Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease最新文献

Objective: This brief report describes a limited meta-analysis of controlled studies evaluating critical time intervention (CTI) on select clinical and psychosocial outcomes. Outcome data on 14 domains and 3 broad indices across 8 experimental and quasi-experimental studies were analyzed.

Methods: Random-effect meta-analytic models with pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) were used.

Results: Groups that received CTI had significantly better outcomes on quality of life (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.41, p = 0.01), homelessness (SMD = -0.20, 95% CI: -0.35, -0.04, p = 0.02), and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Positive Symptom scores (SMD = -0.16, 95% CI: -0.28, -0.05, p = 0.01) than comparison groups at follow-up. CTI also had better outcomes on a created general health outcome index (SMD = -0.28, 95% CI: -0.59, 0.03, z = 1.79, p = 0.07).

Conclusions: CTI has small effect size impacts on several clinical and psychosocial outcomes. The lack of similar measures precluded meta-analysis of other outcomes, such as service engagement.

Introduction: This study aims to examine (a) the mediating role of cultural intelligence, (b) the moderating role of previous psychological treatment in the relationship between interpersonal mindfulness and mental illness microaggressions, (c) the predictive effects of cultural intelligence, interpersonal mindfulness, and previous psychological treatment on mental illness microaggressions.

Methods: This moderated-mediation model was tested using data from 908 Turkish college students who completed the Interpersonal Mindfulness Scale, Cultural Intelligence Scale, Mental Illness Microaggression Scale-Perpetrator.

Results: Results confirmed the mediating role of cultural intelligence, but not the moderating role of previous psychological treatment. Regression analyses showed that all variables together explained 52% of the variance in mental illness microaggressions, but previous psychological treatment did not contribute significantly.

Conclusions: The findings highlight the role of interpersonal mindfulness and cultural intelligence in reducing mental illness microaggressions, while previous psychological treatment had no impact on variable associations. These results offer insights for addressing mental illness microaggressions in college students.

Abstract: To address the lack of studies on the impact of gender and psychiatric comorbidities on alcohol dependence (AD) and quality of life (QoL), we conducted a cross-sectional study. We compared QoL between 328 men and 86 women with AD, and 215 healthy men and 120 women. Additionally, we examined the association of alcohol-related variables and psychiatric comorbidity with the QoL of men and women with AD while controlling for sociodemographic variables. A structured clinical interview for sociodemographic and alcohol-related variables, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.), and World Health Organization QoL (WHOQoL)-BREF scale, was applied. QoL was poorer for AD subjects compared to healthy controls, with no gender differences. Regression analysis showed that the number of hospitalizations and AD with personality disorder predicted poorer QoL for men, whereas AD with depression predicted poorer social relationships for women. These findings suggest the need for gender-differentiated treatment.

Abstract: Enhanced motivational sensitivity to reward is associated with several psychiatric conditions, including prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Although reasons for this association remain unclear, it is possible that individuals higher in reward sensitivity are more prone to yearning for a lost loved one, especially if they have difficulty reengaging in new life goals. We sought to examine this hypothesis in a cross-sectional cohort of 274 adults recruited online who reported a lifetime history of surviving at least one sudden death loss. Motivational sensitivity to reward was associated with more severe yearning, particularly among individuals who have difficulty reengaging in new life goals. This pattern of associations was specific to individuals with more severe PGD symptoms. Findings support previous research suggesting that reward sensitivity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PGD and highlight potentially important intervention targets in at-risk bereaved populations.

Abstract: Pagophagia, defined as compulsive ice eating or ice chewing, is a common form of an eating anomaly (pica) caused by iron deficiency and is treated with iron replacement therapy. The physiological characteristics of pagophagia are reviewed. In one study, iron-deficient subjects were deficient in a test of attention, and ice consumption improved the subjects' response time relative to those drinking tepid water, an effect attributed to increased blood perfusion to the brain and heart. Several studies show that cold stimuli applied to the mouth increase blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery, increase peripheral blood pressure, and cause bradycardia. It is possible that pagophagia facilitates attention by elevating cerebral blood flow or by providing more oxygen to the brain. More research effort should be paid to the neurobehavioral impact of cold stimuli ingestion in humans and animals.

