Journal of memory and language最新文献_第2页

Knowing a translation pair by the cross-linguistic company it keeps: cross-linguistic context consistency shapes semantic overlap in bilingual conceptual representation 跨语言公司对翻译对的了解：跨语言语境一致性塑造了双语概念表征中的语义重叠

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104729

Yufeng Liu , Shifa Chen , Marco Marelli , Yue Qin

Traditional bilingual conceptual representation models assume semantic overlap between translation equivalents varies due to the differing number of shared semantic features. This study proposes an alternative hypothesis that cross-linguistic context consistency drives the semantic overlap variability in bilingual conceptual representation. To test this hypothesis, we introduce an unsupervised Semantic Alignment Model (SAM) that quantifies the contextual congruency of translation and non-translation pairs across two languages. In experiment 1, a translation recognition task demonstrates the non-holistic nature of bilingual conceptual representation and supports the three assumptions of the Revised Hierarchical Model. A subsequent computational simulation experiment validates SAM’s cognitive plausibility: it mirrors the concreteness effect on translation priming observed in forward translation recognition, revealing that language statistics alone suffice to account for the bilingual concreteness advantage. Finally, experiment 3′s two ad-hoc analyses show that higher semantic alignment Rcs predict both greater processing efficiency and higher similarity ratings of translation pairs, with alignment’s predictability surpassing concreteness in bilinguals’ chronometric performance. Crucially, SAM’s prediction reflects the developmental hypothesis in translation recognition that concreteness cannot capture. These findings challenge the adequacy of purely feature-based bilingual conceptual representation models, which lack explicit mechanisms for how semantic features are learned and represented in the first place. Instead, our findings indicate a distributional view in which bilinguals tacitly track cross-linguistic contextual usage consistency that forms the basis for semantic overlap between translation equivalents in the bilingual mind. This study extends the tenet of distributional semantics to bilingualism, and underscores the dynamic, distributional nature of bilingual semantic memory.

传统的双语概念表示模型假设翻译对等物之间的语义重叠由于共享语义特征的数量不同而不同。本研究提出了跨语言语境一致性驱动双语概念表征语义重叠变异的假设。为了验证这一假设，我们引入了一个无监督语义对齐模型（SAM），该模型量化了两种语言之间翻译和非翻译对的上下文一致性。在实验1中，翻译识别任务证明了双语概念表征的非整体性，并支持了修正层次模型的三个假设。随后的计算模拟实验验证了SAM的认知合理性：它反映了在正向翻译识别中观察到的翻译启动的具体性效应，揭示了语言统计本身足以说明双语具体性优势。最后，实验3的两个特设分析表明，更高的语义对齐Rcs预示着更高的处理效率和更高的翻译对相似性评级，并且对齐的可预测性超过了双语者时间表现的具体性。至关重要的是，SAM的预测反映了翻译识别中的发展性假设，这是具体性无法捕捉到的。这些发现挑战了纯粹基于特征的双语概念表示模型的充分性，这些模型缺乏明确的机制来学习和表示语义特征。相反，我们的研究结果表明了一种分布观点，即双语者会默认地跟踪跨语言上下文用法的一致性，这种一致性形成了双语者头脑中翻译对等物之间语义重叠的基础。本研究将分布语义学的原则扩展到双语，并强调了双语语义记忆的动态、分布性质。

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引用次数: 0

Intermediate decisional and response states in lexical decision: evidence from electromyography and metacognitive confidence ratings 词汇决策的中间决策和反应状态：来自肌电图和元认知信心评级的证据

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104728

Michele Scaltritti , Saman Kamari Songhorabadi , Simone Sulpizio

The lexical decision paradigm relies on a binary response configuration (word vs. nonword) and a single dichotomous decisional outcome (correct vs. error). The present research used single-trial electromyographic recordings of the responses and metacognitive confidence ratings to gain insight into a) intermediate decisional states and b) potential misalignments between objective and subjective outcomes of the lexical decision process. The results revealed that confidence was high for correct responses, signaling a relatively clear-cut categorization even for more ambiguous stimuli such as low-frequency words and wordlike pseudowords. The dominant factors in shaping metacognitive judgments were stimulus properties and premotor processing time, whereas the contribution of the fluency of the motor responses emerged only under specific conditions. Errors revealed a more complex pattern, with limited conscious detection in the case of ambiguous stimuli. Whereas errors for words were seemingly driven by unresolved decision processes, those for nonwords were mostly determined by lexical competition. Importantly, although these latter errors partially bypassed response control mechanisms, they were more accessible to awareness, pointing to a partial dissociation between error correction and detection. By focusing on the decisional layer of lexical decision, these findings begin to shed light on the specific dynamics that characterize decision-making tasks grounded in memory-based evidence and lexical knowledge.

