Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000500
Márcia Cardoso Manique, Luciane Venturini Lacerda, A. K. Alves, C. Bergmann
A kinetic study evaluating heterogeneous transesterification of soybean oil was performed using zeolite from coal fly ash as a catalyst, under reaction conditions with different temperatures and reaction times. The catalyst characterization revealed that zeolite type hydro-sodalite was synthesized and consists of mesoporous agglomerates particles with a specific surface area of 7.53 m² g-1 and a basic catalytic character. The conversion rate of soybean oil to its methyl esters was found to increase with an increase in temperature. An ester yield of 92.5% was the highest methyl ester achieved at 65°C and at a 12:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The reaction followed pseudo-first order kinetics with a calculated activation energy (Ea) of 27.23 kJ mol-1.
{"title":"Synthesis of hydro-sodalite as a heterogeneous catalyst for reaction kinetics of soybean oil trans-esterification","authors":"Márcia Cardoso Manique, Luciane Venturini Lacerda, A. K. Alves, C. Bergmann","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000500","url":null,"abstract":"A kinetic study evaluating heterogeneous transesterification of soybean oil was performed using zeolite from coal fly ash as a catalyst, under reaction conditions with different temperatures and reaction times. The catalyst characterization revealed that zeolite type hydro-sodalite was synthesized and consists of mesoporous agglomerates particles with a specific surface area of 7.53 m² g-1 and a basic catalytic character. The conversion rate of soybean oil to its methyl esters was found to increase with an increase in temperature. An ester yield of 92.5% was the highest methyl ester achieved at 65°C and at a 12:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The reaction followed pseudo-first order kinetics with a calculated activation energy (Ea) of 27.23 kJ mol-1.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76218230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000409
H. Goure-Doubi, V. Montouillout, G. Lecomte‐Nana, B. Nait‐Ali, L. Konan, Agnès Smith
In the present work the modifications induced by the geomimetic processing on the environment of silicon and aluminum atoms are finely characterized by solid state MAS NMR. The raw clay (Lat), a lateritic clay from Yaounde (Cameroon), contains kaolinite, quartz, hematite and goethite as major mineral phases. This material is treated under acidic conditions during 24 h (LatAF) and then under alkaline conditions during 18 days, leading to the final consolidated “geomimetic” product (LatAFCH). The samples have been characterized by 29Si and 27Al solid state NMR at each step of the process.The NMR spectra obtained for the starting clay indicate the presence of AlIV and AlVI populations together with silicon Q2 (0 or 1Al) and Q3 (0 or 1Al) environments located at δiso=-83 ppm and δiso=-91 ppm respectively.The acidic reaction during 24 h, does not significantly affect the silicon-rich layers. It induces a conversion of part of AlIV population into AlVI environment mainly related to the occurrence of six-fold organo-aluminum complexes when using fulvic acid. With inorganic acid, Al dissolution prevails.The neutralization (using lime) of the medium, followed by ageing for 18 days, promotes clay interactions with available calcium ions. The newly formed phases are cementitious CSH, CASH and CAH phases.
