Monitoring eye movements using video cameras has the advantage of being nonintrusive, inexpensive and automated. The main objective of this paper is to propose an efficient approach for real-time eye feature tracking from a sequence of eye images. To this end, first we formulate a model for eye feature tracking, which relates the measurements from the eye images to the tracking parameters. In our model, the center of the iris is chosen as the tracking parameter vector and the gray level centroid of the eye is chosen as the measurement vector. In our procedure for evaluating the gray level centroid, the preprocessing step such as edge detection and curve fitting need to be performed only for the first frame of the image sequence. A discrete Kalman constructed for the recursive estimation features, while taking into account the measurement noise. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy aspects and the real-time applicability of the proposed approach.
{"title":"Real-time eye feature tracking from a video image sequence using Kalman filter","authors":"Xangdong Xie, R. Sudhakar, H. Zhuang","doi":"10.1109/21.478445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/21.478445","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring eye movements using video cameras has the advantage of being nonintrusive, inexpensive and automated. The main objective of this paper is to propose an efficient approach for real-time eye feature tracking from a sequence of eye images. To this end, first we formulate a model for eye feature tracking, which relates the measurements from the eye images to the tracking parameters. In our model, the center of the iris is chosen as the tracking parameter vector and the gray level centroid of the eye is chosen as the measurement vector. In our procedure for evaluating the gray level centroid, the preprocessing step such as edge detection and curve fitting need to be performed only for the first frame of the image sequence. A discrete Kalman constructed for the recursive estimation features, while taking into account the measurement noise. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy aspects and the real-time applicability of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":164672,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record Southcon","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117001238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-12-15DOI: 10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498077
T. Sidani, A.J. Gonzalez
Most knowledge acquisition techniques are best suited for gathering knowledge in a static domain; they are incapable of handling dynamically changing information as is frequently encountered in a real time simulation. This research describes a general methodology for learning implicit situational knowledge by observing the expert while reacting to a real time simulation. The paper outlines an efficient methodology to gather, represent, and learn expert knowledge by examining the expert's simulated surroundings while simultaneously monitoring the expert's actions for a given situation. It utilizes recent advances in the areas of neural networks and artificial intelligence to establish a suitable knowledge representation schema that incorporates both numeric and symbolic forms of knowledge. The method demonstrates the ability to train on basic skills and to generalize learned actions to handle more complex situations not previously encountered.
{"title":"Learning situational knowledge through observation of expert performance in a simulation-based environment","authors":"T. Sidani, A.J. Gonzalez","doi":"10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498077","url":null,"abstract":"Most knowledge acquisition techniques are best suited for gathering knowledge in a static domain; they are incapable of handling dynamically changing information as is frequently encountered in a real time simulation. This research describes a general methodology for learning implicit situational knowledge by observing the expert while reacting to a real time simulation. The paper outlines an efficient methodology to gather, represent, and learn expert knowledge by examining the expert's simulated surroundings while simultaneously monitoring the expert's actions for a given situation. It utilizes recent advances in the areas of neural networks and artificial intelligence to establish a suitable knowledge representation schema that incorporates both numeric and symbolic forms of knowledge. The method demonstrates the ability to train on basic skills and to generalize learned actions to handle more complex situations not previously encountered.","PeriodicalId":164672,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record Southcon","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124141625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-03-29DOI: 10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498075
Stephan McCrea
Despite the offer of tax incentives for converting vehicles to alternative fuels, fewer than 8 million alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) are expected to be placed in service in the next ten years. More than 90 percent of car owners can be expected to continue to rely on imported oil for at least half of their transportation fuel. An optimistic projection estimates that half of the US commercial fleet will have switched to alternative motor fuels by 2005. Assumptions about AFVs are addressed. Challenges facing the electric vehicle (EV) industry are outlined including the least discussed form of pollution attributable to EVs (airborne lead emissions). EVs are presented as a transition to the fuel-cell vehicle. Automobile manufacturers will depend increasingly on the electronics industry to help develop vehicles for the post-petroleum era.
{"title":"Preparing for the post-petroleum era: what electric vehicle advocates and others need to know about alternative fuel vehicles","authors":"Stephan McCrea","doi":"10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498075","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the offer of tax incentives for converting vehicles to alternative fuels, fewer than 8 million alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) are expected to be placed in service in the next ten years. More than 90 percent of car owners can be expected to continue to rely on imported oil for at least half of their transportation fuel. An optimistic projection estimates that half of the US commercial fleet will have switched to alternative motor fuels by 2005. Assumptions about AFVs are addressed. Challenges facing the electric vehicle (EV) industry are outlined including the least discussed form of pollution attributable to EVs (airborne lead emissions). EVs are presented as a transition to the fuel-cell vehicle. Automobile manufacturers will depend increasingly on the electronics industry to help develop vehicles for the post-petroleum era.","PeriodicalId":164672,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record Southcon","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127222167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-03-29DOI: 10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498150
P. Ozdemir
Air pollution is known to be a serious health problem in many localities. This paper describes an airborne lidar system which can be used to map the sources and extent of a wide variety of toxic pollutants. The airborne lidar system is composed of two high-rep rate narrow linewidth excimer-pumped dye laser systems which can be easily tuned across the entire UV-VIS-NIR spectral range from about 2,500 /spl Aring/ to about 11,000 /spl Aring/.
