Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease最新文献

Abstract: As a nonpharmacological method for cognitive rehabilitation, older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may benefit from Baduanjin exercise (BE), a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. This meta-analysis was conducted to determine if BE is effective in enhancing cognitive performance in older adults with MCI. Using a combination of topic phrases and free words, systematic searches were executed in nine databases. Review Manager 5.4 was used to retrieve and statistically evaluate the data. Fourteen randomized controlled studies comprising 994 individuals aged ≥60 years were included in the meta-analysis. BE enhanced the general cognitive performance in individuals with MCI as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 2.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.17, 2.96; p < 0.001). The level of memory decline (Wechsler Memory Scale; SMD = 12.46; 95% CI, 8.36, 16.57; p < 0.001), executive function (Trail Making Test; SMD = -7.08; 95% CI, -11.21, -2.94; p < 0.001), and frailty (Edmonton Frailty Scale; SMD = -0.97; 95% CI, -1.30, -0.64; p < 0.001) were all improved with BE for older adults with MCI. This study presented a therapeutic practice guide for using BE for cognitive rehabilitation in older adults. BE notably improves cognitive function in older adults with MCI and can be an excellent nonpharmaceutical therapy option.

Abstract: The psychopathological manifestations associated with substance use, including induced psychotic experiences, are increasingly relevant but not well-understood within the medical community. Novel psychoactive substances and potentiated old compounds like cannabis and cocaine have emerged as a global concern, especially among adolescents and young adults. Transition rates from substance-induced psychosis (SIP) to persistent psychosis are significant, particularly in cases of cannabis-induced psychosis. Scientific inquiry into induced psychotic phenomena has revealed differences between SIP and primary psychotic disorders, highlighting the risk factors associated with each. The concept of exogenous psychosis, including its toxic variant known as lysergic psychoma, provides valuable insights into the role of external factors in psychosis development. A phenomenological approach characterizes this disruption in perception as a shift in temporal and spatial dimensions, leading to auditory and visual hallucinations. The "twilight state" of consciousness plays a crucial role in the transition from substance use to psychosis, with implications for spatiality, intersubjectivity, and temporality. This complex path to psychosis challenges traditional diagnostic models and underscores the need for a more nuanced understanding of substance-induced psychopathological experiences.

Abstract: The problem of paranoid disorders is widespread and difficult to diagnose due to the many mental symptoms that a person often perceives as character traits. Passion for work, the so-called pathological workaholism, harms not only the suffering person but also all the people around them, affecting their quality of life and disrupting social and family ties. The purpose of study was to determine the level of pathological workaholism and its main symptoms. The objectives of the study included interviewing respondents and identifying the correlation between the level of workaholism and mental manifestations, and finding differences in the manifestations of workaholism in men and women. For this purpose, 78 people were examined, including 38 women and 40 men. All participants worked as middle managers in multinational companies. The aim was to identify people with pathological workaholism among the participants using the "Work Addiction Risk Test" questionnaire. Among managers, a high degree of predisposition to workaholism was diagnosed. We found that women have a strong tendency to be fixated on work, and as a result, they have increased rumination anxiety. Regardless of gender, managers who took part in the study showed a pronounced manifestation of paranoid and obsessive-phobic disorders, depression, and asthenic manifestations. Regarding the relationship between neurotic symptoms and a tendency to workaholism, a high correlation was observed ( p < 0.05). The results of this study may be useful for specialists to develop means of preventing and effectively treating paranoid workaholism, as a disease that is increasingly having a negative impact on society.

Abstract: This comprehensive study delves into the escalating issue of nonchemical addictions, spurred by technological advancements. It thoroughly examines psychological factors and intervention strategies for these addictions, focusing on their development, influence on human behavior, and psychocorrection processes. Aiming to discover effective methods for correcting and preventing addictive behavior, the study incorporates a theoretical analysis of existing scientific approaches, characterizing various nonchemical addictions such as Internet and gadget use, gambling, and others. It scrutinizes the origins, proliferation, and interplay of these addictions with an individual's psychoemotional state, lifestyle, and external environment, underscoring the destructive nature of addiction on physiological, emotional, and social levels. A key component of the research is an empirical investigation among teenagers, a highly susceptible group, to assess gadget addiction levels, causative factors, and impacts. This research not only elucidates the essence and variety of nonchemical addictions and their correlation with mental health but also provides valuable insights into prevention and overcoming strategies. The practical significance of this study lies in its potential application for recognizing addiction signs and formulating effective management programs.