{"title":"29 Si and 27 Al MAS NMR Characterization of the Structural Evolution of a Lateritic Clay under Acidic and Alkaline Treatments","authors":"H. Goure-Doubi, V. Montouillout, G. Lecomte‐Nana, B. Nait‐Ali, L. Konan, Agnès Smith","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000409","url":null,"abstract":"In the present work the modifications induced by the geomimetic processing on the environment of silicon and aluminum atoms are finely characterized by solid state MAS NMR. The raw clay (Lat), a lateritic clay from Yaounde (Cameroon), contains kaolinite, quartz, hematite and goethite as major mineral phases. This material is treated under acidic conditions during 24 h (LatAF) and then under alkaline conditions during 18 days, leading to the final consolidated “geomimetic” product (LatAFCH). The samples have been characterized by 29Si and 27Al solid state NMR at each step of the process.The NMR spectra obtained for the starting clay indicate the presence of AlIV and AlVI populations together with silicon Q2 (0 or 1Al) and Q3 (0 or 1Al) environments located at δiso=-83 ppm and δiso=-91 ppm respectively.The acidic reaction during 24 h, does not significantly affect the silicon-rich layers. It induces a conversion of part of AlIV population into AlVI environment mainly related to the occurrence of six-fold organo-aluminum complexes when using fulvic acid. With inorganic acid, Al dissolution prevails.The neutralization (using lime) of the medium, followed by ageing for 18 days, promotes clay interactions with available calcium ions. The newly formed phases are cementitious CSH, CASH and CAH phases.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80998734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000449
Rui-ying Miao, Z. Xiaowei, Zhu Qiong, S. Pang, De-hong Chen, Liqing Xue, Pin Gao
The application of terbium involved in giant magnetostrictive materials, phosphors, magneto-optical storage materials, magneto-optical glass, and so on. The requirement of content of nickel is stringent for most of the materials. The distributions of nickel in terbium by Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy-original position statistic distribution analysis (LIBS-OPA) and the reason of difficult removal of nickel by vacuum distillation but easy removal by SSE had been mainly discussed in this paper. Terbium ingot prepared by electron-beam smelting after vacuum distillation was processed into rod of 0.76 cm in diameter and 15 cm in length. The solid state electrotransport (SSE) experiment was done to the rod at 1100°C and 450 A cm-2 for 100 h under UHV (10-7 Pa) conditions. LIBS-OPA was used to acquire the local distribution of nickel in terbium after SSE purification in this study. The result of this study showed that nickel particles transported by the passing current from anode to cathode. This result was consistent with the result of glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) analysis to the whole rod. LIBS-OPA is a promising approach which could be used to analyze the distributions of micro and trace impurities in other metals and alloys. Highlights: Distribution of Ni in terbium after SSE had been obviously observed by LIBS-OPA. Nickel in Terbium is difficult to be removed by vacuum distillation, but after Solid State Electrotransport (SSE) for relative long time, content of Nickel can be greatly reduced. The main reason of the difficult removal of nickel by vacuum distillation and easy removal by SSE had been discussed in detail in this study.
铽的应用涉及超磁致伸缩材料、荧光粉、磁光存储材料、磁光玻璃等。大多数材料对镍含量的要求都比较严格。本文主要讨论了激光诱导击穿光谱-原位统计分布分析(LIBS-OPA)法在铽中镍的分布，以及真空蒸馏法难脱除而SSE法易脱除镍的原因。将真空蒸馏后电子束熔炼得到的铽锭加工成直径0.76 cm、长15 cm的棒材。在超高压(10-7 Pa)条件下，在1100℃、450 A cm-2条件下对电极棒进行了100 h的固态电输运(SSE)实验。本研究采用LIBS-OPA法对SSE纯化后的铽中镍的局部分布进行了测定。研究结果表明，镍颗粒通过电流从阳极向阴极传输。该结果与辉光放电质谱(GDMS)对整个棒材的分析结果一致。LIBS-OPA是一种很有前途的方法，可用于分析其他金属和合金中微量杂质的分布。亮点:用LIBS-OPA明显观察到SSE后铽中Ni的分布。真空蒸馏法很难去除铽中的镍，但经过较长时间的固态电输运后，镍的含量可大大降低。研究了真空蒸馏法难脱除镍而SSE法易脱除镍的主要原因。
{"title":"Nickel in Terbium Metal and Its Characterization by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy-Original Position Statistic Distribution Analysis","authors":"Rui-ying Miao, Z. Xiaowei, Zhu Qiong, S. Pang, De-hong Chen, Liqing Xue, Pin Gao","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000449","url":null,"abstract":"The application of terbium involved in giant magnetostrictive materials, phosphors, magneto-optical storage materials, magneto-optical glass, and so on. The requirement of content of nickel is stringent for most of the materials. The distributions of nickel in terbium by Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy-original position statistic distribution analysis (LIBS-OPA) and the reason of difficult removal of nickel by vacuum distillation but easy removal by SSE had been mainly discussed in this paper. Terbium ingot prepared by electron-beam smelting after vacuum distillation was processed into