Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease最新文献

The purpose of this article is to provide conceptual, technical, and practical explanations for why a single instrument can serve as a multi-purpose measure of grief. Our thesis is based on a conceptualization of Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) as persistent, intense grief. We show how grief severity (i.e., a dimensional component) and persistence of intense grief based on the amount of time that has elapsed since the death (i.e., a temporal component) permit a reliable and accurate method for distinguishing pathological grief (i.e., PGD) from nonpathological grief. In principle, any instrument that assesses these basic dimensional and temporal aspects of grief adequately will suffice to assess grief and PGD. Psychiatric measurement tools can be adapted to fit essentially all applications aimed at assessing grief, both pathological and not.

Introduction: The goal of this study was to adapt an anxiety sensitivity intervention for mobile health delivery to perinatal populations experiencing economic marginalization.

Methods: A community-engaged and user-centered design approach informed the prototype of Reaching Calm. We conducted "think-aloud" interviews with perinatal individuals (n=15) experiencing elevated anxiety and economic stressors. Acceptability and usability were assessed with the Treatment Evaluation Inventory Short Form (TEI-SF) and System Usability Scale (SUS), respectively. We used rapid qualitative analysis to analyze interviews and the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-Expanded (FRAME) to characterize adaptations.

Results: Mean TEI-SF and SUS scores were 4.3 and 88.0, respectively. Participants reported the content was helpful, values consistent, addressed cultural norms, and elicited feelings of reassurance. Recommendations included additions to content and options for customization. Adaptations included modifications to context and content.

Conclusions: Findings suggest high acceptability and usability. Community-engaged, user-centered design may enhance digital intervention acceptability for perinatal individuals.

Objective: Shared language erosion (SLE) may contribute to anxiety in Hispanic immigrant youth by increasing stress and parent-youth conflict. This study examined the relationship between SLE and anxiety, considering parent-youth conflict and youth perceived stress as possible mediating factors.

Methods: Data were collected from 107 Hispanic immigrant 7th-grade youth (53% females) and their parents (88% mothers). Path analysis was used to test the mediation model.

Results: Model fit was good: χ2(1) = 1.28, p = .26; RMSEA = 0.05; CFI = 1.00; and SRMR = 0.03. The effect of SLE on youth anxiety was fully mediated by youth perceived stress. In addition, SLE was associated with stress both directly and indirectly through parent-youth conflict.

Conclusions: Findings suggest SLE may be a contributing factor to anxiety among Hispanic immigrant youth and a novel intervention target to help reduce stress-related mental, emotional, and behavioral health problems among Hispanic immigrant youth-an increasing at-risk segment of the U.S. population.

Objective: This brief report describes a limited meta-analysis of controlled studies evaluating critical time intervention (CTI) on select clinical and psychosocial outcomes. Outcome data on 14 domains and 3 broad indices across 8 experimental and quasi-experimental studies were analyzed.

Methods: Random-effect meta-analytic models with pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) were used.

Results: Groups that received CTI had significantly better outcomes on quality of life (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.41, p = 0.01), homelessness (SMD = -0.20, 95% CI: -0.35, -0.04, p = 0.02), and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Positive Symptom scores (SMD = -0.16, 95% CI: -0.28, -0.05, p = 0.01) than comparison groups at follow-up. CTI also had better outcomes on a created general health outcome index (SMD = -0.28, 95% CI: -0.59, 0.03, z = 1.79, p = 0.07).

Conclusions: CTI has small effect size impacts on several clinical and psychosocial outcomes. The lack of similar measures precluded meta-analysis of other outcomes, such as service engagement.

Introduction: This study aims to examine (a) the mediating role of cultural intelligence, (b) the moderating role of previous psychological treatment in the relationship between interpersonal mindfulness and mental illness microaggressions, (c) the predictive effects of cultural intelligence, interpersonal mindfulness, and previous psychological treatment on mental illness microaggressions.