词汇决策范式依赖于二元响应配置（单词与非单词）和单个二元决策结果（正确与错误）。本研究使用单试验肌电图记录的反应和元认知信心评级来深入了解a)中间决策状态和b)词汇决策过程的客观和主观结果之间的潜在偏差。结果显示，对正确回答的信心很高，这表明即使对低频词和类词假词等更模糊的刺激，也有相对清晰的分类。形成元认知判断的主要因素是刺激特性和运动前加工时间，而运动反应的流畅性仅在特定条件下才会发挥作用。错误揭示了一个更复杂的模式，在模糊刺激的情况下，有限的意识检测。单词的错误似乎是由未解决的决策过程驱动的，而非单词的错误主要是由词汇竞争决定的。重要的是，尽管后一种错误部分绕过了响应控制机制，但它们更容易被意识到，这表明错误纠正和检测之间存在部分分离。通过关注词汇决策的决策层，这些发现开始揭示基于记忆的证据和词汇知识的决策任务的具体动态特征。

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引用次数: 0

Evidence of cross-domain phase entrainment effects between nonspeech tones and speech sounds 非语音音调和语音之间的跨域相位夹带效应的证据

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104730

Tzu-Han Zoe Cheng, Sarah C. Creel

Temporal prediction and duration estimation are critical to speech perception. Studies have reported that the rate of nonspeech precursors affects speech categorization, potentially through an underlying non-speech-specific mechanism known as entrainment, supporting a domain-general account of language processing. However, few studies have examined the effects of precursor phase on speech perception, despite the centrality of phase to entrainment models and prevalent findings of phase effects in music and nonspeech tones. Experiments 1–2 looked for phase entrainment between nonspeech precursors (rhythmic series of sine tones) and speech sound targets, either lap/lab (Experiment 1) or at/add (Experiment 2), plus short/long categorization of target tones with speech-matched envelopes and durations. Experiment 3 mirrored Experiment 2, but tested phase entrainment from speech precursors (rhythmic series of speech pips) to speech targets at/add and the matching tones. Experiment 1 found phase entrainment for tones but not speech targets. Experiment 2 better equated the perceptual centers of words and tones, and a cross-domain phase entrainment effect appeared for words. Experiment 3 showed equivalent entrainment effects on speech and tone targets. These results suggest that phase entrainment appears in both tones and speech, and that one domain can entrain another in both directions. Still, across the three experiments, the tone-to-tone entrainment appeared more reliably and showed larger effect sizes than speech-to-speech, tone-to-speech, or speech-to-tone entrainment, which raises questions as to the strength of the influence of phase entrainment in processing of speech and other spectrotemporally complex sounds.

时间预测和持续时间估计是语音感知的关键。有研究报告称，非言语前体的频率影响言语分类，可能是通过一种潜在的非言语特异性机制，即被称为“卷入”的机制，这支持了语言处理的领域通用解释。然而，很少有研究考察了前驱期对语音感知的影响，尽管阶段在娱乐模型中处于中心地位，并且在音乐和非语音音调中普遍发现了阶段效应。实验1 - 2寻找非言语前体（有节奏的正弦音调系列）和语音目标之间的相位夹带，无论是lap/lab（实验1）还是at/add（实验2），加上目标音调的短/长分类与语音匹配的包络和持续时间。实验3反映了实验2，但测试了从语音前体（语音音调的节奏系列）到语音目标/add和匹配的音调的相位干扰。实验1发现了音调的相位夹带，而不是语音目标。实验2较好地将单词和音调的感知中心等同起来，单词出现了跨域相位夹带效应。实验3显示语音和语调目标的夹带效应相当。这些结果表明，相位夹带出现在音调和语音中，并且一个域可以在两个方向夹带另一个域。尽管如此，在这三个实验中，音调对音调的夹带比语音对语音、音调对语音或语音对音调的夹带更可靠，效果也更大，这就提出了相位夹带在处理语音和其他光谱时间复杂声音时的影响强度的问题。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the role of sublexical information in speech perception and misperception 探讨亚词汇信息在言语知觉和误解中的作用