rod of 0.76 cm in diameter and 15 cm in length. The solid state electrotransport (SSE) experiment was done to the rod at 1100°C and 450 A cm-2 for 100 h under UHV (10-7 Pa) conditions. LIBS-OPA was used to acquire the local distribution of nickel in terbium after SSE purification in this study. The result of this study showed that nickel particles transported by the passing current from anode to cathode. This result was consistent with the result of glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) analysis to the whole rod. LIBS-OPA is a promising approach which could be used to analyze the distributions of micro and trace impurities in other metals and alloys. Highlights: Distribution of Ni in terbium after SSE had been obviously observed by LIBS-OPA. Nickel in Terbium is difficult to be removed by vacuum distillation, but after Solid State Electrotransport (SSE) for relative long time, content of Nickel can be greatly reduced. The main reason of the difficult removal of nickel by vacuum distillation and easy removal by SSE had been discussed in detail in this study.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"104 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77107628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000453
Bo Chen, Fenghua Tian, Nicole N. Hashemi, M. McNamara, Michael Cho
While 2D culture models have been used extensively to elucidate the cell-to-cell communication, they do not recapitulate fully the 3D characteristics of microenvironment in vivo, e.g., polarized cell attachment and generally confer a considerably stiffer substrate than the endogenous extracellular matrix. Development of fibrous scaffolds that can better mimic the native microenvironment and improve the spatial arrangement of seeded cells should foster experimental strategies to monitor and determine the 3D cell-to-cell communication. In this study, poly(e- caprolactone) (PCL) fibers were fabricated in different sizes using a microfluidic platform and spatially arranged to create a suitable 3D microenvironment in order to investigate the cell viability and calcium signaling in mouse astrocytes. A powerful algorithm, referred to as wavelet transform coherence (WTC), was applied to establish the correlation between astrocytes that were seeded on the PCL fiber. As expected, two astrocytes that appeared to be in physical contact showed high correlation, whereas two astrocytes seeded within a few cell lengths but not in physical contact showed negligible correlation. The WTC correlation analysis of a cluster of six astrocytes seeded on a single PCL fiber led to surprising results that the cells can communicate over many cell lengths without being in physical contact. More systematic studies using spatially controlled 3D microenvironment will likely help unravel the intricate cell communication mechanisms.
{"title":"Characterization of Correlated Calcium Dynamics in Astrocytes in PCL Scaffold: Application of Wavelet Transform Coherence","authors":"Bo Chen, Fenghua Tian, Nicole N. Hashemi, M. McNamara, Michael Cho","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000453","url":null,"abstract":"While 2D culture models have been used extensively to elucidate the cell-to-cell communication, they do not recapitulate fully the 3D characteristics of microenvironment in vivo, e.g., polarized cell attachment and generally confer a considerably stiffer substrate than the endogenous extracellular matrix. Development of fibrous scaffolds that can better mimic the native microenvironment and improve the spatial arrangement of seeded cells should foster experimental strategies to monitor and determine the 3D cell-to-cell communication. In this study, poly(e- caprolactone) (PCL) fibers were fabricated in different sizes using a microfluidic platform and spatially arranged to create a suitable 3D microenvironment in order to investigate the cell viability and calcium signaling in mouse astrocytes. A powerful algorithm, referred to as wavelet transform coherence (WTC), was applied to establish the correlation between astrocytes that were seeded on the PCL fiber. As expected, two astrocytes that appeared to be in physical contact showed high correlation, whereas two astrocytes seeded within a few cell lengths but not in physical contact showed negligible correlation. The WTC correlation analysis of a cluster of six astrocytes seeded on a single PCL fiber led to surprising results that the cells can communicate over many cell lengths without being in physical contact. More systematic studies using spatially controlled 3D microenvironment will likely help unravel the intricate cell communication mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88211580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000408
R. Abbas, A. Hefnawy, Wael I El-Dessouky, Asmaa El-halag, W. Sadik, A. M. El-Demerdash
