the fabrication process of underwater structures and surfaces. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) with antimicrobial additive were processed. Experiments were conducted per ASTM E2149-13a and F895 to evaluate antibacterial efficacy in the laboratory. Field tests were constructed per ASTM D3623 - 78a for material evaluation in offshore fouling conditions. The manufactured materials were tested against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fouling microorganisms to analyze the effectiveness of biofilm prevention. Results showed positive efficacy of biocidal additives incorporated through the fabrication process in all cases including copper, multiple forms of zinc, and titanium dioxide. The commercially available additive produced the largest zone of inhibition and highest reduction of colony forming units in dynamic flow conditions. Fouling tests show that the incorporation of the additive into HDPE and FRP provides a surface protection and thus serves as an agent for material preservation. Results from this study demonstrate innovative and effective methods for surface protection from MIC and biofouling by incorporating antimicrobial additives into the structural matrix during the manufacturing process.
{"title":"Zinc-Based Additives for Biofouling and MIC Protection: Fabrication Method for Long-Term Efficacy","authors":"P. Dodge, Emily Hunt","doi":"10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2169-0022.2021.10.562","url":null,"abstract":"Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and biofouling both begin with an initial layer of bacteria accumulating on a hard surface exposed to the natural environment. These bacteria quickly form a biofilm which becomes the feeding source for marine life fouling and the root of both of these highly damaging, expensive types of corrosion. Preventative methods for biofilm development is an ongoing field of study due to critical necessity in many industries including healthcare, aerospace, and oil and gas. Today, biofilm inhibitors for the oil and gas industry may include regular cleaning or scraping of the affected surface, electrochemical processes, or biocide injections which have a negative impact on the environment and provide only temporary relief from MIC. This constant need for MIC and fouling remediation creates a great demand and thus market potential for long-term, more environmentally conscious methods to mitigate and control biofilm development. This study investigates the incorporation of well-known biocidal materials as well as one commercial additive into the fabrication process of underwater structures and surfaces. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) with antimicrobial additive were processed. Experiments were conducted per ASTM E2149-13a and F895 to evaluate antibacterial efficacy in the laboratory. Field tests were constructed per ASTM D3623 - 78a for material evaluation in offshore fouling conditions. The manufactured materials were tested against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fouling microorganisms to analyze the effectiveness of biofilm prevention. Results showed positive efficacy of biocidal additives incorporated through the fabrication process in all cases including copper, multiple forms of zinc, and titanium dioxide. The commercially available additive produced the largest zone of inhibition and highest reduction of colony forming units in dynamic flow conditions. Fouling tests show that the incorporation of the additive into HDPE and FRP provides a surface protection and thus serves as an agent for material preservation. Results from this study demonstrate innovative and effective methods for surface protection from MIC and biofouling by incorporating antimicrobial additives into the structural matrix during the manufacturing process.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"58 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90817108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-12DOI: 10.5958/0976-478X.2020.00004.X
A. Omer
Globally, buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of the total world annual energy consumption. Most of this energy is for the provision of lighting, heating, cooling, and air conditioning. Increasing awareness of the environmental impact of CO2, NOx and CFCs emissions triggered a renewed interest in environmentally friendly cooling, and heating technologies. Under the 1997 Montreal Protocol, governments agreed to phase out chemicals used as refrigerants that have the potential to destroy stratospheric ozone. It was therefore considered desirable to reduce energy consumption and decrease the rate of depletion of world energy reserves and pollution of the environment. This article discusses a comprehensive review of energy sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce climate change. There is strong scientific evidence that the average temperature of the earth’s surface is rising. This was a result of the increased concentration of carbon dioxide and other GHGs in the atmosphere as released by burning fossil fuels. This global warming will eventually lead to substantial changes in the world’s climate, which will, in turn, have a major impact on human life and the built environment. Therefore, effort has to be made to reduce fossil energy use and to promote green energies, particularly in the building sector. Energy use reductions can be achieved by minimising the energy demand, by rational energy use, by recovering heat and the use of more green energies. Low energy design of urban environment and buildings in densely populated areas requires consideration of wide range of factors, including urban setting, transport planning, energy system design and architectural and engineering details. The focus of the world’s attention on environmental issues in recent years has stimulated response in many countries, which have led to a closer examination of energy conservation strategies for conventional fossil fuels. One way of reducing building energy consumption is to design buildings, which are more economical in their use of energy for heating, lighting, cooling, ventilation and hot water supply.
