Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1672
Eakapoj KHAMME, Rachsak SAKDANUPHAB
In this study, corrosion properties of carbon steel and stainless steels, and degradation of sulfuric acid by the corrosion mechanism are presented. Carbon steel (CS), 304 stainless steel (SS304), and 316L stainless steel (SS316L) specimens were analyzed through their electrochemical response by using a potentiostat measurement. The specimens were submerged in concentrated 98 wt.% of H2SO4 acid for 0 day to 60 day. The degradation of H2SO4 was determined by its volume change, turbidity, and color due to the corrosion mechanism. Corrosion rate of CS, SS304 and SS316L specimens are 43.237 mm/year, 0.420 mm/year and 0.086 mm/year, respectively. After 60 days, the weight-loss of CS, SS304 and SS316L specimens are 48 wt%, 33 wt% and 0.1 wt%, respectively. Corrosion resistance of the materials are influenced by the passive oxide layer that forms on its surface and associated with electrochemical activity or semiconductive composition. The degradation of H2SO4 acid was observed due to the corrosion process of specimens and related to the turbidity and volume increase while the wt% concentration of H2SO4 acid decreases. In order to make material choices that enable continuous and safe operation of the process, it is important to understand the corrosion mechanism changes.
{"title":"Study of corrosion properties of carbon steel, 304 and 316L stainless steels in sulfuric acid and their degradation products","authors":"Eakapoj KHAMME, Rachsak SAKDANUPHAB","doi":"10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1672","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, corrosion properties of carbon steel and stainless steels, and degradation of sulfuric acid by the corrosion mechanism are presented. Carbon steel (CS), 304 stainless steel (SS304), and 316L stainless steel (SS316L) specimens were analyzed through their electrochemical response by using a potentiostat measurement. The specimens were submerged in concentrated 98 wt.% of H2SO4 acid for 0 day to 60 day. The degradation of H2SO4 was determined by its volume change, turbidity, and color due to the corrosion mechanism. Corrosion rate of CS, SS304 and SS316L specimens are 43.237 mm/year, 0.420 mm/year and 0.086 mm/year, respectively. After 60 days, the weight-loss of CS, SS304 and SS316L specimens are 48 wt%, 33 wt% and 0.1 wt%, respectively. Corrosion resistance of the materials are influenced by the passive oxide layer that forms on its surface and associated with electrochemical activity or semiconductive composition. The degradation of H2SO4 acid was observed due to the corrosion process of specimens and related to the turbidity and volume increase while the wt% concentration of H2SO4 acid decreases. In order to make material choices that enable continuous and safe operation of the process, it is important to understand the corrosion mechanism changes.","PeriodicalId":16459,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metals, materials and minerals","volume":"35 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136262121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-20DOI: 10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1723
Mahsa GHOLAMBARGANI, Yahya PALIZDAR, Ali KHANLAKHANI
The present investigation employed a two-stage heat treatment on a δ-transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel comprising 0.2C–4Al–1.2Mn–0.3Mo (wt%). The mechanical and microstructural characteristics that result from varied isothermal bainitic transformation (IBT) temperatures following inter-critical annealing at 820℃ for 10 min are thoroughly analyzed. The microstructure of the steels consisted of δ-ferrite, α-ferrite, bainitic ferrite, retained austenite (RA), and martensite, resulting in an optimum combination of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and total elongation (TE). The results of the investigation showed that IBT temperature had an effect on the stability of RA and the martensitic transition. Due to the increased mechanical stability of RA, the study revealed that the TRIP phenomenon was more prominent at lower IBT temperatures. Both tensile and yield strengths, as well as elongation, decreased as a consequence of the increase in IBT temperature. Maximum values of UTS, TE, and the product of these two properties (PSE) are attained (860 MPa, 41%, and 35260 MPa∙%, respectively) under optimal processing conditions (at 350℃ IBT temperature in 10 min).