Durable superhydrophobic surface on metal substrates was fabricated using very applicable method. The fabrication method aimed to decrease surface free energy and increase surface roughness at same time the process have been accomplished via the addition of silica nano particles with Dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DCTES) bonded to the surface of the silica particles. Adhesive polystyrene was added to improve bond between substrate and functionalized silica. The method is cheap, promising to be applied in factories heat exchangers to reduce fouling and corrosion on the large industrial scale. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for surface morphology analysis, showing the roughness produced by surface treatment. The wettability of the micro-nano silica film varied from hydrophilicity (water contact angle 88°) to superhydrophobicity (water contact angle 165.2°), while sliding contact angles dramatically decreased (<4°) by adding Functionalized silica and/or adhesive polymer. Roughness increased with silica increment which improves the wettability. The coatings were electrochemically characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Tafel polarization curves; it was found that both systems had good performance against corrosion in 3.5% sodium chloride solution.
{"title":"Effect of Durable Superhydrophobic FS/PS Using DCTES on Carbon Steel","authors":"R. Abbas, A. Hefnawy, Wael I El-Dessouky, Asmaa El-halag, W. Sadik, A. M. El-Demerdash","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000408","url":null,"abstract":"Durable superhydrophobic surface on metal substrates was fabricated using very applicable method. The fabrication method aimed to decrease surface free energy and increase surface roughness at same time the process have been accomplished via the addition of silica nano particles with Dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DCTES) bonded to the surface of the silica particles. Adhesive polystyrene was added to improve bond between substrate and functionalized silica. The method is cheap, promising to be applied in factories heat exchangers to reduce fouling and corrosion on the large industrial scale. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for surface morphology analysis, showing the roughness produced by surface treatment. The wettability of the micro-nano silica film varied from hydrophilicity (water contact angle 88°) to superhydrophobicity (water contact angle 165.2°), while sliding contact angles dramatically decreased (<4°) by adding Functionalized silica and/or adhesive polymer. Roughness increased with silica increment which improves the wettability. The coatings were electrochemically characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Tafel polarization curves; it was found that both systems had good performance against corrosion in 3.5% sodium chloride solution.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"71 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85891848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000503
T. Fera
Recycling is the process of making or bringing out new products from a product that has originally served its purpose. The use of non-woven for noise reduction is based on two major advantages of these materials, namely low production costs and small specific gravity. Through this thesis, an attempt was made and implemented an innovative technique of developing stitch bonded non-woven by using recycled fiber. Knitted wastes were collected from cut and sew knitwear factories and recycled by using fabric opening machine in Adey abeba textile factory. The opened fibers are carded by mechanical carding machine by varying the number of layers. Six nonwoven samples are manufactured by stitching the web structure with core spun yarn. The manufactured reclaimed fiber stitch bonded nonwoven sound absorption coefficients were measured according to ASTM E 1050 standard by an impedance tube. The results revealed that the sound absorption coefficient increased with increasing frequency level of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 1500 Hz, 2000 Hz, 2500 Hz and 3000 Hz. Factors influencing sound absorption of nonwoven materials such as fabric thickness, areal density, air permeability and thermal conductivity were tested. The results revealed that while thickness increases the sound absorbing performance also increases. Low frequency sound absorption has direct relationship with thickness. However, at higher frequencies thickness has insignificant effect on sound absorption. Less dense and more open structure absorbs sound of low frequencies. Denser structure performs better for frequencies above 2000 Hz. Air permeability of the stitch bonded nonwoven decreases the sound absorption performance increases. The mechanism of sound absorption was conversion of sound energy in to heat but the effect of thermal conductivity of stitch bonded nonwoven structure was very small.