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104726

Valeriya Tolkacheva , Sonia L.E. Brownsett , Katie L. McMahon , Greig I. de Zubicaray

Listeners are able to use previously acquired knowledge to predict the content of upcoming speech when the latter signal is distorted or degraded. However, this process can also result in misperceptions. One paradigm used to investigate comprehension of degraded speech is perceptual priming, in which a previously unintelligible signal suddenly becomes intelligible for listeners following presentation of matching information. Here we investigated the role of sublexical phonotactic information in eliciting misperceptions during perceptual priming. In a series of experiments using a prime-probe design with congruent, incongruent, and neutral conditions, we presented participants with three different types of spectrotemporally degraded probe sentences: real English, phonologically similar nonsense (containing phonological neighbour words but semantically empty), and phonologically similar pseudo sentences (containing nonwords). In the nonsense and pseudo-sentence experiments designed to elicit misperceptions, words and nonwords were phonotactically matched to the reference words. For real sentences, accuracy was 95% in the congruent condition. Crucially, “accuracy” rates for congruent nonsense and pseudo-sentences were also high (70% and 74%, respectively), indicating participants were able to assemble lexical information from the context of the clear prime sentence to produce ‘misperceptions’ of the degraded probe. Further, when presented with clear nonsense or pseudo-sentences as primes, participants were able to recognize up to 45% of degraded real probe sentences. These findings show that listeners use sublexical phonotactic information to predict the content of degraded speech. We discuss implications for current accounts of speech perception that have largely ignored a role for phonotactics.

当语音信号失真或退化时，听者能够使用先前获得的知识来预测即将到来的语音内容。然而，这个过程也可能导致误解。用于研究退化语音理解的一个范例是知觉启动，其中先前难以理解的信号在呈现匹配信息后突然变得可理解。在这里，我们研究了在知觉启动过程中，亚词汇语音致音信息在引起误解中的作用。在一系列实验中，我们使用了启动探针设计，包括一致、不一致和中性条件，向参与者展示了三种不同类型的光谱时间退化探测句：真实英语、音系相似的无意义（包含音系邻近词但语义空）和音系相似的伪句子（包含非词）。在旨在引起误解的无意义和伪句实验中，单词和非单词在语音上与参考单词匹配。对于真实句子，在一致性条件下，准确率为95%。至关重要的是，一致的无意义和假句子的“准确率”也很高（分别为70%和74%），这表明参与者能够从清晰的启动句子的上下文中收集词汇信息，从而对退化的探针产生“误解”。此外，当提供明确的无意义或伪句作为启动词时，参与者能够识别高达45%的退化的真实探测句。这些发现表明，听者使用亚词汇语音信息来预测退化语音的内容。我们讨论了对语音感知的当前描述的影响，这些描述在很大程度上忽略了语音策略的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Segmental contributions to prosodic weight in processing English auxiliary contractions 英语助动词缩略词加工中分词对韵律权重的贡献

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104725

Holger Mitterer , Sahyang Kim , Taehong Cho

Prosodic weight of prominence is traditionally attributed to suprasegmental features associated with pitch accent. This study examines segmental contribution to prosodic weight in processing English auxiliary have contractions. Through four web-based mouse-tracking experiments, we tested whether and how segmental variations in the auxiliary have (contracted vs. uncontracted) could signal prominence in relation to information structure and guide sentence processing in a mini two-sentence dialogue. It was hypothesized that the uncontracted, segmentally full form would carry prosodic weight on the auxiliary, independently of suprasegmental cues with pitch accent. The first two experiments showed that when have (in they have) was hyperarticulated with pitch accent, participants could use its prosodic weight, perceiving an enhanced affirmativeness in contrast with a preceding negative question with haven’t. However, an uncontracted have when produced with no pitch accent, was not perceived as carrying such prosodic weight. The intended uncontracted form produced with no pitch accent differed from the accented one, not only in suprasegmental features but also in segmental detail, with the ‘h’ being weakened. Experiment 3 used an uncontracted have with a clear ‘h’, which did create prosodic weight for enhancing affirmativeness contrast even without pitch accent. Experiment 4 confirmed that this effect was not merely due to the longer duration of this form as a whole, contributed by a full ‘h’, highlighting genuine segmental contribution to the interpretation of they have with its prosodic weight of prominence in relation to the information structure of the mini dialogue. Our findings underscore the importance of segmental detail in real-time sentence processing and provide new insights into the syntax-prosody interface, with implications for speech production and perception.

