Nowadays the development of using fiber-reinforced polymer composites in the field of aviation, defense, automotive, and marine industry is growing due to their lower density as compared with conventional materials. In the automotive industry, the requirements of reduction of weight and fuel consumption have become an essential study without losing any mechanical strength. Fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials are an alternative automotive wheel materials having outstanding mechanical properties via lower density, high fatigue resistance, flexibility of design, stability of dimension, better resistance of corrosion, the resistance of high temperature, high mechanical strength and light in weight, etc. To determine the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced carbon epoxy composite material using quasi-isotropic orientation having [45/0/0/0/0/-45/90/90/90/90/-45/0/0/0/0/45]s stacking sequences with a total number of 32 plies was prepared and mechanical characterization was performed. To quantify this analysis tensile and compression tests were performed by fabricating the samples through hand layup as per ASTM standards. From the result, fiberreinforced carbon epoxy composite material has excellent tensile strength in the longitudinal direction and moderate compressive strength in the transversal direction.
{"title":"Study on the Mechanical Characterization of Composite Materials forAutomotive Wheel Application","authors":"Eneyw Gardie, Negash Alemu","doi":"10.37421/JME.2019.8.548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/JME.2019.8.548","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays the development of using fiber-reinforced polymer composites in the field of aviation, defense, automotive, and marine industry is growing due to their lower density as compared with conventional materials. In the automotive industry, the requirements of reduction of weight and fuel consumption have become an essential study without losing any mechanical strength. Fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials are an alternative automotive wheel materials having outstanding mechanical properties via lower density, high fatigue resistance, flexibility of design, stability of dimension, better resistance of corrosion, the resistance of high temperature, high mechanical strength and light in weight, etc. To determine the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced carbon epoxy composite material using quasi-isotropic orientation having [45/0/0/0/0/-45/90/90/90/90/-45/0/0/0/0/45]s stacking sequences with a total number of 32 plies was prepared and mechanical characterization was performed. To quantify this analysis tensile and compression tests were performed by fabricating the samples through hand layup as per ASTM standards. From the result, fiberreinforced carbon epoxy composite material has excellent tensile strength in the longitudinal direction and moderate compressive strength in the transversal direction.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"47 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86010369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000470
Arif Ma, B. Agung, Suharyo Os, P. Pratisna
The Indonesian Navy requires warship as the main component of defense. It most of the material used are plates. There are several materials or materials that are vulnerable when exposed to corrosive attack on the marine environment. The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of coating, characteristics and compounds corrosion mild steel material A grade toward corrosion rate in seawater environment. Characteristics and corrosion compounds, used salt spray, immersion corrosion method, and X-ray method for analyzing corrosion compounds. The result of salt spray method showed highest corrosion rate (average 7,228 mpy for 20 days). The result of highest without coating showed corrosion rate (average 52,781 mpy for 20 days). The immersion test method with painting has the highest corrosion rate (average 1,892 mpy for 10 days). The highest unpainted corrosion rate (average 4,608 mpy for 20 days) after identified using x-ray obtained analysis and element that cause corrosion. In salt sprays produce corrosion product that is Fe (CO3).