回收利用是将原本有其用途的产品制造或生产出新产品的过程。使用无纺布进行降噪是基于这些材料的两大优点，即生产成本低和比重小。本文尝试并实现了一种利用再生纤维开发针法粘合无纺布的创新技术。利用阿迪阿巴纺织厂的开布机回收针织厂的针织物废料。打开的纤维由机械梳理机通过改变层数进行梳理。用包芯纱缝合织网结构，制备了6个无纺布样品。根据ASTM E 1050标准，用阻抗管测量了生产的再生纤维针缝粘合非织造布吸声系数。结果表明:在500 Hz、1000 Hz、1500 Hz、2000 Hz、2500 Hz和3000 Hz的频率范围内，吸声系数随频率水平的增加而增大;测试了织物厚度、面密度、透气性和导热系数等对非织造材料吸声性能的影响。结果表明，随着厚度的增加，吸声性能也随之提高。低频吸声与厚度有直接关系。而在较高频率下，厚度对吸声的影响不显著。密度小、开口多的结构吸收低频声。密集结构在2000hz以上的频率下表现更好。针法粘合非织造布的透气性降低，吸声性能提高。其吸声机理是将声能转化为热能，而缝接非织造布结构的热导率对吸声的影响很小。
{"title":"Manufacture of Reclaimed Fiber Non-Woven for Sound Absorption","authors":"T. Fera","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000503","url":null,"abstract":"Recycling is the process of making or bringing out new products from a product that has originally served its purpose. The use of non-woven for noise reduction is based on two major advantages of these materials, namely low production costs and small specific gravity. Through this thesis, an attempt was made and implemented an innovative technique of developing stitch bonded non-woven by using recycled fiber. Knitted wastes were collected from cut and sew knitwear factories and recycled by using fabric opening machine in Adey abeba textile factory. The opened fibers are carded by mechanical carding machine by varying the number of layers. Six nonwoven samples are manufactured by stitching the web structure with core spun yarn. The manufactured reclaimed fiber stitch bonded nonwoven sound absorption coefficients were measured according to ASTM E 1050 standard by an impedance tube. The results revealed that the sound absorption coefficient increased with increasing frequency level of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 1500 Hz, 2000 Hz, 2500 Hz and 3000 Hz. Factors influencing sound absorption of nonwoven materials such as fabric thickness, areal density, air permeability and thermal conductivity were tested. The results revealed that while thickness increases the sound absorbing performance also increases. Low frequency sound absorption has direct relationship with thickness. However, at higher frequencies thickness has insignificant effect on sound absorption. Less dense and more open structure absorbs sound of low frequencies. Denser structure performs better for frequencies above 2000 Hz. Air permeability of the stitch bonded nonwoven decreases the sound absorption performance increases. The mechanism of sound absorption was conversion of sound energy in to heat but the effect of thermal conductivity of stitch bonded nonwoven structure was very small.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"65 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83964293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000475
G. Durur, N. Varan
New orientations have emerged in the textile sector as a result of increasing global competition and environmental problems. Under the scope of new understandings, it is required to bring forward multi-functional, simple and environmental friendly methods that will meet tight economic and ecological demands of today. Plasma technology has become a significant alternative in this sense. This technology may provide great advantages in case it is developed, however, it doesn't receive due consideration. In this study, plasma treatment was applied by using glow discharge plasma system to 100% PET and 95% PET/5% elastane fabrics and then the effects of plasma polymerization on fabric surfaces were tested and analyzed using water and oil repellent finishings. After application of plasma conditions, repellency tests showed that the effect of a reorientation of the fluorinated chains at the surface of PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) and PET/elastane fabrics remained unchanged and water and oil repellency features were acquired.