{"title":"Design and Operation of Low Energy Consumption Passive Human Comfort Solutions","authors":"A. Omer","doi":"10.5958/0976-478X.2020.00004.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-478X.2020.00004.X","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of the total world annual energy consumption. Most of this energy is for the provision of lighting, heating, cooling, and air conditioning. Increasing awareness of the environmental impact of CO2, NOx and CFCs emissions triggered a renewed interest in environmentally friendly cooling, and heating technologies. Under the 1997 Montreal Protocol, governments agreed to phase out chemicals used as refrigerants that have the potential to destroy stratospheric ozone. It was therefore considered desirable to reduce energy consumption and decrease the rate of depletion of world energy reserves and pollution of the environment. This article discusses a comprehensive review of energy sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce climate change. \u0000There is strong scientific evidence that the average temperature of the earth’s surface is rising. This was a result of the increased concentration of carbon dioxide and other GHGs in the atmosphere as released by burning fossil fuels. This global warming will eventually lead to substantial changes in the world’s climate, which will, in turn, have a major impact on human life and the built environment. Therefore, effort has to be made to reduce fossil energy use and to promote green energies, particularly in the building sector. Energy use reductions can be achieved by minimising the energy demand, by rational energy use, by recovering heat and the use of more green energies. Low energy design of urban environment and buildings in densely populated areas requires consideration of wide range of factors, including urban setting, transport planning, energy system design and architectural and engineering details. The focus of the world’s attention on environmental issues in recent years has stimulated response in many countries, which have led to a closer examination of energy conservation strategies for conventional fossil fuels. One way of reducing building energy consumption is to design buildings, which are more economical in their use of energy for heating, lighting, cooling, ventilation and hot water supply.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"43 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89761590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2169-0022.2020.9.549
J. Roberts
A framework and surprisingly coherent analysis of the elements is presented using the Roberts-Janet table derived by inverting the Periodic Table coupled with the Quantum Mechanical Table established using the mathematics of the Standard Model and groups U (1) x S U (2) x S U (3). Having already identified in previous articles a one to one mapping between the two tables, this article seeks to consolidate such a framework to include nucleosynthesis by presenting the appearance of the highly stable numbers of neutrons and protons – magic numbers within the Nuclear Shell Model – as a consequence of the framework itself. The article also seeks to illustrate similarities between the electron structure of individual elements in condensed matter (Periodic Table) and the structure of neutrons and protons in plasma during fusion (Nucleosynthesis) and its possible extension to the Standard Model and beyond. Phase changes together with suitable boundary conditions lead to the hypothesis that all elements ultimately become metallic.
通过将元素周期表与使用标准模型和群U (1) x S U (2) x S U(3)的数学建立的量子力学表相结合，使用robert - janet表推导出了元素的框架和令人惊讶的连贯分析。在之前的文章中已经确定了两个表之间的一对一映射，本文试图通过呈现高度稳定的中子和质子数量——核壳模型中的神奇数字——作为框架本身的结果，来巩固这样一个框架，使其包括核合成。本文还试图说明凝聚态物质(元素周期表)中单个元素的电子结构与聚变(核合成)过程中等离子体中中子和质子的结构之间的相似之处，以及它可能扩展到标准模型及以后。相变加上适当的边界条件导致所有元素最终都变成金属的假设。
{"title":"The Assembly and Classification of the Elements Using the Roberts-Janet Nuclear Periodic Table","authors":"J. Roberts","doi":"10.37421/2169-0022.2020.9.549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2169-0022.2020.9.549","url":null,"abstract":"A framework and surprisingly coherent analysis of the elements is presented using the Roberts-Janet table derived by inverting the Periodic Table coupled with the Quantum Mechanical Table established using the mathematics of the Standard Model and groups U (1) x S U (2) x S U (3). Having already identified in previous articles a one to one mapping between the two tables, this article seeks to consolidate such a framework to include nucleosynthesis by presenting the appearance of the highly stable numbers of neutrons and protons – magic numbers within the Nuclear Shell Model – as a consequence of the framework itself. The article also seeks to illustrate similarities between the electron structure of individual elements in condensed matter (Periodic Table) and the structure of neutrons and protons in plasma during fusion (Nucleosynthesis) and its possible extension to the Standard Model and beyond. Phase changes together with suitable boundary conditions lead to the hypothesis that all elements ultimately become metallic.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87053335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2169-0022.2020.9.551
L. GarcíaSánchez, Growene W Queirós, J. Salazar, A. Criado
The inter-critical annealing and water quenching heat treatment proposed by us is a practical example of environmental sustainability applied to wear-resistant boron steels. In this research we try to compare the LCAs of two wear-resistant steels, a RAEX450 widely used in the industry today and cheaper 30MnB5 boron steel without alloy elements. The 30MnB5 steel has been given an inter-critical annealing and hardening treatment and the RAEX450 a conventional annealing and hardening treatment. The mechanical properties achieved are similar to or better than those of boron steel; but the energy savings with this steel and its environmental impact are notably more positive for the environment. The LCA of the heat treatment applied to 30MnB5 is significantly more positive than that applied to RAEX450, without affecting its mechanical properties as wear-resistant steel.