传统上认为，韵律的重音权重与音高重音相关的超音段特征有关。本研究考察了英语助动词缩略词加工中分词对韵律权重的贡献。通过四个基于网络的鼠标跟踪实验，我们测试了助词的片段变化（缩略与非缩略）是否以及如何表明与信息结构相关的突出性，并指导迷你两句对话中的句子处理。我们假设，非收缩的、分段完整的形式会独立于带有音高重音的超分段线索，在辅助语上承载韵律的重量。前两个实验表明，当“have”（in they have）带有高音高重音时，参与者可以利用它的韵律权重，与之前带有“haven’t”的否定问题相比，他们会感受到一种增强的肯定感。然而，当不带音高重音的时候，一个未收缩的have就不会被认为有如此重的韵律。没有音高重音的非收缩形式与重音形式不同，不仅在超音段特征上，而且在音段细节上，“h”被弱化了。实验3使用了一个不缩写的带有明显“h”的have，即使没有音高重音，也会产生韵律重音来增强肯定对比。实验4证实，这种影响不仅仅是由于这个形式作为一个整体的持续时间更长，由一个完整的“h”贡献，突出了真正的分词对他们的解释的贡献，其韵律权重与迷你对话的信息结构有关。我们的研究结果强调了片段细节在实时句子处理中的重要性，并为语法-韵律界面提供了新的见解，对语音产生和感知具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

A predictive coding model for online sentence processing 面向在线句子处理的预测编码模型

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104705

Chiebuka Ohams , Sathvik Nair , Shohini Bhattasali , Philip Resnik

Computational approaches to prediction in online sentence processing tend to be dominated by computation-level surprisal theory, offering few insights into underlying cognitive mechanisms. Conversely, predictive coding is an algorithmic theory grounded in neuroscience, but it has rarely been employed in the study of language processing, in part because its areas of application have not involved sequential processing. Building on a recently proposed temporal predictive coding model, we present what is to our knowledge the first exploration of sequential predictive coding in broad-coverage online sentence processing. We investigate our model at non-toy scale using naturally occurring language, establishing its cognitive validity via comparison with reading times, and we link measurable aspects of the model to cognitive discussions of mechanism for prediction in language processing. Our results suggest that sequential predictive coding models are a valuable complement to surprisal theory as a route to progress on process-oriented theories of language comprehension.

在线句子处理预测的计算方法往往以计算水平的惊喜理论为主，对潜在的认知机制提供的见解很少。相反，预测编码是一种基于神经科学的算法理论，但它很少被用于语言处理的研究，部分原因是它的应用领域不涉及顺序处理。在最近提出的时间预测编码模型的基础上，我们提出了据我们所知的第一次在广泛覆盖的在线句子处理中探索顺序预测编码。我们使用自然发生的语言在非玩具尺度上研究我们的模型，通过与阅读时间的比较建立其认知有效性，并将模型的可测量方面与语言处理预测机制的认知讨论联系起来。我们的研究结果表明，顺序预测编码模型是对惊喜理论的一个有价值的补充，是语言理解过程导向理论的一条进展之路。

引用次数: 0

Novel dynamics in semantic ambiguity processing: insights from a Semitic language 语义歧义处理的新动态：来自闪族语言的见解

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104709

Sami Boudelaa , Noha Fathi , Sameh Al Ansary

This study investigates the effects of semantic ambiguity in Arabic, a Semitic language with a unique root–pattern morphological structure, using lexical decision and semantic categorization tasks. Across five experiments, the study contrasted the processing of polysemous and homonymous words with that of unambiguous controls, examining how task demands modulate ambiguity effects. These findings reveal an early-stage processing advantage for both polysemes and homonyms during morphological decomposition, facilitated by shared root activation. In tasks emphasizing deeper semantic processing or the recombination of morphological components, polysemes demonstrate a robust advantage owing to cooperative dynamics among related senses, whereas homonyms show a processing disadvantage. Task specificity further shapes outcomes: smaller, well-defined categories minimize homonym competition, whereas broader categories amplify it. These results highlight the interplay between morphological decomposition and recombination in shaping lexical access and clarifies how cross-linguistic structure affects ambiguity processing.