{"title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of 0.2C-3.9Al-1.12Mn-0.3Mo δ-TRIP steel as a function of isothermal bainitic transformation temperature","authors":"Mahsa GHOLAMBARGANI, Yahya PALIZDAR, Ali KHANLAKHANI","doi":"10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1723","url":null,"abstract":"The present investigation employed a two-stage heat treatment on a δ-transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel comprising 0.2C–4Al–1.2Mn–0.3Mo (wt%). The mechanical and microstructural characteristics that result from varied isothermal bainitic transformation (IBT) temperatures following inter-critical annealing at 820℃ for 10 min are thoroughly analyzed. The microstructure of the steels consisted of δ-ferrite, α-ferrite, bainitic ferrite, retained austenite (RA), and martensite, resulting in an optimum combination of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and total elongation (TE). The results of the investigation showed that IBT temperature had an effect on the stability of RA and the martensitic transition. Due to the increased mechanical stability of RA, the study revealed that the TRIP phenomenon was more prominent at lower IBT temperatures. Both tensile and yield strengths, as well as elongation, decreased as a consequence of the increase in IBT temperature. Maximum values of UTS, TE, and the product of these two properties (PSE) are attained (860 MPa, 41%, and 35260 MPa∙%, respectively) under optimal processing conditions (at 350℃ IBT temperature in 10 min).","PeriodicalId":16459,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metals, materials and minerals","volume":"71 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135567116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this work is to study the methyl orange removal of Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles. The photo-catalyst activity is investigated based on UV lamp of 18 watt. Ni(OH)2 is synthesized by a self-assembly process and then exposed to electron beam radiation at 10 MeV energy with various doses ranging from 50 kGy to 500 kGy. The properties of Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles are then evaluated. No significant change of functional group and percent of crystallinity are observed. The morphology is uniformly presented as a plate-like. The specific surface area, pore size and pore volume are reduced. Point of zero charge confirmed that positive charge is presented onto the surface. It therefore provides strong affinity to negative charge of dye removal. As-synthesized Ni(OH)2 particle exhibits the excellent properties for methyl orange adsorption and photocatalyst activity over methyl orange degradation. It was remarkable to note that Ni(OH)2 particle is therefore considered as an excellent candidate for dye degradation in textile industry.
{"title":"Synthesis and modification of nickel hydroxide particle synthesized by self-assembly and electron beam irradiation technique for photocatalyst activity","authors":"Narisara SAECHIN, Sumitra SRIPHO, Thitirat RATTANAWONGWIBOON, Sakchai LAKSEE, Pattra LERTSARAWUT, Wilasinee KINGKAM, Sarute UMMARTYOTIN","doi":"10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1732","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this work is to study the methyl orange removal of Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles. The photo-catalyst activity is investigated based on UV lamp of 18 watt. Ni(OH)2 is synthesized by a self-assembly process and then exposed to electron beam radiation at 10 MeV energy with various doses ranging from 50 kGy to 500 kGy. The properties of Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles are then evaluated. No significant change of functional group and percent of crystallinity are observed. The morphology is uniformly presented as a plate-like. The specific surface area, pore size and pore volume are reduced. Point of zero charge confirmed that positive charge is presented onto the surface. It therefore provides strong affinity to negative charge of dye removal. As-synthesized Ni(OH)2 particle exhibits the excellent properties for methyl orange adsorption and photocatalyst activity over methyl orange degradation. It was remarkable to note that Ni(OH)2 particle is therefore considered as an excellent candidate for dye degradation in textile industry.","PeriodicalId":16459,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metals, materials and minerals","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135823372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We perform calculations of the adsorption energy of O2, CO2, and NO2 molecules on germanene by using the density functional theory (DFT). We find two favorable configurations for O2, the U-site and V-site configurations with similar adsorption energies of -4.10 and -4.32 eV. As for NO2, we find two favorable configurations, the T-site and DB-site configurations. The T-site configuration is 0.98 eV more stable than the IB-site one, and both configurations are chemically adsorbed by germanene. On the contrary for CO2, we find a T-site configuration with adsorption energy of 0.42 eV and the configuration physically adsorbed by germanene.
