Journal of memory and language最新文献_第3页

The role of individual differences in face recognition and mental imagery on face-memory specificity and inhibition 面孔识别和心理意象的个体差异对面孔记忆特异性和抑制的影响

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104714

Aliana Rodriguez Acevedo , Scott D. Slotnick , Brittany M. Jeye

Our previous research found that long-term facial memory specificity depends on detailed memory for individual faces and unintentional inhibition of closely related faces. The current study investigated whether individual differences in facial recognition and mental imagery ability influenced this inhibitory processing in facial memory specificity. During the study phase, participants viewed neutral Caucasian faces. During the test phase, participants were presented with old faces, related faces (created by morphing faces along an old–new continuum in steps of 20 %), and new faces and made “old”–“new” recognition judgments. The Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) and the Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT) were used to assess mental imagery and face recognition ability, respectively. We found evidence for detailed memory retrieval (i.e., the ability to discriminate between old and highly related face morphs) as the “old” response rate for old faces was significantly greater than that of 20 % morphs. Furthermore, there was evidence for memory inhibition as the “old” response rate for 20 % morphs was significantly lower than that of 40 % morphs (replicating our previous findings). CFMT scores were significantly correlated with detailed memory retrieval but were not associated with inhibition. VVIQ scores were not associated with either detailed memory retrieval or inhibition. These results support the role of inhibition in memory for faces and further suggest that these processes are unintentional.

我们之前的研究发现，长期面部记忆的特异性取决于对单个面孔的详细记忆和对密切相关面孔的无意抑制。本研究探讨了面部识别和心理意象能力的个体差异是否影响了面部记忆特异性的抑制加工。在研究阶段，参与者观看中性的白人面孔。在测试阶段，参与者看到了老面孔、相关面孔（通过沿着新旧连续体以20%的速度变换面孔而产生）和新面孔，并做出了“旧”-“新”的识别判断。采用视觉意象生动度问卷（VVIQ）和剑桥面部记忆测验（CFMT）分别评估心理意象和面部识别能力。我们发现了详细记忆检索的证据（即，区分老面孔和高度相关的面孔变体的能力），因为老面孔的“老”反应率明显高于20%的变体。此外，有证据表明，20%的变体的“旧”反应率明显低于40%的变体（重复我们之前的发现）。CFMT得分与详细记忆检索显著相关，但与抑制无关。VVIQ分数与详细记忆检索或抑制均无关联。这些结果支持了抑制在面孔记忆中的作用，并进一步表明这些过程是无意的。

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引用次数: 0

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104712

Linlin Shang , Lu-Chun Yeh , Yuanfang Zhao , Marius V. Peelen

Visual memory search involves comparing a visual probe item against multiple memorized items. Previous work has shown that distractor probes from a different object category than the objects in the memory set are rejected more quickly than distractor probes from the same category. Because objects belonging to the same superordinate category usually share both visual and semantic features compared with objects of different categories, it is unclear whether the category effects reported in previous studies reflected visual and/or semantic target-distractor similarity. Here, we employed old/new recognition tasks to examine the role of categorical, semantic, and visual similarity in short- and long-term memory search. Participants (N = 64) performed visual long-term memory (LTM) or short-term memory (STM) search tasks involving animate and inanimate objects. Trial-wise RT variability to distractor probes in LTM and STM search was modelled using regression analyses that included predictors capturing categorical target-distractor similarity (same or different category), semantic target-distractor similarity (from a distributional semantic model), and visual target-distractor similarity (from a deep neural network). We found that categorical, semantic, and visual similarity all explained unique variance in trial-wise memory search performance. However, their respective contributions varied with memory set size and task, with STM performance being relatively more strongly influenced by visual and categorical similarity and LTM performance being relatively more strongly influenced by semantic similarity. These results clarify the nature of the representations used in memory search and reveal both similarities and differences between search in STM and LTM.