本研究利用词法决策和语义分类任务，探讨了阿拉伯语这一具有独特词根形态结构的闪族语言的语义歧义效应。在五个实验中，该研究对比了多义词和同音词的处理与无歧义对照，研究任务需求如何调节歧义效应。这些发现揭示了在形态分解过程中，多义词和同音异义词在共享词根激活的促进下具有早期加工优势。在强调深层语义处理或形态成分重组的任务中，由于相关感官之间的合作动态，多义词表现出强大的优势，而同音异义词则表现出加工劣势。任务特异性进一步塑造了结果：较小的、定义明确的类别将同音竞争最小化，而更广泛的类别则放大了同音竞争。这些结果突出了形态分解和重组在形成词汇获取中的相互作用，并阐明了跨语言结构如何影响歧义加工。

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引用次数: 0

Phonological input processing is reduced during speech planning in turn taking 语音规划过程中语音输入处理减少

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104717

Mathias Barthel

In conversational turn taking, speech planning and language comprehension are known to frequently overlap in time, which has previously been found to lead to less efficient speech production due to parallel processing of linguistic input. Four experiments were conducted to investigate whether comprehension processes are also impaired by concurrent speech planning, or whether language comprehension is prioritised during process overlap in turn taking. In Experiment 1a, participants verbally responded to quiz questions while monitoring the auditorily presented question for a target phoneme. Phoneme detection performance was found to be reduced when the target phoneme was located at a position in the question where participants were already planning their response as compared to when they were not yet planning their response. A comparison with participants’ phoneme detection performance in Experiments 1b and 1c, featuring either no or a delayed speech planning task, shows that interlocutors prioritise speech planning in phases of limited processing capacity during turn taking situations. In Experiment 2, participants answered the same quiz questions used in Experiment 1a but had to detect tones instead of phonemes. A comparison with the phoneme detection performance in Experiment 1a suggests that speech planning interferes with phonological input processing in particular. Whether domain-general, non-linguistic auditory detection abilities are hindered by concurrent speech planning, as well as the social and processing-related causes and consequences of the common conversational strategy of planning during comprehension are discussed.

在会话轮流中，言语计划和语言理解在时间上经常重叠，这导致语言输入的并行处理导致言语产生效率较低。研究人员进行了四个实验，以探讨并发语音规划是否也会损害理解过程，或者语言理解是否在过程重叠中优先考虑。在实验1a中，参与者口头回答测验问题，同时监视听觉呈现的问题以寻找目标音素。研究发现，当目标音素位于问题中参与者已经在计划如何回答的位置时，与他们尚未计划如何回答的位置相比，他们的音素检测性能会降低。对比实验1b和实验1c中没有语音规划任务或延迟语音规划任务的参与者的音素检测表现，结果表明，在轮流情况下，对话者在处理能力有限的阶段优先考虑语音规划。在实验2中，参与者回答了与实验1a中相同的测试问题，但必须检测音调而不是音素。与实验1a中的音素检测表现的比较表明，语音规划尤其干扰音素输入处理。讨论了并发言语规划是否会阻碍领域通用的、非语言的听觉检测能力，以及在理解过程中言语规划的常见会话策略的社会和加工相关的原因和后果。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring effects of foveal load and preview restrictions for single and multiple parafoveal words in Chinese reading 中文阅读中中央凹负荷和预览限制对单个和多个旁中央凹词汇的影响

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104716

Manman Zhang , Zhichao Zhang , Fang Li , Xuejun Bai , Chuanli Zang , Simon P. Liversedge