{"title":"Quantum-based first-principles study of gas molecules (O(_{2}), CO(_{2}), NO(_{2})) interaction on monolayer germanene","authors":"Arief HERMANTO, Harmon PRAYOGI, Ari Dwi NUGRAHENI, Juliasih PARTINI, Sholihun SHOLIHUN","doi":"10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1711","url":null,"abstract":"We perform calculations of the adsorption energy of O2, CO2, and NO2 molecules on germanene by using the density functional theory (DFT). We find two favorable configurations for O2, the U-site and V-site configurations with similar adsorption energies of -4.10 and -4.32 eV. As for NO2, we find two favorable configurations, the T-site and DB-site configurations. The T-site configuration is 0.98 eV more stable than the IB-site one, and both configurations are chemically adsorbed by germanene. On the contrary for CO2, we find a T-site configuration with adsorption energy of 0.42 eV and the configuration physically adsorbed by germanene.","PeriodicalId":16459,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metals, materials and minerals","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135824341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) is widely used as an active material in a cathode electrode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). LFP has many remarkable properties such as high working voltage and excellent thermal stability. However, it suffers with slow ion diffusion and low electrical conductivity. Graphene foam has many outstanding properties such as large surface area and great electrical conductivity. These properties are suitable for improving the cathode electrode. In this work, the graphene foam was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. The cathode electrode was prepared by dropping the LFP on the graphene foam. We found that the specific capacity of battery which contained the LFP between the anode and the graphene foam (LFP/GF) was 23.1 mAh⸳g-1 at 3C, while the specific capacity of battery which contained the graphene foam between the anode and the LFP (GF/LFP) was 112.6 mAh⸳g-1 at 3C. The diffusion coefficients of Li+ of GF/LFP was 9.1 times higher than that of LFP/GF. The specific capacity of GF/LFP was higher than that of LFP/GF at high current density due to the high ion transfer rate which arises from the graphene foam.
{"title":"Improvement of specific capacity of lithium iron phosphate battery by increasing the surface area and electrical conductivity of cathode electrode using graphene foam","authors":"Phurida KOKMAT, Patiphat MATSAYAMAT, Kunaree WONGRACH, Piyaporn SURINLERT, Akkawat RUAMMAITREE","doi":"10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1779","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) is widely used as an active material in a cathode electrode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). LFP has many remarkable properties such as high working voltage and excellent thermal stability. However, it suffers with slow ion diffusion and low electrical conductivity. Graphene foam has many outstanding properties such as large surface area and great electrical conductivity. These properties are suitable for improving the cathode electrode. In this work, the graphene foam was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. The cathode electrode was prepared by dropping the LFP on the graphene foam. We found that the specific capacity of battery which contained the LFP between the anode and the graphene foam (LFP/GF) was 23.1 mAh⸳g-1 at 3C, while the specific capacity of battery which contained the graphene foam between the anode and the LFP (GF/LFP) was 112.6 mAh⸳g-1 at 3C. The diffusion coefficients of Li+ of GF/LFP was 9.1 times higher than that of LFP/GF. The specific capacity of GF/LFP was higher than that of LFP/GF at high current density due to the high ion transfer rate which arises from the graphene foam.","PeriodicalId":16459,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metals, materials and minerals","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135993640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1671
Pat SOOKSAEN, Phumin PRAKAISRI, Pattraporn TEERAPATPANID, Pathompong PUATHAWEE
Granular foam glass aggregates were fabricated from a soda lime silicate glass waste which utilized crude glycerol as a foaming agent and sodium silicate as a binder. The granulation and the foaming process were carried out by a granulator and an electric rotary furnace. The study investigated at first the foaming behavior of different foam glass formulations at various sintering temperatures. Three compositions were formulated which utilized glass powder at 85 wt%, 90 wt%, and 95 wt%, respectively. Sintering was carried out at temperatures from 800℃ to 1200℃ to evaluate for the foaming and melting characteristics. Foam glass with 90% glass powder showed overall uniform pore size distribution and small pores at 800℃ to 900℃ while heating above 1000℃ resulted in sample distortion caused by glass melting and the collapse of foam glass structure. Foam glass composition with 90% glass powder was selected for the fabrication of foam glass granules at the sintering temperatures of 850℃ and 900℃ in rotary furnace. The best result was obtained at 850℃ where the granules did not melt and stick together whereas at 900℃ glass melting on the surface of the foam glass granules occurred significantly.
