Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation最新文献

Background: Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are characterized by progressive cognitive decline. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technology, has been widely used to improve cognition in AD and MCI. However, the impact of rTMS on immediate and long-term cognitive functions in AD and MCI, as well as the optimal stimulating parameters, need further clarification.

Method: Thirty-one randomized controlled trials were included to examine the effects of rTMS on immediate cognition (post-treatment cognition), while nine trials were specifically used to assess its impact on long-term cognition (follow-up cognition). All participants were tested on at least one of the neuropsychological scales of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Alzheimer's disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Section (ADAS-Cog) to evaluate global cognitive outcomes of rTMS. The study followed the guidelines for meta-analysis of intervention studies and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. Moderator analysis was used to examine factors that might affect treatment effect. Sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate stability of results. Meta-regression analysis was used to assess the interpretability of heterogeneity. Begg's and Egger's test and funnel plot were applied to assess publication bias.

Results: The results demonstrated that rTMS significantly improved immediate cognition (SMD = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.64 to 1.22, p < 0.001) and long-term cognition (SMD = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.13 to 0.70, p = 0.004) across all patients (including AD and MCI). Moderator analysis revealed that targeting dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), using intensities of 80% or less of the motor threshold, total time of 800 min or more and stimulation sessions greater than 20 significantly enhanced immediate cognitive performance than their counterparts. In contrast, stimulation frequency, duration/session and patient type showed no significant impact on immediate cognition. For long-term cognition, differences in stimulation protocols had no influence on treatment effect for all patients.

Conclusion: rTMS had a positive effect on immediate and long-term cognition in AD and MCI, stimulation region, intensity, total time and number of sessions significantly improve immediate cognition. These findings suggest that rTMS has potential as a promising adjunctive treatment for AD and MCI.

Background: Unilateral nostril breathing (UNB) has a history linked to ancient yogic traditions where it is believed to affect both physical and mental states however the mechanism(s) by which this technique potentially influences brain electrical activity remains poorly explored.

Methods: In this pilot study we investigated the influence of pressurised device-regulated UNB on brain functional network activity in healthy awake individuals to test its suitability for later use in hypothesis-driven clinical trials. Baseline bilateral EEG data were acquired, and then dominant/nondominant nostril UNB protocols were used to assess changes in brain network functional connectivity signal coherence, and phase lag index.

Results: Changes in functional connectivity were detected only when comparing right to left UNB, with the following networks demonstrating changes: the Default Mode Network which included reduced alpha and increased beta wave activity; the Salience Network, which included increased gamma wave activity; the Auditory Network, which included increased gamma and delta wave activity; and the Left Brain Region, which included reduced delta wave activity.

Conclusions: This study revealed that device-regulated pressurised left/right UNB changed brain FC in awake healthy individuals in several brain networks. Nasal cycle dominance was found to play no role in UNB influencing brain FC; rather, nasal morphology (left/right side) seems to be the controlling factor. Further investigations are needed to verify our results and apply them to clinical populations.

Background: Outcomes following long-term use of overground robotic walkers have not been studied, even though children with mobility impairments are using these devices for extended periods. We aimed to evaluate the impacts of six months of overground robotic walker use in the home and community.

Methods: An observational cohort study was conducted with a volunteer sample of 171 participants with mobility impairments who privately obtained an overground robotic walker. Participant-initiated overground robotic walker use in the home and community was evaluated over six-months. The primary outcome of functional ability was assessed by parent report using the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ). Secondary outcome measures were parent-reported physical activity, positive affect, sleep disturbance, and bowel movement frequency. Questionnaires were sent digitally at baseline (when users received device use training), and then 1-Month, 3-Months and 6-Months later. The device tracked monthly usage, specifically number of steps, minutes of use, average cadence (steps/minute), and the number of times the device was used.