Abstract: Suicidal behavior is prevalent with first psychotic episodes, but reports of associated factors involve inconsistent findings and emphasis on schizophrenia. We evaluated suicide attempt rates and associated risk factors in 395 first-episode patients with various DSM-5-TR diagnoses with psychotic features, comparing 83 suicidal patients to others. Suicide attempt risk averaged 21.0%, with the final diagnosis ranked as follows: major depression, bipolar I depression, bipolar I mixed features, schizoaffective-depressed, unspecified psychosis, schizophrenia, schizoaffective-bipolar, bipolar I mania, delusional disorder, and none with schizophreniform or brief psychosis. Associated by multivariable modeling were initial recklessness ≥ initial impulsive violence ≥ initial anergy ≥ prior suicide attempt ≥ initial despair ≥ initially homicidal. Risk factors were similar in 36.1% of suicidal cases before and at first episodes. Suicide attempts were prevalent with hospitalized first psychotic episodes: more with major affective disorders or schizoaffective-depression than with schizophrenia or other diagnoses. Notable risk factors included initial reckless, impulsive, angry, and violent behavior, depressive features, anergy, and prolonged prodromes.

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic is believed to have strongly impacted adolescents' mental health through limiting their day-to-day social lives. However, little is known about the role of (social) risk/protective factors and adolescent mental health. Subclinical psychopathology, and risk and protective factors of n = 173 adolescents (T1 mean age = 16.0; 89% girls) were assessed prepandemic and early-pandemic (T1: 2018/2019; T2: May 2020). Daily-life social interactions were assessed in 6-day experience sampling periods. Correcting for age, multilevel analyses revealed declines in general psychopathology and anxiety symptoms; fewer face-to-face social interactions, more online social interactions; and higher-quality face-to-face interactions during the pandemic than before. Negative associations between psychopathology and the quality of face-to-face peer and family interactions were stronger during the pandemic than prepandemic. The results reflect that, early in the pandemic, the mental health impact on adolescents may have been limited. High-quality face-to-face interactions with family and peers seemed particularly powerful in keeping adolescents resilient.

Abstract: The polymorphism of dopamine receptor (DRD) and oxytocin (OXT) may be associated with schizophrenia. A case-control study of 248 schizophrenia patients and 236 controls was conducted using the Sequenom MassARRAY platform. The results showed that DRD2 rs1800497 was a heterozygote (AG vs. GG: adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-3.25) and DRD3 rs7631540 (TC vs. CC: adjusted OR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.36-1.02) may be associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. In addition, the DRD2 rs1800497 genotype GA showed a reduced risk of schizophrenia in the male subgroup and the late-onset subgroup (>27 years of age). For DRD3 polymorphisms, the rs7631540 TC genotype was associated with schizophrenia in the female subgroup. In OXT polymorphism analysis, rs2740210 codominant CA/AA was a risk factor for schizophrenia in the male and early-onset subgroup (≤27 years old). This study also concluded that OXT rs2740210 codominant CA/AA is associated with schizophrenia.

Abstract: Early childhood adversity may dispose an individual to adopt a rigid and pervasive hypervigilant position toward information coming from others, resulting in high levels of epistemic mistrust (EM), which is supposed to increase the risk of developing psychopathology. A more intrinsic relationship between EM and the development of personality disorders (PDs) is assumed. Although the theory of epistemic trust (ET) is rather novel, it has quickly become widely accepted in the field, despite much empirical evidence. This is the first study investigating the level of ET and associations between ET and PDs among patients with PD, anxiety disorders, and a community sample. Our results demonstrated more severe impairments in ET in patients, and associations found between ET and the severity and types of PDs corroborate the theoretically assumed model. Future research with larger samples and prospective designs is needed to explore further and substantiate the theoretical assumptions about ET.