视觉记忆搜索包括将一个视觉探测项目与多个记忆项目进行比较。先前的研究表明，来自不同对象类别的干扰物探测比来自同一类别的干扰物探测被拒绝的速度更快。由于与不同类别的对象相比，属于同一上级类别的对象通常具有视觉和语义特征，因此尚不清楚以往研究中报道的类别效应是否反映了视觉和/或语义上的目标-分心物相似性。在这里，我们采用新旧识别任务来研究类别、语义和视觉相似性在短期和长期记忆搜索中的作用。参与者（N = 64）执行视觉长期记忆（LTM）或短期记忆（STM）搜索任务，涉及有生命和无生命的物体。使用回归分析对LTM和STM搜索中分心物探针的试验方向RT变异性进行建模，其中包括捕获分类目标-分心物相似性（相同或不同类别）、语义目标-分心物相似性（来自分布语义模型）和视觉目标-分心物相似性（来自深度神经网络）的预测因子。我们发现，分类、语义和视觉相似性都解释了试验记忆搜索性能的独特差异。然而，它们各自的贡献因记忆集大小和任务而异，STM性能受视觉和类别相似性的影响相对更强，而LTM性能受语义相似性的影响相对更强。这些结果阐明了记忆搜索中使用的表征的性质，并揭示了STM和LTM中搜索的异同。

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引用次数: 0

Language and cognition revisited: Labels alter post-sensory processing in visual and auditory categorization 语言与认知重访：标签改变视觉与听觉分类的后感觉加工

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104710

Jianhua Li , Jinghan Zhao , Jiyue Yang , Sophia W. Deng

How does language influence human categorization? Linguistic labels may affect categorization by either enhancing sensory encoding or modulating post-sensory processing. To dissociate these accounts, this study investigated whether label effects arise during sensory encoding or post-sensory processing, and whether they are modality-specific or modality-general. Using visual and auditory categorization tasks with a priming paradigm, we combined hierarchical drift–diffusion modeling (HDDM), electroencephalogram (EEG) decoding, and neurally-informed modeling to compare label effects against pseudoword baseline. Our results revealed consistent patterns across visual and auditory tasks. Behaviorally, congruent labels facilitated faster and more accurate responses in both visual and auditory tasks, while incongruent labels impaired accuracy in visual categorization. HDDM revealed that labels reduced response boundaries across tasks, with congruent labels shortening non-decision time and incongruent labels prolonging it. Critically, EEG analyses demonstrated that labels selectively amplified late neural components (post-sensory processing) without affecting early sensory encoding. Neurally informed modeling further confirmed that changes in response boundary arise from the enhanced efficiency of the post-sensory process. These findings support a modality-general, post-sensory account of label effects in categorization, aligning with the label-as-marker framework, where labels act as supervisory signals guiding categorical decisions rather than perceptual features. The study advances understanding of language-cognition interactions by delineating the temporal dynamics of label influences on categorization.

语言如何影响人类的分类？语言标签可能通过增强感觉编码或调节后感觉加工来影响分类。为了分离这些说法，本研究调查了标签效应是否在感觉编码或后感觉处理期间产生，以及它们是特定的还是一般的。使用视觉和听觉分类任务和启动范式，我们结合了分层漂移-扩散建模（HDDM）、脑电图（EEG）解码和神经信息建模来比较标签效应和伪词基线。我们的研究结果揭示了视觉和听觉任务的一致模式。在行为上，一致的标签促进了视觉和听觉任务中更快和更准确的反应，而不一致的标签损害了视觉分类的准确性。HDDM发现，标签减少了任务间的反应边界，一致标签缩短了非决策时间，不一致标签延长了非决策时间。重要的是，脑电图分析表明，标签选择性地放大了晚期神经成分（后感觉处理），而不影响早期感觉编码。神经信息模型进一步证实，反应边界的变化源于后感觉过程效率的提高。这些发现支持了分类中标签效应的一般情态、后感官解释，与标签作为标记的框架一致，标签作为指导分类决策的监督信号，而不是感知特征。该研究通过描述标签对分类影响的时间动态，促进了对语言-认知相互作用的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Strategic resource allocation in memory encoding: An efficiency principle shaping language processing 记忆编码中的策略性资源分配：影响语言处理的效率原则