{"title":"Low Pressure Plasma Treatment of PET and PET/Elastane Fabrics","authors":"G. Durur, N. Varan","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000475","url":null,"abstract":"New orientations have emerged in the textile sector as a result of increasing global competition and environmental problems. Under the scope of new understandings, it is required to bring forward multi-functional, simple and environmental friendly methods that will meet tight economic and ecological demands of today. Plasma technology has become a significant alternative in this sense. This technology may provide great advantages in case it is developed, however, it doesn't receive due consideration. In this study, plasma treatment was applied by using glow discharge plasma system to 100% PET and 95% PET/5% elastane fabrics and then the effects of plasma polymerization on fabric surfaces were tested and analyzed using water and oil repellent finishings. After application of plasma conditions, repellency tests showed that the effect of a reorientation of the fluorinated chains at the surface of PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) and PET/elastane fabrics remained unchanged and water and oil repellency features were acquired.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84214735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most learning institutions in Zimbabwe use fibre optic cable for internet connectivity and the heavy human and vehicular traffic at these places may pose a threat to maintenance of the cable particularly on semi-rigid ground. Physical stress in form of pressure exerted on the cable by the said traffic need to be investigated and compared in relation to tensile strength of the cable. The cables are made of polymers which provide a good operating temperature, chemical resistance, bio compatibility and prevention to mechanical and chemical damage. Simple Physics lab tests offer an opportunity to investigate the stress and strain parameters of the cable. The study sought to determine the Young modulus of the fibre optic cable at Great Zimbabwe University using two methods namely : the centre span deflection method and the strain gauge method. The first method was based on adding standard weights to cable tied on horizontally on two ends and observing deflections from the equilibrium position, the second method involved adding standard weights to a vertically suspended fibre optic and observing extensions from original length. Results of the two methods were processed in linear equations which estimated a Young modulus constant for the cable which is a stress parameter that indicated the strength of the cable. The values for Young modulus for center span deflection method using three specimens of different lengths were 8.67 × 1010 N/m2, 2.34 × 1011 N/m2 and 1.78 × 1011 N/m2 with 0.003% error. For the strain gauge method readings obtained from two specimens of different lengths were 6.48 × 106 N/m2, 9.47 × 106 N/m2 with 0.3% error. Method 1 however gave values that are close to the literature figures and can be relied on to provide stress indicator values.
{"title":"Physical Characterization of Fibre Optic Cable using Simple Laboratory Stress Tests","authors":"Farai Malvern Simba, Hambayi Hlahla, Nyashadzashe Ngaza","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000471","url":null,"abstract":"Most learning institutions in Zimbabwe use fibre optic cable for internet connectivity and the heavy human and vehicular traffic at these places may pose a threat to maintenance of the cable particularly on semi-rigid ground. Physical stress in form of pressure exerted on the cable by the said traffic need to be investigated and compared in relation to tensile strength of the cable. The cables are made of polymers which provide a good operating temperature, chemical resistance, bio compatibility and prevention to mechanical and chemical damage. Simple Physics lab tests offer an opportunity to investigate the stress and strain parameters of the cable. The study sought to determine the Young modulus of the fibre optic cable at Great Zimbabwe University using two methods namely : the centre span deflection method and the strain gauge method. The first method was based on adding standard weights to cable tied on horizontally on two ends and observing deflections from the equilibrium position, the second method involved adding standard weights