Methods: This moderated-mediation model was tested using data from 908 Turkish college students who completed the Interpersonal Mindfulness Scale, Cultural Intelligence Scale, Mental Illness Microaggression Scale-Perpetrator.

Results: Results confirmed the mediating role of cultural intelligence, but not the moderating role of previous psychological treatment. Regression analyses showed that all variables together explained 52% of the variance in mental illness microaggressions, but previous psychological treatment did not contribute significantly.

Conclusions: The findings highlight the role of interpersonal mindfulness and cultural intelligence in reducing mental illness microaggressions, while previous psychological treatment had no impact on variable associations. These results offer insights for addressing mental illness microaggressions in college students.

Abstract: To address the lack of studies on the impact of gender and psychiatric comorbidities on alcohol dependence (AD) and quality of life (QoL), we conducted a cross-sectional study. We compared QoL between 328 men and 86 women with AD, and 215 healthy men and 120 women. Additionally, we examined the association of alcohol-related variables and psychiatric comorbidity with the QoL of men and women with AD while controlling for sociodemographic variables. A structured clinical interview for sociodemographic and alcohol-related variables, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.), and World Health Organization QoL (WHOQoL)-BREF scale, was applied. QoL was poorer for AD subjects compared to healthy controls, with no gender differences. Regression analysis showed that the number of hospitalizations and AD with personality disorder predicted poorer QoL for men, whereas AD with depression predicted poorer social relationships for women. These findings suggest the need for gender-differentiated treatment.

Abstract: Enhanced motivational sensitivity to reward is associated with several psychiatric conditions, including prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Although reasons for this association remain unclear, it is possible that individuals higher in reward sensitivity are more prone to yearning for a lost loved one, especially if they have difficulty reengaging in new life goals. We sought to examine this hypothesis in a cross-sectional cohort of 274 adults recruited online who reported a lifetime history of surviving at least one sudden death loss. Motivational sensitivity to reward was associated with more severe yearning, particularly among individuals who have difficulty reengaging in new life goals. This pattern of associations was specific to individuals with more severe PGD symptoms. Findings support previous research suggesting that reward sensitivity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PGD and highlight potentially important intervention targets in at-risk bereaved populations.

Abstract: Pagophagia, defined as compulsive ice eating or ice chewing, is a common form of an eating anomaly (pica) caused by iron deficiency and is treated with iron replacement therapy. The physiological characteristics of pagophagia are reviewed. In one study, iron-deficient subjects were deficient in a test of attention, and ice consumption improved the subjects' response time relative to those drinking tepid water, an effect attributed to increased blood perfusion to the brain and heart. Several studies show that cold stimuli applied to the mouth increase blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery, increase peripheral blood pressure, and cause bradycardia. It is possible that pagophagia facilitates attention by elevating cerebral blood flow or by providing more oxygen to the brain. More research effort should be paid to the neurobehavioral impact of cold stimuli ingestion in humans and animals.

Abstract: Suicidal behavior is prevalent with first psychotic episodes, but reports of associated factors involve inconsistent findings and emphasis on schizophrenia. We evaluated suicide attempt rates and associated risk factors in 395 first-episode patients with various DSM-5-TR diagnoses with psychotic features, comparing 83 suicidal patients to others. Suicide attempt risk averaged 21.0%, with the final diagnosis ranked as follows: major depression, bipolar I depression, bipolar I mixed features, schizoaffective-depressed, unspecified psychosis, schizophrenia, schizoaffective-bipolar, bipolar I mania, delusional disorder, and none with schizophreniform or brief psychosis. Associated by multivariable modeling were initial recklessness ≥ initial impulsive violence ≥ initial anergy ≥ prior suicide attempt ≥ initial despair ≥ initially homicidal. Risk factors were similar in 36.1% of suicidal cases before and at first episodes. Suicide attempts were prevalent with hospitalized first psychotic episodes: more with major affective disorders or schizoaffective-depression than with schizophrenia or other diagnoses. Notable risk factors included initial reckless, impulsive, angry, and violent behavior, depressive features, anergy, and prolonged prodromes.