{"title":"Fabrication of granular foam glass aggregates from soda lime silicate glass waste","authors":"Pat SOOKSAEN, Phumin PRAKAISRI, Pattraporn TEERAPATPANID, Pathompong PUATHAWEE","doi":"10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1671","url":null,"abstract":"Granular foam glass aggregates were fabricated from a soda lime silicate glass waste which utilized crude glycerol as a foaming agent and sodium silicate as a binder. The granulation and the foaming process were carried out by a granulator and an electric rotary furnace. The study investigated at first the foaming behavior of different foam glass formulations at various sintering temperatures. Three compositions were formulated which utilized glass powder at 85 wt%, 90 wt%, and 95 wt%, respectively. Sintering was carried out at temperatures from 800℃ to 1200℃ to evaluate for the foaming and melting characteristics. Foam glass with 90% glass powder showed overall uniform pore size distribution and small pores at 800℃ to 900℃ while heating above 1000℃ resulted in sample distortion caused by glass melting and the collapse of foam glass structure. Foam glass composition with 90% glass powder was selected for the fabrication of foam glass granules at the sintering temperatures of 850℃ and 900℃ in rotary furnace. The best result was obtained at 850℃ where the granules did not melt and stick together whereas at 900℃ glass melting on the surface of the foam glass granules occurred significantly.","PeriodicalId":16459,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metals, materials and minerals","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135992771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.55713/jmmm.v33i3.1702
A. Rachmat, Rizki Dwifahmi, N. Yuliasari, A. Mara, D. Desnelli
Heterogeneous catalyst plays vital role in biomass processing due to slow rate of biological and naturally pathway processes. Solid acid sulfated zirconia (SZ) is a promising catalyst with properties that can be tuned up. Sulfated zirconia was successfully modified by 2%, 5% and 10% (wt.) Ga2O3 (xGa-SZ; x = 2, 5 and 10) via template-assisted sol-gel method. The catalysts were characterized through various method (XRD, SEM-EDS and Gas Sorption analysis) and applied on hydrolysis of cellobiose, a model compound of cellulose. Diffraction pattern showed xGa-SZ formed completely tetragonal phase whereas un-promoted SZ contains mixed phase of monoclinic and tetragonal. Acidity evaluation via gravimetric method using ammonia as probe molecule indicates the Ga2O3 promoted sulfated zirconia has larger acidity. The SEM-EDS results confirmed the presence of Gallium element on the surface of promoted xGa-SZ. Gas sorption analysis shows specific surface area is improved (83 m2∙g-1 to 123 m2∙g-1) and increased pore radii (36 Å to 56 Å). The adsorption-desorption isotherm displayed pattern of meso-porosity material. At higher T and longer time, SZ yield more glucose than xGa-SZ. However, at shorter time, 2Ga-SZ and 10Ga-SZ show better hydrolysis performance. The solid acid 10Ga- SZ shows potential performance as heterogeneous catalyst for cellobiose conversion in modest conditions.
{"title":"Preparation of Ga(_{2})O(_{3})-modified sulfated zirconia mesopore and its application on cellobiose hydrolysis","authors":"A. Rachmat, Rizki Dwifahmi, N. Yuliasari, A. Mara, D. Desnelli","doi":"10.55713/jmmm.v33i3.1702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v33i3.1702","url":null,"abstract":"Heterogeneous catalyst plays vital role in biomass processing due to slow rate of biological and naturally pathway processes. Solid acid sulfated zirconia (SZ) is a promising catalyst with properties that can be tuned up. Sulfated zirconia was successfully modified by 2%, 5% and 10% (wt.) Ga2O3 (xGa-SZ; x = 2, 5 and 10) via template-assisted sol-gel method. The catalysts were characterized through various method (XRD, SEM-EDS and Gas Sorption analysis) and applied on hydrolysis of cellobiose, a model compound of cellulose. Diffraction pattern showed xGa-SZ formed completely tetragonal phase whereas un-promoted SZ contains mixed phase of monoclinic and tetragonal. Acidity evaluation via gravimetric method using ammonia as probe molecule indicates the Ga2O3 promoted sulfated zirconia has larger acidity. The SEM-EDS results confirmed the presence of Gallium element on the surface of promoted xGa-SZ. Gas sorption analysis shows specific surface area is improved (83 m2∙g-1 to 123 m2∙g-1) and increased pore radii (36 Å to 56 Å). The adsorption-desorption isotherm displayed pattern of meso-porosity material. At higher T and longer time, SZ yield more glucose than xGa-SZ. However, at shorter time, 2Ga-SZ and 10Ga-SZ show better hydrolysis performance. The solid acid 10Ga- SZ shows potential performance as heterogeneous catalyst for cellobiose conversion in modest conditions.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":16459,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metals, materials and minerals","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79233240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.55713/jmmm.v33i3.1600