to a vertically suspended fibre optic and observing extensions from original length. Results of the two methods were processed in linear equations which estimated a Young modulus constant for the cable which is a stress parameter that indicated the strength of the cable. The values for Young modulus for center span deflection method using three specimens of different lengths were 8.67 × 1010 N/m2, 2.34 × 1011 N/m2 and 1.78 × 1011 N/m2 with 0.003% error. For the strain gauge method readings obtained from two specimens of different lengths were 6.48 × 106 N/m2, 9.47 × 106 N/m2 with 0.3% error. Method 1 however gave values that are close to the literature figures and can be relied on to provide stress indicator values.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77814215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000460
Ying Xue, Yiming Tang, Xukai Li, Weirui Chen, Ying Wu, Guiquan Che, Laisheng Li
The mesoporous Mn incorporated MCM-41 was employed to inhibit bromate formation during catalytic ozonation of bromide-containing water, Mn-MCM-41 was synthesized via hydrothermal method and the influences of temperature ramping rate (0.5, 1 and 2 K min-1) during calcination were investigated. It was characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, XPS and H2-TPR, indicating that temperature ramping rate could affect the valence states of active Mn species, the dispersion of Mn on the surface of catalyst and the formation of oxygen vacancies, which could increase surface hydroxyl groups on Mn-MCM-41 and accelerated ozone decomposition to generate oxygen species. Compared with 0.5 K min-1 and 2 K min-1, Mn-MCM-41 with 1 K min-1 showed much better performance in bromate inhibition process, Mn100-MCM-41 (molar ratio of Si/Mn=100) achieved 96.7% inhibition efficiency at pH 6.5, which was attributed to higher fraction of Mn(II)/Mn(III) and oxygen vacancies. The influence of pH, TBA and intermediate HOBr/OBr- were explored to investigate the mechanism. The results showed that more H2O2 generation and decreased O3 exposure to Br- in Mn-MCM-41 catalytic ozonation process, the oxidative transformation from Br- to HOBr/OBr- was blocked, resulting to less bromate formation. Highlights: • Temperature ramping rate during calcination of Mn-MCM-41 was crucial. • Oxygen vacancy and variation Mn state are responsible for catalytic performance. • Mn-MCM-41 achieved high bromate inhibition efficiency (96.7%) at pH 6.5. • Mn-MCM-41 inhibited BrO3 - by reducing HOBr/OBr-.
采用介孔Mn掺入MCM-41抑制含溴化物水催化臭氧化过程中溴酸盐的生成，采用水热法合成了Mn-MCM-41，考察了焙烧过程中升温速率(0.5、1和2 K min-1)对溴酸盐生成的影响。通过XRD、TEM、SEM、XPS和H2-TPR对其进行表征，结果表明升温速率会影响活性Mn的价态，影响Mn在催化剂表面的分散和氧空位的形成，使Mn- mcm -41表面羟基增加，加速臭氧分解生成氧。与0.5 K min-1和2 K min-1相比，1 K min-1的Mn- mcm -41在溴酸盐缓蚀过程中表现出更好的缓蚀性能，在pH为6.5时，Mn- mcm -41 (Si/Mn摩尔比为100)的缓蚀效率达到96.7%，这主要归功于更高的Mn(II)/Mn(III)比例和氧空位。探讨了pH、TBA和中间HOBr/OBr-的影响机理。结果表明，在Mn-MCM-41催化臭氧化过程中，H2O2生成增多，O3暴露量减少，Br-向HOBr/OBr-的氧化转化被阻断，溴酸盐生成减少。•Mn-MCM-41煅烧过程中的升温速率至关重要。•氧空位和Mn态的变化对催化性能有影响。•Mn-MCM-41在pH 6.5时具有较高的溴酸盐抑制效率(96.7%)。Mn-MCM-41通过降低HOBr/OBr-抑制BrO3 -。
{"title":"Bromate Inhibition during Ozonation of Bromide-Containing Water by the Presence of Mn Incorporated MCM-41","authors":"Ying Xue, Yiming Tang, Xukai Li, Weirui Chen, Ying Wu, Guiquan Che, Laisheng Li","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000460","url":null,"abstract":"The mesoporous Mn incorporated MCM-41 was employed to inhibit bromate formation during catalytic ozonation of bromide-containing water, Mn-MCM-41 was synthesized via hydrothermal method and the influences of temperature ramping rate (0.5, 1 and 2 K min-1) during calcination were investigated. It was characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, XPS and H2-TPR, indicating that temperature ramping rate could affect the valence states of active Mn species, the dispersion of Mn on the surface of catalyst and the formation of oxygen vacancies, which could increase surface hydroxyl groups on Mn-MCM-41 and accelerated ozone decomposition to generate oxygen species. Compared with 0.5 K min-1 and 2 K min-1, Mn-MCM-41 with 1 K min-1 showed much better performance in bromate inhibition process, Mn100-MCM-41 (molar ratio of Si/Mn=100) achieved 96.7% inhibition efficiency at pH 6.5, which was attributed to higher fraction of Mn(II)/Mn(III) and oxygen vacancies. The influence of pH, TBA and intermediate HOBr/OBr- were explored to investigate the mechanism. The results showed that more H2O2 generation and decreased O3 exposure to Br- in Mn-MCM-41 catalytic ozonation process, the oxidative transformation from Br- to HOBr/OBr- was blocked, resulting to less bromate formation. Highlights: • Temperature ramping rate during calcination of Mn-MCM-41 was crucial. • Oxygen vacancy and variation Mn state are responsible for catalytic performance. • Mn-MCM-41 achieved high bromate inhibition efficiency (96.7%) at pH 6.5. • Mn-MCM-41 inhibited BrO3 - by reducing HOBr/OBr-.