Two experiments are reported that used the boundary paradigm to investigate how foveal lexical processing load (high/low frequency) of a pre-target word influences parafoveal processing of upcoming target word(s) with either zero-, one-, two- or three-character, or full preview in Chinese reading. In Experiment 1, the three characters comprised a single word as the target while in Experiment 2 they formed multiple words (two or three words). Pre-target word analyses showed an effective foveal load manipulation with low frequency pre-targets being fixated for longer than high frequency pre-targets in both experiments. Both experiments showed robust preview extent effects at the target words, such that fixation times increased, and landing positions shortened dramatically with reduced preview extent. Modulatory influences of foveal load effects were obtained on both fixation times and landing positions at the target region. These effects themselves were consistent, but reduced, for parafoveal character strings comprised of multiple words relative to a single word, consistent with the MCU hypothesis (Zang, 2019). Our findings demonstrate that increased foveal load reduces the disruptive influence of restrictive parafoveal windows and reduces preview extent in relation to saccadic targeting. The current findings align at a very basic level with the Foveal Load Hypothesis (Henderson & Ferreira, 1990), though the results indicate that a more nuanced theoretical account is necessary to capture all aspects of the results in respect of Chinese reading.

本文采用边界范式研究了在汉语阅读中，前目标词的中央凹词汇加工负荷（高/低频率）对即将到来的零字、一字、二字、三字或完全预览的目标词的旁中央凹加工的影响。在实验1中，三个字符组成一个单词作为目标，而在实验2中，三个字符组成多个单词（两个或三个单词）。前目标词分析表明，低频前目标的注视时间比高频前目标的注视时间长。两项实验均显示了较强的目标词预览程度效应，随着预览程度的降低，注视时间增加，着陆位置显著缩短。中央凹负荷效应对注视时间和目标区域着陆位置的调节影响。这些影响本身是一致的，但对于由多个单词组成的相对于单个单词的副中央凹字符串，这些影响会减弱，这与MCU假设一致（Zang, 2019）。我们的研究结果表明，增加的中央凹负荷减少了限制性中央凹旁窗口的破坏性影响，并减少了与跳眼瞄准相关的预览程度。目前的研究结果在一个非常基本的层面上与中央凹负荷假说（Henderson & Ferreira, 1990）一致，尽管结果表明，需要一个更细致的理论解释来捕捉有关中文阅读的所有方面的结果。

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引用次数: 0

The importance of attention for variation in learning to learn 注意变化在学习中的重要性

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104711

Nash Unsworth , Ashley L. Miller

Individual differences in learning to learn were examined in two studies. Participants performed a paired associates learning task across multiple trials. During learning task-evoked pupillary responses (as a measure of the intensity of attention) and fluctuations in baseline pupillary diameter (as a measure of arousal regulation) were measured. Participants were also presented with thought-probes to assess off-task thoughts and the consistency of attention during learning. Participants also completed measures of working memory and long-term memory, and self-reported their motivation, self-efficacy, and encoding strategies. Across both studies, the results suggested that participants who demonstrated more learning to learn tended to demonstrate increased pupillary responses across lists (indicating an increase in intensity/attentional effort), tended to sustain their attention and prevent off-task thoughts across lists, and tended to maintain arousal levels (less fluctuations in baseline pupil diameter) across lists better than participants who demonstrated less learning to learn. Learning to learn also demonstrated weaker relations with motivation and effective strategy use. Collectively, these results suggest that individual differences in learning to learn are associated with variation in the ability to manage different aspects of attention during learning as well as motivational and strategic factors.

两项研究考察了学习中的个体差异。参与者在多个试验中执行配对同伴学习任务。在学习过程中，测量了任务诱发的瞳孔反应（作为注意力强度的测量）和基线瞳孔直径的波动（作为唤醒调节的测量）。研究人员还向参与者提供了思维探针，以评估他们在学习过程中的非任务思维和注意力的一致性。参与者还完成了工作记忆和长期记忆的测量，并自我报告了他们的动机、自我效能和编码策略。在这两项研究中，结果表明，表现出更多学习能力的参与者在不同的列表中往往表现出更强的瞳孔反应（表明强度/注意力努力的增加），倾向于在不同的列表中保持注意力和防止任务外的想法，并且倾向于在不同的列表中保持唤醒水平（基线瞳孔直径波动较小）比表现出较少学习能力的参与者更好。学会学习与动机和有效的策略使用之间的关系也较弱。总的来说，这些结果表明，学习中的个体差异与学习过程中管理注意力不同方面的能力差异以及动机和策略因素有关。

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引用次数: 0