{"title":"The Effect of Protective Coatings using L-5A Type toward Corrosion Rate on Mild Steel Grade a Material (Case Study in Indonesia Warship)","authors":"Arif Ma, B. Agung, Suharyo Os, P. Pratisna","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000470","url":null,"abstract":"The Indonesian Navy requires warship as the main component of defense. It most of the material used are plates. There are several materials or materials that are vulnerable when exposed to corrosive attack on the marine environment. The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of coating, characteristics and compounds corrosion mild steel material A grade toward corrosion rate in seawater environment. Characteristics and corrosion compounds, used salt spray, immersion corrosion method, and X-ray method for analyzing corrosion compounds. The result of salt spray method showed highest corrosion rate (average 7,228 mpy for 20 days). The result of highest without coating showed corrosion rate (average 52,781 mpy for 20 days). The immersion test method with painting has the highest corrosion rate (average 1,892 mpy for 10 days). The highest unpainted corrosion rate (average 4,608 mpy for 20 days) after identified using x-ray obtained analysis and element that cause corrosion. In salt sprays produce corrosion product that is Fe (CO3).","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"116 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86798154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-30DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000468
J. Moré, Steve Lyon
{"title":"Unlocking the Potential in Aluminum can Revolutionize the World","authors":"J. Moré, Steve Lyon","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000468","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"87 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90501101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-27DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000474
Alessandra Fava, R. Montanari, M. Richetta, C. Testani, A. Varone
Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels are promising materials for high temperature applications, in particular in fission and fusion nuclear reactors. In comparison to common reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels they exhibit better resistance to neutron irradiation and creep owing to an uniform dispersion of nano-oxides particles (~5 nm) and a very fine grain structure (~500 nm). ODS steels are commonly prepared by high-energy mechanical alloying (HEMA) of a mixture of steel powder and Y2O3 particles followed by a consolidation stage consisting of hot extrusion (HE) or hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The samples are then submitted to annealing around 1100°C for 1-2 hours. Recently, the present authors proposed a novel method based on low-energy mechanical alloying (LEMA). In general ODS microstructure is quite complex and several mechanisms contribute to the mechanical strengthening with different effects depending on the temperature. The present work analyses the role played by each single mechanism at increasing temperature by considering the specific microstructural features. ODS steels prepared through different routes and process parameters display different grain size distribution and homogeneity of particles dispersion, factors which strongly affect the mechanical properties. Yield stress values measured in tensile tests performed at increasing temperature up to 700°C, either taken from literature or achieved by authors, have been examined and the following strengthening mechanisms have been considered to fit the experimental data: (i) solid solution; (ii) Bailey-Hirsch; (iii) Hall-Petch; (iv) Orowan; (v) Coble creep and (vi) Arzt-Rősler-Wilkinson. The analyses evidence advantages and drawbacks of different preparation routes and suggest some criteria for further improving the mechanical properties of these materials.
{"title":"Analysis of Strengthening Mechanisms in Nano-ODS Steel Depending on Preparation Route","authors":"Alessandra Fava, R. Montanari, M. Richetta, C. Testani, A. Varone","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000474","url":null,"abstract":"Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels are promising materials for high temperature applications, in particular in fission and fusion nuclear reactors. In comparison to common reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels they exhibit better resistance to neutron irradiation and creep owing to an uniform dispersion of nano-oxides particles (~5 nm) and a very fine grain structure (~500 nm). \u0000ODS steels are commonly prepared by high-energy mechanical alloying (HEMA) of a mixture of steel powder and Y2O3 particles followed by a consolidation stage consisting of hot extrusion (HE) or hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The samples are then submitted to annealing around 1100°C for 1-2 hours. Recently, the present authors proposed a novel method based on low-energy mechanical alloying (LEMA). \u0000In general ODS microstructure is quite complex and several mechanisms contribute to the mechanical strengthening with different effects depending on the temperature. The present work analyses the role played by each single mechanism at increasing temperature by considering the specific microstructural features. \u0000ODS steels prepared through different routes and process parameters display different grain size distribution and homogeneity of particles dispersion, factors which strongly affect the mechanical properties. \u0000Yield stress values measured in tensile tests performed at increasing temperature up to 700°C, either taken from literature or achieved by authors, have been examined and the following strengthening mechanisms have been considered to fit the experimental data: (i) solid solution; (ii) Bailey-Hirsch; (iii) Hall-Petch; (iv) Orowan; (v) Coble creep and (vi) Arzt-Rősler-Wilkinson. The analyses evidence advantages and drawbacks of different preparation routes and suggest some criteria for further improving the mechanical properties of these materials.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"103 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77510393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-04DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000454
Michelle Xiao Liu, Guomei Jia
Wound dressing has remained challenging for some life-threatening wounds such as burning. Researchers have been engaged in looking for better solutions. This review paper depicted the ideal wound dressing based on the mechanism of human skins, compared traditional wound dressing methods to modern methods, and reviewed the use of polymers and biopolymers as advanced materials for wound dressing.