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104706

Weijie Xu, Richard Futrell

How is the limited capacity of working memory efficiently used to support human linguistic behaviors? In this paper, we propose Strategic Resource Allocation (SRA) as an efficiency principle for memory encoding in sentence processing. The idea is that working memory resources are dynamically and strategically allocated to prioritize novel and unexpected information. From a resource-rational perspective, we argue that SRA is the principled solution to a computational problem posed by two functional assumptions about working memory, namely its limited capacity and its noisy representation. Specifically, working memory needs to minimize the retrieval error of past inputs under the constraint of limited memory resources, an optimization problem whose solution is to allocate more resources to encode more surprising inputs with higher precision. One of the critical consequences of SRA is that surprising inputs are encoded with enhanced representations, and therefore are less susceptible to memory decay and interference. Empirically, through naturalistic corpus data, we find converging evidence for SRA in the context of dependency locality from both production and comprehension, where non-local dependencies with less predictable antecedents are associated with reduced locality effect. However, our results also reveal considerable cross-linguistic variability, suggesting the need for a closer examination of how SRA, as a domain-general memory efficiency principle, interacts with language-specific phrase structures. SRA highlights the critical role of representational uncertainty in understanding memory encoding. It also provides a reinterpretation for the effects of surprisal and entropy on processing difficulty from the perspective of efficient memory encoding.

如何有效地利用有限的工作记忆容量来支持人类的语言行为？本文提出了策略资源分配（SRA）作为句子处理中记忆编码的效率原则。这个想法是，工作记忆资源是动态和战略性地分配的，以优先考虑新颖和意外的信息。从资源理性的角度来看，我们认为SRA是由关于工作记忆的两个功能假设（即有限容量和噪声表示）提出的计算问题的原则性解决方案。具体来说，工作记忆需要在有限的内存资源约束下，将过去输入的检索误差最小化，这是一个优化问题，其解决方案是分配更多的资源，以更高的精度编码更多的意外输入。SRA的一个关键结果是，令人惊讶的输入被编码为增强的表示，因此不太容易受到记忆衰减和干扰。从经验上看，通过自然语料库数据，我们从生产和理解两方面发现了依赖性局部性背景下SRA的收敛证据，其中具有较不可预测前词的非局部性依赖与局部性效应降低相关。然而，我们的结果也揭示了相当大的跨语言差异，这表明需要更仔细地研究SRA作为一个领域通用记忆效率原则，如何与特定语言的短语结构相互作用。SRA强调表征不确定性在理解记忆编码中的关键作用。从有效记忆编码的角度重新解释了惊奇和熵对加工难度的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Mitigating orthographic interference: Exploring the combined effects of L2 interlexical similarities on vocabulary memory with big data 缓解正字法干扰：利用大数据探讨二语词汇间相似度对词汇记忆的综合影响

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104707

Sannyuya Liu, Yuxi Zhang, Sitian Zhou, Xiaoxuan Shen, Jianwen Sun

The retention of newly learned second language (L2) words is influenced by pre-existing word representations through interactions driven by similarity. When learners encounter new L2 words, similar previously learned words influence retention through cross-lexical activation. This study integrates established memory models with advanced machine learning techniques, providing a comprehensive approach. It analyzes a large-scale Duolingo dataset and quantifies the impact of previously learned words on current word memory. By improving the Half-Life Regression model with interlexical features, we constructed an L2 interlexical influence matrix and examined how similarity dimensions affect vocabulary retention through complementary analytical approaches. The results indicate that semantic similarity is the primary facilitator with significant nonlinear impacts, whereas orthographic similarity causes interference when considered in isolation. Notably, high semantic similarity mitigates orthographic interference, enabling successful vocabulary retention even when visual form similarities would otherwise impede learning. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional interactions significantly enhanced model fit, while four-dimensional interactions showed no significant improvement, suggesting an optimal complexity threshold for similarity-based memory facilitation. These findings reveal the complex mechanisms through which multiple similarity dimensions work synergistically in L2 vocabulary learning and offer practical implications for optimizing vocabulary learning sequences in language education.

