Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease最新文献

Abstract: The aim is to identify the causes of physical and emotional health disorders in men in terms of intimate interaction with partners, as well as how they can be prevented. The research used comparison, analysis, statistical methods, and surveys. The need for people to discover and study sexual health issues in the modern world in order to support not only the physical, but also the psychological aspects of their body, as well as the impact of lifestyle on this process, is shown. The research was conducted to better understand all diseases that are based on the deterioration of the psycho-emotional state of men, which leads to sexual disorders. A more detailed study of this topic will allow to better select treatment for patients and find different approaches to the problem in the future.

Abstract: The study was set out to establish the potential for psychotherapy to effect improvements in patients with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). Eight patients with NPD who improved in treatment were identified. Consensus clinician/investigator diagnostic scores from before and after the psychotherapies were retroactively established on the Diagnostic Interview for Narcissism (DIN) and the Diagnostic Statistic Manual for Psychiatric Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) Personality Disorder Section II criteria. Psychosocial functioning (work or school, romantic relationships) before and after the psychotherapies was retroactively evaluated as well. At the completion of the therapies after 2.5 to 5 years, all patients had improved, no longer met DIN or DSM-5 criteria for NPD, and showed better psychosocial functioning. Symptomatic improvements were associated with large effect sizes. In conclusion, changes in NPD can occur in treatment after 2.5 to 5 years. Future research should identify patient characteristics, interventions, and common processes in such improved cases that could help with development of treatments.

Abstract: The DSM-III symptomatic criteria for major depression (MD) were derived from those proposed by Feighner and colleagues in 1972, which closely resembled those published by Cassidy in 1957. I here present a counter-factual history in which Feighner carefully read a key reference in Cassidy, a large 1953 follow-up study by Campbell of depressed patients with detailed tables of depressive signs and symptoms. In this alternative timeline, the Feighner criteria for MD were modified by Campbell's results, which then changed DSM-III and subsequent MD criteria sets. The historical pathway to the current DSM MD criteria was contingent on a range of historical events and could easily have been different. This story is not meant to criticize DSM MD criteria that perform well. Rather, it suggests that these criteria represent a useful but fallible set of symptoms/signs that index but do not constitute MD and therefore are not to be reified.

Abstract: Wolfram syndrome 1 (WS1) is a rare, autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by diabetes insipidus, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness resulting from loss-of-function genetic variants in the WFS1 gene. Individuals with WS1 manifest a spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we report a pediatric case of WS1, which stemmed from a novel biallelic WFS1 loss-of-function genetic variant. The individual initially presented with obsessive-compulsive disorder, which was successfully managed by fluvoxamine. After 2 months, the child manifested excessive daytime sleepiness. Clinical evaluation and sleep recordings revealed a diagnosis of narcolepsy type 2. Excessive daytime sleepiness was improved with methylphenidate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of narcolepsy in WS1, which possibly arose during a progressive neurodegenerative process. We emphasize the need for in-depth screening for neuropsychiatric phenotypes and sleep-related disorders in WS1, for clinical management, which significantly improves the quality of life.

Objective: The association between illicit substance use by third-level education students and their mental and physical health is well documented. The aim of this scoping review was to determine factors that contribute to student motivations to reduce or stop their use of illicit substances, and to elaborate on factors that may be pertinent for student-focused behaviour change interventions for substance use.

Method: We searched eight databases in March 2021 using search terms based on 'students', 'illicit substance use', and 'motivations'. We identified 86 research articles that reported on third-level education students' illicit substance use and included reasons or motives for their use.

Results: After full-text screening, three studies were eligible for inclusion in the qualitative synthesis. The majority of studies described motives for abstention but did not describe motivation for reducing or stopping current patterns of use of illicit substances.

Conclusion: Few studies have examined motivations of third-level education students to decrease or cease substance use. Promising avenues for research on motivations to change substance use behaviour include the social contextual factors, perceived effects on social relationships, and actions of friends and family to prompt contemplations of change.