{"title":"Modern Wound Dressing Using Polymers/Biopolymers","authors":"Michelle Xiao Liu, Guomei Jia","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000454","url":null,"abstract":"Wound dressing has remained challenging for some life-threatening wounds such as burning. Researchers have been engaged in looking for better solutions. This review paper depicted the ideal wound dressing based on the mechanism of human skins, compared traditional wound dressing methods to modern methods, and reviewed the use of polymers and biopolymers as advanced materials for wound dressing.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75057419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-02DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000455
C. Das, J. Das, Thiruvengadam Vijayabaskaran, S. Bedanta, A. Talapatra, J. Mohanty, P. Alagarsamy
We report systematic investigation of thickness dependent surface topography, magnetic properties and magnetic domain structures of amorphous Fe80Ta8C12 (x nm) films with x=5–100 nm. All the as-deposited films fabricated directly on thermally oxidized Si substrate at ambient temperature using magnetron sputtering technique exhibit amorphous structure. The structural studies reveal that island-like structure in ultra-thin films transforms into continuous one with increasing x>10. In addition, the average surface roughness increases with increasing x, but without any systematic dependency on x. Room temperature magnetic properties illustrate that the paramagnetic nature observed for films with x 97%), low coercivity (HC 3.5 kA/m) and HS (>40 kA/m) and reduced MR/MS (<45%). The magnetic domain studies not only reveal that the domains change from in-plane magnetization to dense stripe domain pattern with increasing x due to enhancement of effective magnetic anisotropy caused by stress quenched in during deposition, but also confirm that films with 12
{"title":"Thickness Dependent Surface Topography, Magnetic Properties and Magnetic Domain Structure of Amorphous FeTaC Thin Films","authors":"C. Das, J. Das, Thiruvengadam Vijayabaskaran, S. Bedanta, A. Talapatra, J. Mohanty, P. Alagarsamy","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000455","url":null,"abstract":"We report systematic investigation of thickness dependent surface topography, magnetic properties and magnetic domain structures of amorphous Fe80Ta8C12 (x nm) films with x=5–100 nm. All the as-deposited films fabricated directly on thermally oxidized Si substrate at ambient temperature using magnetron sputtering technique exhibit amorphous structure. The structural studies reveal that island-like structure in ultra-thin films transforms into continuous one with increasing x>10. In addition, the average surface roughness increases with increasing x, but without any systematic dependency on x. Room temperature magnetic properties illustrate that the paramagnetic nature observed for films with x 97%), low coercivity (HC 3.5 kA/m) and HS (>40 kA/m) and reduced MR/MS (<45%). The magnetic domain studies not only reveal that the domains change from in-plane magnetization to dense stripe domain pattern with increasing x due to enhancement of effective magnetic anisotropy caused by stress quenched in during deposition, but also confirm that films with 12<x<40 exhibit in-plane magnetization with uniaxial anisotropy. High temperature thermomagnetization reveal a clear magnetic phase transition from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic state at relatively higher temperature of about 530 K. The observed results are elucidated on the basis of enhanced effective magnetic anisotropy, change in the magnetic domain structure and magnetic disorder with increasing FeTaC film thickness.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"140 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88442214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000461
J. Andrés, E. Longo, A. F. Gouveia, L. Gracia, M. C. Oliveira, J. Costa
Advances in electron-matter studies, based on the irradiation of the electron beam in the transmission electron microscopy or field emission-scanning electron microscope on materials represents a preferred external physical and chemical tool for in situ remote command of the functional attributes of nanomaterials associated to its unique advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and digital controllability. This makes the field of electron beam irradiation an emerging topic open for many researchers right now. Electron-material interactions envisage the formation, growth and coalescence of metal nanoparticles induced by electron beam irradiations and motivated by this discovery, in this Review, we provide an account of the recent advancements and theoretical developments to describe this phenomena and their applications. A theoretical framework is developed to determine the physical principles involved in the mechanism for the formation of metal nanoparticles on different materials by electron beam irradiation under the guidance of first-principles calculations at density functional level. New research directions are emerging in materials science to reach many applications by providing a deeper insight in the properties and phenomena in complex material systems. We conclude our work by briefly outlining the challenges that need to be addressed and the opportunities that can be tapped into. We hope that the review of the flourishing and vibrant topic with myriad possibilities would shine light on exploring the future directions of this research field by encouraging and opening the windows to meaningful multidisciplinary cooperation of researchers from different backgrounds and scientists from the fields such as chemistry, physics, engineering, biology, nanotechnology and materials science.