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"124 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75794984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000420
S. Vynatheya, B. Raju, L. Chandrasagar, Sushma Us
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is an escalating concern in the modern electronic climate. As such it has become a critical area to consider when designing and packaging electronics. In this context, Electroless Silver Coated nanocenosphere (SCNC) in Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) composites has been tried for its EMI shielding effectiveness. The strategy is to render the polymer conductive by dispersing SCNC in various proportions in these polymers separately and to promote wave absorption by making sheet of the polymer-based composite. In our study EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray) analysis confirmed the presence of Ag on the coated nano cenosphere. This was further, confirmed through Phase analysis by XRD (X-Ray Diffractometer) analysis. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analysis was conducted to see the size, shape and adherence of the Ag coating on nanoenosphere particles and to observe the distribution of these particles in polymer matrix in the composite sheet. BET Surface area of electroless coated powders was quite high indicating good surface properties. The processing methods, electrical properties (surface resistivity) and electromagnetic behavior (EMI shielding effectiveness) were investigated. Shielding effectiveness (SE) values of approximately 25 dB at a frequency of 1 GHz was obtained for coatings of Electroless Silver coated nanocenospheres in ABS polymer which was further increased by adding other conductive nano fillers (Graphene and multi walled Carbon Nano tube) along with coated nanocenospheres.
{"title":"Eletroless Silver Coated Nanocenosphere/Polymer Composite for EMI Shielding Effectiveness","authors":"S. Vynatheya, B. Raju, L. Chandrasagar, Sushma Us","doi":"10.4172/2169-0022.1000420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000420","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is an escalating concern in the modern electronic climate. As such it has become a critical area to consider when designing and packaging electronics. In this context, Electroless Silver Coated nanocenosphere (SCNC) in Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) composites has been tried for its EMI shielding effectiveness. The strategy is to render the polymer conductive by dispersing SCNC in various proportions in these polymers separately and to promote wave absorption by making sheet of the polymer-based composite. In our study EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray) analysis confirmed the presence of Ag on the coated nano cenosphere. This was further, confirmed through Phase analysis by XRD (X-Ray Diffractometer) analysis. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analysis was conducted to see the size, shape and adherence of the Ag coating on nanoenosphere particles and to observe the distribution of these particles in polymer matrix in the composite sheet. BET Surface area of electroless coated powders was quite high indicating good surface properties. The processing methods, electrical properties (surface resistivity) and electromagnetic behavior (EMI shielding effectiveness) were investigated. Shielding effectiveness (SE) values of approximately 25 dB at a frequency of 1 GHz was obtained for coatings of Electroless Silver coated nanocenospheres in ABS polymer which was further increased by adding other conductive nano fillers (Graphene and multi walled Carbon Nano tube) along with coated nanocenospheres.","PeriodicalId":16326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83331537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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