Results: Median participant age was 6 years (range 1 to 24), 42.1% were female, 70.8% had a diagnosis of cerebral palsy, and most were not independently ambulatory (97.3% of participants who reported function). Adjusted cumulative link mixed models demonstrated a significant main effect of time for FAQ scores, with increased log odds of a higher FAQ score at each time point (ß=0.86, 95% CI [0.25, 1.46], p = 0.006). The median FAQ score increased from 1 at baseline to 2 at subsequent time points. Adjusted repeated measures linear mixed-effects models demonstrated significant main effects of time for secondary outcomes, with improvements in physical activity scores (ß=0.96, 95% CI [0.21, 1.71], p = 0.012), sleep disturbance scores (ß=-0.82, 95% CI [-1.61, -0.04], p = 0.040), average cadence (steps/minute) (ß=1.86, 95% CI [0.61, 3.11], p = 0.004), and also decreases in the number of times the device was used per month (ß=-0.95, 95% CI [-1.63, -0.26], p = 0.007). Device usage time and total steps per month did not significantly change over time.

Conclusions: Six months of overground robotic walker use resulted in modest, statistically significant improvements in functional ability and secondary outcomes linked to physical inactivity. Device usage time was consistent over time, suggesting feasibility of long-term home and community use.

Background: Myoelectric interfaces have emerged as powerful tools for human-machine interaction (HMI), enabling intuitive control of virtual and physical devices. However, most existing systems are limited by low spatial resolution and unidirectional communication. To address these limitations, we developed NeuraLoop, a wearable, high-bandwidth, bidirectional interface that integrates myoelectric (EMG) signal acquisition and electrotactile stimulation feedback within a single wearable textile-based platform.

Methods: NeuraLoop comprises a flexible matrix of 32 EMG recording and 32 electrotactile stimulation pads controlled by a compact electronic unit. We evaluated the system in two experimental tasks involving ten healthy subjects to demonstrate: (1) online classification of four transient thumb micro-gestures (thumb rightwards, leftwards, upwards, and downwards swipe directions), and (2) closed-loop control of a virtual cursor using micro-gesture commands and spatially encoded tactile feedback. A time-division multiplexing (TDM) strategy was implemented to enable simultaneous stimulation and recording.

Results: The subjects achieved a median success rate of 82% on the first attempt and over 94% within two attempts during online classification with visual feedback. All four micro-gestures were classified with similar accuracy. In the closed-loop control task with tactile feedback, participants navigated a 3 × 4 grid using only electrotactile stimulation, achieving 70% accuracy for exact target hits and 95% when including the hits in the neighboring cells (1 cell distance error).

Conclusions: NeuraLoop demonstrates the feasibility of high-bandwidth, bidirectional HMI using a wearable, textile-based interface. The system enables accurate recognition of subtle micro-gestures and effective delivery of spatially encoded tactile feedback. These capabilities open new possibilities for intuitive control in applications such as prosthetics, rehabilitation, and virtual/augmented reality. Future work will explore multimodal feedback encoding and proportional gesture control.

Background: Accurate assessment of neuro-sacral function after spinal cord injury/lesion and cauda equina (SCI+) is essential for diagnosis, prognosis and early management. The current bedside standard, the digital rectal examination (DRE), is subjective, invasive, and examiner dependent. Surface electromyography (s-EMG) offers a quantitative alternative but has lacked point-of-care integration. We developed the ElectroSacroGram (ESG), a bedside digital s-EMG tool enabling real-time objective assessment of sacral somatic function after SCI+. This study aimed to (1) develop the ESG protocol based on clinical consensus; and (2) evaluate its diagnostic performance compared to radiological findings and expert-performed DRE.

Methods: In this prospective proof-of-concept diagnostic study at a specialized Level 1 trauma center, 52 adults with suspected SCI + and 21 healthy participants underwent ESG and DRE. ESG quantified sacral motor (resting external anal sphincter tone, maximal voluntary anal contraction (maxVAC), reflex (bulbospongious or bulbocavernosus reflex (BSR)), and sensory (electrical perceptual threshold (EPT)) function using low-intensity electrical stimulation. Clinically relevant DRE parameters were selected by an expert panel. Content validity was assessed using item/scale content validity indices (CVI), agreement with DRE (Cohen's κ) and diagnostic accuracy were calculated against imaging-confirmed spinal lesions.