新学的第二语言词汇的记忆受到先前存在的词汇表征的影响，这种表征是由相似度驱动的。当学习者遇到新的二语词汇时，相似的以前学过的词汇通过交叉词汇激活影响记忆。本研究将已建立的记忆模型与先进的机器学习技术相结合，提供了一个全面的方法。它分析了一个大规模的Duolingo数据集，并量化了以前学过的单词对当前单词记忆的影响。通过改进带有词间特征的半衰期回归模型，构建了二语词间影响矩阵，并通过互补分析方法研究了相似度维度对词汇保留的影响。结果表明，语义相似度是主要的促进因素，具有显著的非线性影响，而正字法相似度在单独考虑时会产生干扰。值得注意的是，高语义相似性减轻了正字法的干扰，即使在视觉形式相似性会阻碍学习的情况下，也能成功地保留词汇。二维和三维交互作用显著增强了模型拟合，而四维交互作用没有显著改善，这表明基于相似性的记忆促进存在最优复杂性阈值。这些发现揭示了二语词汇学习中多个相似维度协同作用的复杂机制，为语言教育中词汇学习顺序的优化提供了实践启示。

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引用次数: 0

Do people structure words and sentences using shared mechanisms? 人们是否使用共享机制来组织单词和句子？

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104708

Sin Hang Lau , Janna W. Wennberg , Victor S. Ferreira

The same sequence of linguistic units can be structured differently: Relative clauses in sentences such as “I met the students of the teacher who played the violin” can either have a high attachment (HA; i.e., the students played the violin) or low attachment reading (LA; i.e., the teacher played the violin). Similarly, morphological attachment in noun phrases such as “social psychologist” can have either an HA (i.e., someone who studies social psychology; [[social psycholog(y)][ist]]) or LA reading (i.e., a psychologist who is social; [[social][[psycholog(y)][ist]]]). Thus, abstractly at least, sentences and words have analogous internal hierarchical structures. Using a structural priming paradigm, we investigated in three experiments whether shared mechanisms process the internal structures of both sentences and words, despite the difference in grain size. Overall, we only observed priming effects when the primes and targets were of the same grain size: Participants produced more HA sentences or rated the HA readings of ambiguous sentences as more probable following HA sentence primes (compared to following LA sentence primes), while the attachment structure of morphological primes did not affect subsequent sentence production and comprehension. Participants also rated the HA readings of ambiguous noun phrases as more probable following HA morphological primes (compared to following LA morphological primes), while the attachment of sentence primes did not affect subsequent morphological comprehension. We suggest that at least as reflected by structural priming, structural operations are not shared across morphological and syntactic levels.

同样的语言单位序列可以有不同的结构：句子中的关系从句，如“我遇到了拉小提琴的老师的学生”，可以有高依恋（HA，即学生拉小提琴）或低依恋阅读（LA，即老师拉小提琴）。类似地，名词短语中的形态连接，如“社会心理学家”，可以有HA（即研究社会心理学的人；[[社会心理学家(y)][ist]]）或LA阅读（即社会心理学家；[[社会][[心理学家(y)][ist]]）。因此，至少在抽象上，句子和单词具有类似的内部层次结构。采用结构启动范式，我们通过三个实验研究了共享机制是否处理句子和单词的内部结构，尽管颗粒大小不同。总的来说，我们只观察到当启动和目标颗粒大小相同时的启动效应：参与者在HA句子启动后产生更多的HA句子或将模棱两可句子的HA读数评价为更可能（与LA句子启动相比），而形态启动的依恋结构不影响后续句子的产生和理解。参与者还认为模棱两可的名词短语的HA阅读更可能遵循HA形态启动（与遵循LA形态启动相比），而句子启动的附着不影响随后的形态理解。我们认为，至少正如结构启动所反映的那样，结构操作在形态和句法层面上并不共享。

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引用次数: 0

Listening to disfluent speech: Robust effect at processing may not extend to learning 听不流利的言语：在处理方面的强大效果可能不会扩展到学习