Abstract: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a heterogeneous disease defined by four Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) symptom clusters: reexperiencing, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and hyperarousal. There are effective evidence-based psychotherapies (EBPs) for PTSD. However, given the variety of PTSD clinical presentations, we conducted the first meta-analysis investigating whether DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters show different responses to EBPs. We systematically reviewed the literature for controlled clinical trials in five databases, performed a meta-analysis, and evaluated the methodological quality of the studies. We screened 633 studies and included seven. Three showed high risk, two showed some concerns, and one showed a low risk of bias. The symptom clusters do not seem to respond differently to EBPs (SMD cluster B: -0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.87 to 0.08; cluster C: -0.49; 95% CI, -0.90 to -0.08; cluster D: -0.44; 95% CI, -0.94 to 0.05; cluster E: -0.54; 95% CI, -1.07 to -0.0), even when analyzed by the therapeutic focuses. The findings dovetail nicely with the network theory of PTSD symptom, as although it is a heterogeneous disorder, the EBPs seem to promote a kind of cascade of symptom improvement.

Abstract: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition defines gender identity disorder (GID) as a strong and persistent identification with the opposite sex and the distress that may accompany the incongruence between one's experienced or expressed gender and one's assigned gender. The onset of GID commonly begins early in childhood. Gender dysphoria has a higher prevalence of other comorbid psychiatric illnesses, such as mood, anxiety, and adjustment disorders, with increased suicide incidence and self-harming behaviors than the general population. Studies show that some temperamental, environmental, genetic, and psychological factors play a role in developing GID. Approximately 16% of transgender people and 21% of transgender women get incarcerated compared with the general US population. During incarceration, they face many issues, such as victimization, severe verbal harassment, purposeful humiliation, unwanted sexual advances, physical assault, forcible sex, and unwanted strip searches. There is a need for a better understanding of the issues and needs of this population to promote positive outcomes.

Abstract: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by chronic widespread pain, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances, significantly impairing quality of life and psychological well-being. Well-being therapy (WBT) is a brief psychotherapeutic intervention aimed at increasing well-being and optimizing functioning, which has proven effective in treating various conditions involving pain and psychological or psychiatric symptoms. We describe a case study of a 22-year-old university student experiencing FMS, highlighting the far-reaching effects of the condition on her quality of life. After eight sessions of WBT, there was a marked improvement in subjective well-being and euthymia, as well as a decrease in pain perception, improved ability to manage stress, reduced allostatic overload despite the presence of stressors, improved social relationships, and increased self-efficacy. The positive effects of WBT continued at 3-month follow-up, suggesting that WBT may represent a short-term effective intervention for patients with FMS.

Abstract: Individuals affected by schizophrenia often relay frustration that persons in their life are unable to understand their symptoms. We sought to examine whether a brief virtual reality (VR) experience for students in an undergraduate psychopathology course entailing simulated hallucinations could increase empathy, decrease negative affect, and positively affect attitudes toward persons with schizophrenia. After the unit on schizophrenia, 41 participants engaged in a VR experience with simulated auditory and visual hallucinations. We sought to maximize fidelity and immersion by incorporating the actual classroom and course instructor into the virtual world. By collecting data at multiple points, we were able to isolate the impact of the simulation on affect and attitudes. Participants experienced an increase in empathy and favorable attitudes toward individuals with schizophrenia and reported the simulation to be highly educational. The favorable results are notable given the brevity of the simulation and the absence of any explicit (declarative) knowledge being conveyed.

Abstract: Despite abundant literature on personality and stigma, the role of disability type in this relationship has remained unaddressed. In the current study, we examined whether the relationship between observers' openness to experience and agreeableness on the one hand, and social distance on the other, was moderated by the target person's type of disability (psychiatric vs. physical). One hundred thirty-nine participants were randomly assigned to complete a social distance questionnaire referring to a vignette of a person in three conditions (physical disability, psychiatric disability, and control). A main effect of openness on social distance was found. Additionally, we found an interaction effect of agreeableness and the type of disability. Namely, the relationship between agreeableness and social distance was significant only in the physical disability condition but not in the other two conditions. To conclude, the current study emphasizes the role of personality traits in social distance toward individuals with disabilities.