Results: Normative ESG values were established in healthy participants. Neurologically impaired patients showed reduced maxVAC and BSR amplitudes and elevated EPT. ESG demonstrated excellent content validity (S-CVI = 1.00), strong agreement with DRE for VAC (κ = 0.876) and EPT (κ = 0.881), and high diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 100%, overall accuracy 86.5%).

Conclusions: ESG enables precise, reproducible evaluation of sacral motor, reflex, and sensory integrity in real-time at bedside. By complementing and objectifying the DRE, it offers a promising precision-medicine tool for early neuro-sacral assessment, enhancing clinical research and improving SCI + diagnosis, for the acute phase and in the context of spinal shock.

Background: Stroke survivors often experience impaired upper extremity motor function due to abnormal muscle synergies. This pilot study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of electromyography-guided human-machine interaction training designed to expand the repertoire of intermuscular coordination patterns and improve upper extremity motor function in chronic stroke survivors.

Methods: Four chronic stroke survivors with mild-to-moderate upper extremity motor impairment and three age-matched healthy controls participated in a six-week electromyography-guided training intervention. Participants practiced selectively activating one elbow flexor muscle while suppressing another (brachioradialis or biceps brachii). Throughout the course of the intervention, the effect of the training on intermuscular coordination, task performance, and motor function and impairment level of the stroke-affected upper extremity were assessed.

Results: Participants in both the control and stroke groups successfully learned to selectively activate targeted muscles, expanding their repertoire of habitual intermuscular coordination patterns. Stroke survivors demonstrated improvements in force generation, reaching ability, wrist rotation, and clinical measures of upper extremity motor function and spasticity. Participants also reported improved ease in performing daily activities.

Conclusions: This is, to our knowledge, the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of using electromyography-guided human-machine interaction training to expand the repertoire of habitual intermuscular coordination patterns and improve upper extremity motor function in chronic stroke survivors. These findings highlight the potential of electromyography-guided human-machine interaction training as a neurorehabilitation approach to address motor deficits associated with abnormal intermuscular coordination following stroke.

Trial registration: The study was registered at the Clinical Research Information Service of Korea National Institute of Health (KCT0005803).

Background: Despite significant advances in biosignal extraction techniques for studying neuromotor disorders, there remains an unmet need for a method that effectively links muscle structure and dynamics to muscle activation. Addressing this gap could improve the quantification of neuromuscular impairments and pave the way for precision rehabilitation. In this study, we demonstrate the proof of concept of recording multimodal signals from the brain, muscles, and resulting limb kinematics. We also explore the use of ultrasound imaging to extract limb kinematics.

Methods: We collected data from three healthy volunteers and one individual with cerebral palsy during single degree-of-freedom ankle and wrist movements. Participants performed range of motion (ROM) tasks at approximately 1-second intervals, either volitionally or through functional electrical stimulation. We simultaneously recorded electroencephalography, surface electromyography (EMG), continuous ultrasound imaging, and motion capture data. Joint kinematics were computed from ultrasound imaging using a technique called sonomyography (SMG), and we evaluated the technical feasibility of estimating joint kinematics from both sonomyography and surface EMG signals.

Results: The technical feasibility study evaluated joint angle prediction using EMG and SMG under volitional (FES-OFF) and electrically stimulated (FES-ON) conditions. Root mean squared error (RMSE) between predicted and measured joint angles was computed for multiple methods of extracting kinematics from EMG and SMG. EMG-based RMSE ranged from 0.34 to 0.57 (FES-OFF) and 0.43-0.51 (FES-ON). SMG-based RMSE ranged from 0.10 to 0.25 across all conditions and methods. Linear regression analysis produced $R^2$ values between 0.31 and 0.81 depending on joint, condition, and method. No significant RMSE difference was found between FES-ON and FES-OFF conditions within SMG. SMG RMSE values were also comparable to previously reported values (10-25%) in prior literature.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that sonomyography can be used as a noninvasive method for estimating joint kinematics when the joint movement is driven either by volition or by functional electrical stimulation. This technique can potentially be be useful in evaluating altered muscle dynamics and driving assistive and rehabilitation devices in individuals with neuromotor disorders such as cerebral palsy.