{"title":"An airborne lidar system for pollution detection and mapping","authors":"P. Ozdemir","doi":"10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498150","url":null,"abstract":"Air pollution is known to be a serious health problem in many localities. This paper describes an airborne lidar system which can be used to map the sources and extent of a wide variety of toxic pollutants. The airborne lidar system is composed of two high-rep rate narrow linewidth excimer-pumped dye laser systems which can be easily tuned across the entire UV-VIS-NIR spectral range from about 2,500 /spl Aring/ to about 11,000 /spl Aring/.","PeriodicalId":164672,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record Southcon","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126082096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-03-29DOI: 10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498091
E. Sheybani, Y. Chiou
The I-V characteristics of metal oxide semiconductors has long been a subject of research by many scientists in the field of microelectronics. It is generally accepted that the current conduction in the thin gate oxide is due to the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling emission. However, there is quite a variation in the electrical properties and the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling parameters reported by researchers. This is partially due to the presence of oxide charges which affects the I-V characteristics of the gate oxide and thereby the extracted parameters. The current conduction in the thin gate oxide is complicated; different mechanisms may dominate at different voltage regions. In this study, multiple regression analysis is utilized to determine the basic conduction process and to clarify the discrepancies in the literature.
{"title":"Analyzing the I-V characteristics of thin gate oxides using multiple regression","authors":"E. Sheybani, Y. Chiou","doi":"10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498091","url":null,"abstract":"The I-V characteristics of metal oxide semiconductors has long been a subject of research by many scientists in the field of microelectronics. It is generally accepted that the current conduction in the thin gate oxide is due to the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling emission. However, there is quite a variation in the electrical properties and the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling parameters reported by researchers. This is partially due to the presence of oxide charges which affects the I-V characteristics of the gate oxide and thereby the extracted parameters. The current conduction in the thin gate oxide is complicated; different mechanisms may dominate at different voltage regions. In this study, multiple regression analysis is utilized to determine the basic conduction process and to clarify the discrepancies in the literature.","PeriodicalId":164672,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record Southcon","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126626625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-03-29DOI: 10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498111
C.S. Ho, D. Chen, A. Kager, J. Liou
The combined effects of graded and setback layers (W/sub G/ and W/sub I/) on the AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) d.c. performance are investigated, and an analytical model which can describe the behavior of such HBTs is presented. The HBT base and collector currents accounting for the variation of the conduction and valence bands due to the presence of W/sub G/ and W/sub I/ are also calculated. It is shown that including W/sub G/ and W/sub I/ actually degrades the HBT current gain at low current levels. The current gain at high current levels, on the other hand, can be enhanced if W/sub I/=150 /spl Aring/ and 0/spl les/W/sub G//spl les/300 /spl Aring/ or W/sub I/=0 and 150 /spl Aring//spl les/W/sub G//spl les/300 /spl Aring/ are used. The model predictions compare favorably with results calculated from a numerical model.
{"title":"A study of the current transport in AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs with graded and setback layers","authors":"C.S. Ho, D. Chen, A. Kager, J. Liou","doi":"10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498111","url":null,"abstract":"The combined effects of graded and setback layers (W/sub G/ and W/sub I/) on the AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) d.c. performance are investigated, and an analytical model which can describe the behavior of such HBTs is presented. The HBT base and collector currents accounting for the variation of the conduction and valence bands due to the presence of W/sub G/ and W/sub I/ are also calculated. It is shown that including W/sub G/ and W/sub I/ actually degrades the HBT current gain at low current levels. The current gain at high current levels, on the other hand, can be enhanced if W/sub I/=150 /spl Aring/ and 0/spl les/W/sub G//spl les/300 /spl Aring/ or W/sub I/=0 and 150 /spl Aring//spl les/W/sub G//spl les/300 /spl Aring/ are used. The model predictions compare favorably with results calculated from a numerical model.","PeriodicalId":164672,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record Southcon","volume":"81 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129075913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-03-29DOI: 10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498070
C. Suggs
In the area of emissions reduction, electric vehicles (EVs) show enormous promise. An Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) study estimates that in typical urban areas, substituting an EV for a gasoline-powered vehicle would reduce the primary emissions levels dramatically. They emit 99% less volatile organic compounds, 99% less CO, 83% less NO/sub x/ and 54% less CO/sub 2/. Here, the author describes how EVs are the way ahead for a cleaner environment.