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104704

Emma Libersky, Margarita Kaushanskaya

Fillers, such as uh and um in English, are reliable predictors of upcoming novelty, and listeners harness these statistics to process disfluent speech efficiently. Predictive processing begets prediction error, and therefore it is possible that fillers impact word learning when they precede unexpected referents. However, the effect of fillers on word learning is unknown, especially over different time scales. Across five experiments, we sought to investigate the impact of fillers on language processing and learning, focusing on the relationship between fillers and predictive processing. Following exposure to novel words under fluent and disfluent learning conditions, we measured participants’ word recognition at immediate vs. delayed testing. Participants consistently used fillers to predict upcoming novelty at exposure, but they tended to demonstrate similar retention of words taught in fluent and disfluent conditions, whether or not they made prediction errors. We frame our findings in the context of predictive processing and disfluency, concluding that disfluency shapes listeners’ predictions but this effect does not carry over to word retention.

填充词，如英语中的uh和um，是即将到来的新事物的可靠预测者，听者利用这些统计数据有效地处理不流利的语音。预测处理会导致预测错误，因此，当填充词出现在意想不到的指代物之前时，它们可能会影响单词学习。然而，填充物对单词学习的影响尚不清楚，特别是在不同的时间尺度上。在五个实验中，我们试图研究填充语对语言处理和学习的影响，重点关注填充语与预测处理之间的关系。在流利和不流利的学习条件下，我们测量了参与者在即时和延迟测试中的单词识别能力。参与者始终使用填充物来预测即将出现的新事物，但无论他们是否犯了预测错误，他们倾向于在流利和不流利的条件下表现出相似的单词记忆。我们在预测加工和不流利的背景下构建了我们的发现，结论是不流利会影响听者的预测，但这种影响不会延续到单词记忆。

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引用次数: 0

Asymmetric interaction effects of information with varying priorities in visual working memory 不同优先级信息在视觉工作记忆中的不对称交互效应

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104702

Jing Ni, Jiayi Fu, Ruotong Wang, Can Yang, Ying Cai

Visual working memory (VWM) is the ability to temporarily maintain and manipulate visual information, with individuals adjusting the priority of information processing based on task demands. However, the nature of the interactions between information of varying priorities in VWM remains debated, which is the focus of the current study. In Experiment 1, participants performed a delayed recall task for colors under different loads of prioritized memory items (PMIs) and unprioritized memory items (UMIs). The results indicated that the recall for PMIs deteriorated as the load of UMIs increased, and vice versa. Crucially, recall for UMIs was more significantly affected by the load of PMIs, indicating an asymmetric interaction between PMIs and UMIs. Experiments 2 and 3 examined whether such an interaction pattern was influenced by the presentation order of PMIs and UMIs. we reversed and randomized the presentation sequence and replicated the findings. Experiments 4 and 5 further validated these findings in delayed recall tasks for orientations and locations, confirming that the asymmetric interactions were consistent across stimulus types. Moreover, Experiments 6 and 7 tested the cognitive mechanism underlying this pattern. Experiment 6 introduced an interference task during the delay, revealing that the sustained attention to PMIs contributed to the asymmetry interaction; Experiment 7 added a test condition without recall of PMIs, demonstrating the prioritized retrieval of PMIs was responsible for the asymmetry interaction as well. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of how information with different priorities interacts during VWM and offers valuable insights for future studies.

视觉工作记忆（Visual working memory， VWM）是一种暂时保存和处理视觉信息的能力，个体根据任务需求调整信息处理的优先级。然而，VWM中不同优先级的信息之间相互作用的性质仍然存在争议，这是当前研究的重点。在实验1中，被试在不同的优先记忆项目和非优先记忆项目负载下进行颜色延迟回忆任务。结果表明，pmi的召回随着umi负荷的增加而恶化，反之亦然。至关重要的是，umi的回忆受到pmi负荷的更显著影响，表明pmi和umi之间存在不对称的相互作用。实验2和3考察了这种交互模式是否受到pmi和umi的呈现顺序的影响。我们颠倒并随机化了陈述顺序，并重复了研究结果。实验4和5进一步验证了这些发现在延迟记忆任务的方向和位置，证实了不对称的相互作用是一致的刺激类型。此外，实验6和7测试了这种模式背后的认知机制。实验6在延迟过程中引入干扰任务，发现对pmi的持续关注有助于非对称相互作用；实验7增加了不召回pmi的测试条件，证明优先检索pmi也是不对称相互作用的原因。总的来说，本研究增强了我们对不同优先级的信息在VWM中如何相互作用的理解，并为未来的研究提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