Abstract: Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental health disorder that imposes profound economic, societal, and personal burdens. The negative symptoms of schizophrenia ( i.e. , blunted affect, alogia, anhedonia, asociality, and avolition) are highly prevalent and pervasive in the psychotic disorder and pose significant resistance to available treatment options. Traumatic childhood experiences are strongly linked with the risk of developing schizophrenia. Most prior studies have primarily focused on positive symptoms of schizophrenia ( e.g. , hallucinations and delusions), whereas less attention has been given to negative symptoms. The current study investigated the relationship between childhood trauma ( i.e. , physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse and neglect) and negative symptoms in a sample of schizophrenia outpatients and healthy controls ( n = 159 participants, including 99 patients with schizophrenia). The observations from the current study revealed that schizophrenia patients experienced a significantly greater degree of childhood trauma and negative symptoms than the control individuals. The results of the current study also indicated that more severe experiences of total childhood trauma ( i.e. , summation of all trauma types), physical abuse, and emotional neglect may increase the risk of schizophrenia patients reporting negative symptoms. However, childhood sexual and emotional abuse was found to have no impact on the degree of negative symptoms experienced by schizophrenia patients. Implications and limitations of the current study are discussed. In conclusion, we found that the severity of overall childhood trauma, physical abuse, and emotional neglect may play an important role in increasing the likelihood of schizophrenia patients reporting negative symptoms.

Abstract: Insomnia and anxiety symptoms are independent clinical variables involved in suicidal ideation in psychiatric inpatients. In this article, we investigated the relationship among insomnia severity, severity of anxiety symptoms, and suicidal ideation in a sample of psychiatric inpatients with severe mental disorders. We used a mediation model considering insomnia severity as the possible mediator of the relationship between anxiety severity and suicidal ideation. We administered the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale, the Insomnia Severity Index, and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale to 116 consecutive inpatients to the psychiatric unit of Sant'Andrea Hospital in Rome. The effect of anxiety symptoms was mediated by insomnia severity; patients who perceive higher anxiety symptoms were more likely to experience higher levels of insomnia and, thus, higher suicidal ideation intensity. Results showed the importance of assessing and treating both insomnia and anxiety in clinical practice.

Abstract: A good physician-patient relationship is essential for the delivery of quality health care and is associated with better health outcomes. This study explored the association between patients' object relations and the physician-patient relationship. Primary care patients (n = 72) and physicians (n = 21) participated in the study. Patients' early memories were obtained prior to their medical visit and were coded with the Social Cognition and Object Relations-Global Method (SCORS-G). Patients and physicians independently rated the quality of the physician-patient encounter. Results indicated that object relations (SCORS-G Cognitive-structural and Self factors) incrementally predicted physician-patient relationship ratings, as rated by the patient, above and beyond psychological distress, somatization, and level of physician training. Patient education, psychological distress, and level of physician training predicted physician ratings of the medical encounter. The authors discuss the discrepancy between physician and patient ratings as they relate to patients' object relations.

Abstract: Patients with psychiatric disorders often have foreshortened lives, attributed both to "natural" medical and "unnatural" external causes of death such as suicide, homicide, and accident. Many deaths are foreseeable due to circumstances linked to patients' psychiatric disorders. These can include illness-associated disparities, adverse treatment effects, lack of self-care, and behaviors stemming directly from psychopathological processes. Whereas some of these processes contribute indirectly to patients' causes of death, others are more directly consequential, causing patients to "die from" their psychiatric disorders. Some patients manifest likely fatal trajectories that may lead to "end-stage" psychiatric disorders. Palliative approaches may optimize their quality of life and potentially alter these trajectories, but patients with psychiatric disorders are less likely to receive optimal end-of-life care. Although assuring a "good death" can be challenging, systematic efforts can assist in providing patients with psychiatric disorders deaths with dignity rather than indignity.

Abstract: COVID-19 survivors complained of the experience of cognitive impairments, which also called "brain fog" even recovered. The study aimed to describe long-term cognitive change and determine psychosocial factors in COVID-19 survivors. A cross-sectional study was recruited 285 participants from February 2020 to April 2020 in 17 hospitals in Sichuan Province. Cognitive function, variables indicative of the virus infection itself, and psychosocial variables were collected by telephone interview. Univariate logistic regression and Lasso logistic regression models were used for variable selection which plugged into a multiple logistics model. Overall prevalence of moderate or severe cognitive impairment was 6.3%. Logistic regression showed that sex, religion, smoking status, occupation, self-perceived severity of illness, sleep quality, perceived mental distress after COVID-19, perceived discrimination from relatives and friends, and suffered abuse were associated with cognitive impairment. The long-term consequences of cognitive function are related to multiple domains, in which psychosocial factors should be taken into consideration.

Abstract: The controversies surrounding the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases have generated significant debate across the psy-sciences. This debate has been further fueled by the launch of the Research Domain Criteria as a framework to facilitate advances in neuroscientific research, a renewed emphasis on dimensional models of psychopathology, currently exemplified by the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology, and development of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual by the psychodynamic community. In this article, we provide a clinical overview of recent debates surrounding categorical and dimensional approaches to psychiatric diagnosis, offer a critical assessment of proposed alternatives, and discuss how clinicians can navigate a plurality of diagnostic frameworks. Our discussion emphasizes that diagnostic frameworks need to be contextualized within the process of a comprehensive clinical evaluation, and their advantages and disadvantages should be understood in relationship to the theoretical orientations and practical needs of clinicians.