Nirun WITIT-ANUN, Adisorn BURANAWONG
CrAlN thin films were prepared by using the reactive DC unbalanced magnetron sputtering method from the single alloy target on a silicon substrate. The effect of annealing temperature in the air which ranges from 500℃ to 900℃ for 1 h on phase structure, film composition, surface morphology, microstructure, and hardness was investigated by XRD, EDS, FE-SEM, and Nanoindentation techniques, respectively. The high-temperature (up to 900℃) oxidation resistance of the thin film was also evaluated. The result shows that solid solutions of (Cr,Al)N with (111), (200), and (220) planes for the as-deposited film and no oxide phase were found after annealing with different temperatures. The O content slightly increases with an increase in the annealing temperature with various Cr, Al, and N contents found by the EDS. From the FE-SEM result, as increased annealing temperature, the evolution of cross-sectional morphology from dense to compact columnar structure was exhibited but the oxides layer was not detected. These results concluded that the as-deposited thin film showed good oxidation resistance when annealed in air at an elevated temperature reaching 900℃. Moreover, the film’s hardness decreased from 61.19 GPa to 50.11 GPa with increasing the annealing temperature observed by the Nanoindentation technique.
{"title":"High-temperature oxidation resistance of CrAlN thin films prepared by DC reactive magnetron sputtering","authors":"Nirun WITIT-ANUN, Adisorn BURANAWONG","doi":"10.55713/jmmm.v33i3.1600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v33i3.1600","url":null,"abstract":"CrAlN thin films were prepared by using the reactive DC unbalanced magnetron sputtering method from the single alloy target on a silicon substrate. The effect of annealing temperature in the air which ranges from 500℃ to 900℃ for 1 h on phase structure, film composition, surface morphology, microstructure, and hardness was investigated by XRD, EDS, FE-SEM, and Nanoindentation techniques, respectively. The high-temperature (up to 900℃) oxidation resistance of the thin film was also evaluated. The result shows that solid solutions of (Cr,Al)N with (111), (200), and (220) planes for the as-deposited film and no oxide phase were found after annealing with different temperatures. The O content slightly increases with an increase in the annealing temperature with various Cr, Al, and N contents found by the EDS. From the FE-SEM result, as increased annealing temperature, the evolution of cross-sectional morphology from dense to compact columnar structure was exhibited but the oxides layer was not detected. These results concluded that the as-deposited thin film showed good oxidation resistance when annealed in air at an elevated temperature reaching 900℃. Moreover, the film’s hardness decreased from 61.19 GPa to 50.11 GPa with increasing the annealing temperature observed by the Nanoindentation technique.","PeriodicalId":16459,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metals, materials and minerals","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135783034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.55713/jmmm.v33i3.1657
Thanika Hutakamol, P. Pisitsak, Sarida Thongmee, Sinuntorn Srijanand, Thankamol Somrus
This study demonstrated natural dyeing of linen with a dye extracted from sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.). Four metallic salt mordants, namely (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2, CuSO4, SnCl2, and AlK(SO4)2, referred to as Fe, Cu, Sn, and Al, respectively, were used to improve the dyeing properties. The influences of the pH, dye concentration, mordant type and concentration, and mordanting technique on the dyeing properties were investigated. Dyeing without mordants resulted in a reddish-brown fabric; however, different mordants produced a variety of color shades. In general, the mordant containing Fe yielded the highest color strength, generating a dark gray color very close to black. Crimson and magenta fabrics were obtained using Sn, and pink fabrics were obtained using Al. The samples with the Cu mordant showed a dark and dull purple color. The color strength due to post-mordanting was higher than those due to pre- and meta-mordanting. Dyeing and mordanting increased the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of the fabrics. Only the fabrics post-mordanted with Fe exhibited good ultraviolet protection (UPF 15). The concentrations of extractable heavy metals (Fe and Cu) were also determined.