{"title":"In situ Formation of Metal Nanoparticles through Electron Beam Irradiation: Modeling Real Materials from First-Principles Calculations","authors":"J. Andrés, E. Longo, A. F. Gouveia, L. Gracia, M. C. Oliveira, J. Costa","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000461","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in electron-matter studies, based on the irradiation of the electron beam in the transmission electron microscopy or field emission-scanning electron microscope on materials represents a preferred external physical and chemical tool for in situ remote command of the functional attributes of nanomaterials associated to its unique advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and digital controllability. This makes the field of electron beam irradiation an emerging topic open for many researchers right now. Electron-material interactions envisage the formation, growth and coalescence of metal nanoparticles induced by electron beam irradiations and motivated by this discovery, in this Review, we provide an account of the recent advancements and theoretical developments to describe this phenomena and their applications. A theoretical framework is developed to determine the physical principles involved in the mechanism for the formation of metal nanoparticles on different materials by electron beam irradiation under the guidance of first-principles calculations at density functional level. New research directions are emerging in materials science to reach many applications by providing a deeper insight in the properties and phenomena in complex material systems. We conclude our work by briefly outlining the challenges that need to be addressed and the opportunities that can be tapped into. We hope that the review of the flourishing and vibrant topic with myriad possibilities would shine light on exploring the future directions of this research field by encouraging and opening the windows to meaningful multidisciplinary cooperation of researchers from different backgrounds and scientists from the fields such as chemistry, physics, engineering, biology, nanotechnology and materials science.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75406508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-27DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000452
M. Vannini, Paola Marchese, A. Celli, C. Lorenzetti
Poly(m-xylylene adipamide) (MXD6) is a well-known polyamide, widely used in engineering applications for a favourable set of mechanical properties and in packaging materials manufacturing because of its excellent gas barrier properties. In this work new random copolymers based on MXD6 were prepared by melt polycondensation of different comonomers (diacids and diamines) together with m-xylylene diamine and adipic acid with the aim of studying the effect of various chemical structures on the final barrier properties and trying to improve barrier performances of MXD6 at high humidity level. The resulting copolyamides were characterized in order to investigate the structureproperty relationships. Attention has been focused on the changes in glass transition temperature, density, sub-Tg relaxations. Interesting correlations between structure and oxygen permeation properties have been found.
{"title":"Poly( m -xylylene adipamide)-based Copolyamides: Effect of the Chemical Structure on Oxygen Permeation Properties","authors":"M. Vannini, Paola Marchese, A. Celli, C. Lorenzetti","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000452","url":null,"abstract":"Poly(m-xylylene adipamide) (MXD6) is a well-known polyamide, widely used in engineering applications for a favourable set of mechanical properties and in packaging materials manufacturing because of its excellent gas barrier properties. In this work new random copolymers based on MXD6 were prepared by melt polycondensation of different comonomers (diacids and diamines) together with m-xylylene diamine and adipic acid with the aim of studying the effect of various chemical structures on the final barrier properties and trying to improve barrier performances of MXD6 at high humidity level. The resulting copolyamides were characterized in order to investigate the structureproperty relationships. Attention has been focused on the changes in glass transition temperature, density, sub-Tg relaxations. Interesting correlations between structure and oxygen permeation properties have been found.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"114 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88103614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-10DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000448
K. Syamantak, Navneet Cv, G. Prashant, J. Sanjhal, G. Souvik, C. K. Nandi
Although several theories have been proposed, the mechanism of complex photoluminescence in carbon dots (CNDs) is a central quest till date. This report presents pH dependent steady state and time resolved spectroscopy study which identifies a possible origin of the complex photoluminescence in CNDs. The multiple emissive species created by the excited state protonation-deprotonation reaction at certain pH gives rise to inhomogeneous broadening and consequently excitation dependent multicolour emission. The origin of the excited state dynamics is attributed to the significant change of the proton dissociation between ground and excited state. We present a new model on protonation dynamics and show how it affects the emissive states in CNDs.
{"title":"Mechanistic Insight into the Carbon Dots: Protonation induced Photoluminescence","authors":"K. Syamantak, Navneet Cv, G. Prashant, J. Sanjhal, G. Souvik, C. K. Nandi","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000448","url":null,"abstract":"Although several theories have been proposed, the mechanism of complex photoluminescence in carbon dots (CNDs) is a central quest till date. This report presents pH dependent steady state and time resolved spectroscopy study which identifies a possible origin of the complex photoluminescence in CNDs. The multiple emissive species created by the excited state protonation-deprotonation reaction at certain pH gives rise to inhomogeneous broadening and consequently excitation dependent multicolour emission. The origin of the excited state dynamics is attributed to the significant change of the proton dissociation between ground and excited state. We present a new model on protonation dynamics and show how it affects the emissive states in CNDs.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"65 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72956245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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