{"title":"Comparative Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) Study on Two Wear-Resistant Boron Steels: RAEX450 and 30MnB5","authors":"L. GarcíaSánchez, Growene W Queirós, J. Salazar, A. Criado","doi":"10.37421/2169-0022.2020.9.551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2169-0022.2020.9.551","url":null,"abstract":"The inter-critical annealing and water quenching heat treatment proposed by us is a practical example of environmental sustainability applied to wear-resistant boron steels. In this research we try to compare the LCAs of two wear-resistant steels, a RAEX450 widely used in the industry today and cheaper 30MnB5 boron steel without alloy elements. The 30MnB5 steel has been given an inter-critical annealing and hardening treatment and the RAEX450 a conventional annealing and hardening treatment. The mechanical properties achieved are similar to or better than those of boron steel; but the energy savings with this steel and its environmental impact are notably more positive for the environment. The LCA of the heat treatment applied to 30MnB5 is significantly more positive than that applied to RAEX450, without affecting its mechanical properties as wear-resistant steel.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85435668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Khumkoa, T. akhiaw, N. Ma-ud, P. Khamseetha, P. Hathong, P. Laokhen, C. Kansomket
Dry shot blast generated during stainless steel production contains high content of valued metals such as iron chromium and nickel. These metals are in the form of oxides and it can be used as a raw material in iron and steel. This work aims to study the feasibility of metals recovery from dry shot blast by smelting reduction process. Smelting reduction of dry shot blast by using coking coal as reductant was conducted in an induction furnace. The effect of metallurgical parameters e.g. stoichiometry ratio of reductant per oxygen containing in dry shot blast, CaO/SiO2 of slag forming and CaF2 in slag, on %recovery of metal product was investigated. The results based on this study showed that the weight of metal product increases with increased the amount of coke to about 1.5 of stoichiometric molar ratio. Increasing of coke above this amount leads to decrease %recovery of metal product. Moreover, the weight of metal product is increased when the ratio of CaO/SiO2 in slag decreased from 2 to 1. The chemical composition of the metal product is in the range of commercial grade and it can be used as raw materials to produce steel and cast iron alloy.Dry shot blast generated during stainless steel production contains high content of valued metals such as iron chromium and nickel. These metals are in the form of oxides and it can be used as a raw material in iron and steel. This work aims to study the feasibility of metals recovery from dry shot blast by smelting reduction process. Smelting reduction of dry shot blast by using coking coal as reductant was conducted in an induction furnace. The effect of metallurgical parameters e.g. stoichiometry ratio of reductant per oxygen containing in dry shot blast, CaO/SiO2 of slag forming and CaF2 in slag, on %recovery of metal product was investigated. The results based on this study showed that the weight of metal product increases with increased the amount of coke to about 1.5 of stoichiometric molar ratio. Increasing of coke above this amount leads to decrease %recovery of metal product. Moreover, the weight of metal product is increased when the ratio of CaO/SiO2 in slag decreased from 2 to 1. The chemical composition of the metal product is in the range of commercial grade and it can be used as raw materials to produce steel and cast iron alloy.
{"title":"Recovery of Metals from Dry Shot Blast Waste Generated in the Stainless-Steel Production Process","authors":"S. Khumkoa, T. akhiaw, N. Ma-ud, P. Khamseetha, P. Hathong, P. Laokhen, C. Kansomket","doi":"10.37421/JME.2020.9.554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/JME.2020.9.554","url":null,"abstract":"Dry shot blast generated during stainless steel production contains high content of valued metals such as iron chromium and nickel. These metals are in the form of oxides and it can be used as a raw material in iron and steel. This work aims to study the feasibility of metals recovery from dry shot blast by smelting reduction process. Smelting reduction of dry shot blast by using coking coal as reductant was conducted in an induction furnace. The effect of metallurgical parameters e.g. stoichiometry ratio of reductant per oxygen containing in dry shot blast, CaO/SiO2 of slag forming and CaF2 in slag, on %recovery of metal product was investigated. The results based on this study showed that the weight of metal product increases with increased the amount of coke to about 1.5 of stoichiometric molar ratio. Increasing of coke above this amount leads to decrease %recovery of metal product. Moreover, the weight of metal product is increased when the ratio of CaO/SiO2 in slag decreased from 2 to 1. The chemical composition of the metal product is in the range of commercial grade and it can be used as raw materials to produce steel and cast iron alloy.Dry shot blast generated during stainless steel production contains high content of valued metals such as iron chromium and nickel. These metals are in the form of oxides and it can be used as a raw material in iron and steel. This work aims to study the feasibility of metals recovery from dry shot blast by smelting reduction process. Smelting reduction of dry shot blast by using coking coal as reductant was conducted in an induction furnace. The effect of metallurgical parameters e.g. stoichiometry ratio of reductant per oxygen containing in dry shot blast, CaO/SiO2 of slag forming and CaF2 in slag, on %recovery of metal product was investigated. The results based on this study showed that the weight of metal product increases with increased the amount of coke to about 1.5 of stoichiometric molar ratio. Increasing of coke above this amount leads to decrease %recovery of metal product. Moreover, the weight of metal product is increased when the ratio of CaO/SiO2 in slag decreased from 2 to 1. The chemical composition of the metal product is in the range of commercial grade and it can be used as raw materials to produce steel and cast iron alloy.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"101 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86182824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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