On idle idols and ugly icons: Investigating lexical selection in typing through homophones 论闲偶像与丑偶像：同音字打字的词汇选择

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104703

Merel Muylle , Robert J. Hartsuiker , Nazbanou Nozari

Homophone errors (e.g., there/their) are not uncommon in typing, but it is debated whether they simply reveal poor spelling knowledge or signal competition in the production system. We tested the idea that competition underlies the greater difficulty associated with producing homophone, compared to non-homophone, targets. Using computational simulations, we showed that competition alone is sufficient to produce interference during homophone production, and that such interference is exacerbated by increasing lexical competition. These predictions were confirmed in two experiments, a typing-to-dictation task (Experiment 1) and a question-answering task (Experiment 2). We further showed the homophone effect was insensitive to the syntactic category: we found a robust homophone interference effect of a comparable magnitude for same-category (e.g., flower-flour) and different-category (e.g., idol-idle) homophones. Collectively, these results show that lexical selection in typing is similar to speaking in terms of the processes arising from representational overlap, but distinct from it in terms of the influence of syntax.

同音字错误（例如，there/their）在打字中并不罕见，但争论的是它们是否仅仅表明拼写知识贫乏，还是表明生产系统中存在竞争。我们测试了这样一种观点，即与非同音目标相比，竞争导致产生同音目标的难度更大。通过计算模拟，我们发现竞争本身就足以在同音字产生过程中产生干扰，并且这种干扰会随着词汇竞争的增加而加剧。这些预测在两个实验中得到了证实，一个是打字到听写的任务（实验1），另一个是问答任务（实验2）。我们进一步发现同音异义词对句法类别不敏感：我们发现同音异义词对同音异义词（例如，花-面粉）和不同类别同音异义词（例如，偶像-空闲）具有相当程度的干扰效应。总的来说，这些结果表明，就表征重叠产生的过程而言，打字中的词汇选择与说话相似，但在语法影响方面则不同。

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引用次数: 0

Language models that match reader experience are better predictors of reading times 与读者体验相匹配的语言模型可以更好地预测阅读时间

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104677

Iza Škrjanec , Vera Demberg

Humans differ in the language experience that they accumulate, due to differing interests, reading habits and profession. This experience can be expected to affect their linguistic expectations when reading texts from domains that are very familiar to them. The present article explores whether language models trained to match the experience of readers produce surprisal estimates that more accurately predict the reading times of those readers than the usually employed general language models. We use a German eye-tracking corpus of biology and physics students reading expository texts from these domains. We adapt a neural language model to the experience of these two groups of readers via two domain adaptation methods and varying amounts of training data. The evaluation against one early and two late reading measures suggests that aligning language models with the readers’ experience to predict the processing effort results in a better fit on late measures than using a model with a high linguistic accuracy. Our findings highlight the opportunities for exploring the cognitive plausibility of language models with respect to psychological constructs.

由于不同的兴趣、阅读习惯和职业，人们积累的语言经验是不同的。在阅读他们非常熟悉的领域的文本时，这种经历可能会影响他们的语言期望。本文探讨了经过训练以匹配读者经验的语言模型是否能比通常使用的通用语言模型更准确地预测这些读者的阅读时间。我们使用德语眼动追踪语料库，用于生物学和物理学学生阅读这些领域的说明性文本。我们通过两种领域自适应方法和不同数量的训练数据，使神经语言模型适应这两组读者的经验。对一项早期和两项晚期阅读测试的评估表明，将语言模型与读者的经验结合起来预测处理努力，比使用具有高语言准确性的模型更适合晚期测试。我们的发现强调了探索语言模型在心理构念方面的认知合理性的机会。

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引用次数: 0