{"title":"Electric vehicles-driving the way to a cleaner future","authors":"C. Suggs","doi":"10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498070","url":null,"abstract":"In the area of emissions reduction, electric vehicles (EVs) show enormous promise. An Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) study estimates that in typical urban areas, substituting an EV for a gasoline-powered vehicle would reduce the primary emissions levels dramatically. They emit 99% less volatile organic compounds, 99% less CO, 83% less NO/sub x/ and 54% less CO/sub 2/. Here, the author describes how EVs are the way ahead for a cleaner environment.","PeriodicalId":164672,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record Southcon","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129121345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-03-29DOI: 10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498919
A. Sidani, T. Sidani
Many connectionist/neural network learning systems use some derivative of the popular backpropagation (BP) algorithm. BP learning, however, is too slow for many applications. In addition, it scales poorly as tasks become larger and more complex. As a result, researchers in the field have come up with variations and modifications to the original BP learning technique that address the aforementioned issues. This research was conducted to collect a representative sample of BP modifications and compare them against one another. The benchmarks utilized are certain "toy-problems" that have been extensively used in the literature. A software package that allows one to experiment with a multitude of BP variations was developed to achieve the desired goal. The modifications are evaluated and cross examined for each task tested. The package provides the means for parameter optimization and allows a user to build hybrid algorithms based on the different functionalities and features of the various modifications.
{"title":"A comprehensive study of the backpropagation algorithm and modifications","authors":"A. Sidani, T. Sidani","doi":"10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498919","url":null,"abstract":"Many connectionist/neural network learning systems use some derivative of the popular backpropagation (BP) algorithm. BP learning, however, is too slow for many applications. In addition, it scales poorly as tasks become larger and more complex. As a result, researchers in the field have come up with variations and modifications to the original BP learning technique that address the aforementioned issues. This research was conducted to collect a representative sample of BP modifications and compare them against one another. The benchmarks utilized are certain \"toy-problems\" that have been extensively used in the literature. A software package that allows one to experiment with a multitude of BP variations was developed to achieve the desired goal. The modifications are evaluated and cross examined for each task tested. The package provides the means for parameter optimization and allows a user to build hybrid algorithms based on the different functionalities and features of the various modifications.","PeriodicalId":164672,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record Southcon","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130597682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-03-29DOI: 10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498152
P. S. Levy
This paper details design guidelines and implementation of a universal load-board system to support high-pin-count ASIC designs. ASICs needing multiple supplies can also be supported. High-speed AC measurements are also possible without the use of expensive custom load-board systems.
{"title":"Universal at-speed test fixturing for high-pin-count ICs","authors":"P. S. Levy","doi":"10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498152","url":null,"abstract":"This paper details design guidelines and implementation of a universal load-board system to support high-pin-count ASIC designs. ASICs needing multiple supplies can also be supported. High-speed AC measurements are also possible without the use of expensive custom load-board systems.","PeriodicalId":164672,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record Southcon","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130671435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-03-29DOI: 10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498134
L. Martin-Vega, H.K. Brown, W.H. Shaw, T. Sanders
This paper investigates whether investments in research and development could have a significant impact in either reducing the cost and/or enhancing the effectiveness of electronics assembly. The methodology followed in this study consisted of industrial surveys, on-site data gathering visits, literature surveys of academic and trade publications, and interaction with experts in the field of assembly. The industrial assessment was conducted on 24 product lines across companies ranging in size from $10 million to $2 billion in annual sales. Approximately 64% of the assembly dollar value surveyed corresponded to DoD products. This paper describes the distribution of assembly cost across setup, support, and process activities. Breakdowns by manual, semi-automated, and automated assembly are also documented. A needs and trend analysis was conducted to determine the perception of the industrial participants regarding their current investment, need for investment and cost impact potential of assembly activities. We present these findings for government contractors versus commercial firms, prime contractors versus sub-tier contractors, and for electrically intense operations. Our research methodology included the analysis of qualitative data from open-ended questions and interviews. This information was subjected to content and lexical analysis and identified three major assembly issues: R&D opportunities, R&D inhibitors, and technology transfer. These findings are also summarized.
{"title":"Research needs and opportunities in electronics assembly","authors":"L. Martin-Vega, H.K. Brown, W.H. Shaw, T. Sanders","doi":"10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498134","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates whether investments in research and development could have a significant impact in either reducing the cost and/or enhancing the effectiveness of electronics assembly. The methodology followed in this study consisted of industrial surveys, on-site data gathering visits, literature surveys of academic and trade publications, and interaction with experts in the field of assembly. The industrial assessment was conducted on 24 product lines across companies ranging in size from $10 million to $2 billion in annual sales. Approximately 64% of the assembly dollar value surveyed corresponded to DoD products. This paper describes the distribution of assembly cost across setup, support, and process activities. Breakdowns by manual, semi-automated, and automated assembly are also documented. A needs and trend analysis was conducted to determine the perception of the industrial participants regarding their current investment, need for investment and cost impact potential of assembly activities. We present these findings for government contractors versus commercial firms, prime contractors versus sub-tier contractors, and for electrically intense operations. Our research methodology included the analysis of qualitative data from open-ended questions and interviews. This information was subjected to content and lexical analysis and identified three major assembly issues: R&D opportunities, R&D inhibitors, and technology transfer. These findings are also summarized.","PeriodicalId":164672,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record Southcon","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123378533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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