{"title":"Enhancing the color shade and depth of linen fabrics dyed with Caesalpinia sappan L. wood extract using metallic salt mordants","authors":"Thanika Hutakamol, P. Pisitsak, Sarida Thongmee, Sinuntorn Srijanand, Thankamol Somrus","doi":"10.55713/jmmm.v33i3.1657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v33i3.1657","url":null,"abstract":"This study demonstrated natural dyeing of linen with a dye extracted from sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.). Four metallic salt mordants, namely (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2, CuSO4, SnCl2, and AlK(SO4)2, referred to as Fe, Cu, Sn, and Al, respectively, were used to improve the dyeing properties. The influences of the pH, dye concentration, mordant type and concentration, and mordanting technique on the dyeing properties were investigated. Dyeing without mordants resulted in a reddish-brown fabric; however, different mordants produced a variety of color shades. In general, the mordant containing Fe yielded the highest color strength, generating a dark gray color very close to black. Crimson and magenta fabrics were obtained using Sn, and pink fabrics were obtained using Al. The samples with the Cu mordant showed a dark and dull purple color. The color strength due to post-mordanting was higher than those due to pre- and meta-mordanting. Dyeing and mordanting increased the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of the fabrics. Only the fabrics post-mordanted with Fe exhibited good ultraviolet protection (UPF 15). The concentrations of extractable heavy metals (Fe and Cu) were also determined.","PeriodicalId":16459,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metals, materials and minerals","volume":"149 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82824143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.55713/jmmm.v33i3.1717
Wasana Khongwong, C. Busabok, P. Ngernchuklin
Demand for air filters is crucially required due to PM 2.5. So, SiC nanowire networks are directly grown on biochar surfaces that serve strength and filtering purposes. The nanowires were prepared by spraying silicon powder on Lesser bulrush and Grey sedge biochars which acted as carbon sources and heating up to 1300℃ to 1500℃ for 1 h in Ar atmosphere. As a result, silicon powder evaporated and diffused on biochar surfaces. Meanwhile, CO vapor was generated from biochar reacted with O2 in the chamber. The evaporated silicon reacted with both C(s) and CO(g) to form cubic SiC nanowires. At the early stage of the reaction, large nuclei of SiC nanowires were formed at 1300℃. Those nuclei became smaller to promote nanowires when a higher temperature was applied before being disappeared at 1500℃. At such temperature, the obtained network structure SiC nanowires with 10 nm to 30 nm diameters on the outer and inner surfaces of biochars were completed, facilitating superior strength and filtering purposes. Comparatively, the Lesser bulrush provided higher strength than those of the Grey sedge ones, thus it was selected for the filtering efficiency test. The results showed that particulate filter efficiency was up to 97% but it was still over the range of pressure drop at 30 in H2O.
{"title":"Synthesis of SiC nanowires on biochar surfaces by a simple direct method","authors":"Wasana Khongwong, C. Busabok, P. Ngernchuklin","doi":"10.55713/jmmm.v33i3.1717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v33i3.1717","url":null,"abstract":"Demand for air filters is crucially required due to PM 2.5. So, SiC nanowire networks are directly grown on biochar surfaces that serve strength and filtering purposes. The nanowires were prepared by spraying silicon powder on Lesser bulrush and Grey sedge biochars which acted as carbon sources and heating up to 1300℃ to 1500℃ for 1 h in Ar atmosphere. As a result, silicon powder evaporated and diffused on biochar surfaces. Meanwhile, CO vapor was generated from biochar reacted with O2 in the chamber. The evaporated silicon reacted with both C(s) and CO(g) to form cubic SiC nanowires. At the early stage of the reaction, large nuclei of SiC nanowires were formed at 1300℃. Those nuclei became smaller to promote nanowires when a higher temperature was applied before being disappeared at 1500℃. At such temperature, the obtained network structure SiC nanowires with 10 nm to 30 nm diameters on the outer and inner surfaces of biochars were completed, facilitating superior strength and filtering purposes. Comparatively, the Lesser bulrush provided higher strength than those of the Grey sedge ones, thus it was selected for the filtering efficiency test. The results showed that particulate filter efficiency was up to 97% but it was still over the range of pressure drop at 30 in H2O.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":16459,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metals, materials and minerals","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73164248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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