Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-248-260
L. F. Stovba, V. N. Lebedev, O. V. Chukhralia, A. L. Khmelev, S. L. Kuznetsov, S. Borisevich
After the abolition of the mandatory smallpox vaccination, the humanity lost the immunity not only to smallpox, but also to infections caused by pathogens of this family (Orthopoxvirus): monkeypox, cowpox, buffalo pox, camelpox. Since the camelpox and African gerbil viruses are the closest to the variola virus (genomic homology is 97%) in phylogenetic and genetic terms, it cannot be ruled out that a mutation in a small fragment of the genome of one of these viruses will lead to the replacement of a relatively safe virus with an epidemically dangerous pathogen. The purpose of is article is to summarize materials on the study of camelpox virus. The sources for this research is scientific articles and other English-language literature available via the Internet. The research method is an analysis of scientific sources on camelpox from the general to the specific. The authors considered the epizootic danger of the virus, its virulence for humans, phylogenetic relationship with other orthopoxviruses, means of specific prevention and treatment of camel pox in camels. The discussion and the results. The causative agent of camelpox causes a nodular-pastular rash on the skin and mucous membranes in Camelus dromedaries and Camelus bactrianus. The disease is contagious, and its epizootics lead to significant economic damage. From December 2008 to May 2009, several laboratory-confirmed cases of camelpox in humans were reported in India, Somalia and eastern Sudan. Nowadays for the identification of the camelpox virus, a RT-PCR test system with primers for the C18L gene is usually offered, which detects only this virus. The established host range of the virus is limited to one animal - the camel. To treat sick camels, chemotherapy drugs are used: cidofovir and tocoverimate (ST-246). For immunoprophylaxis, live and inactivated vaccines are used. The conclusion. Camelpox virus poses a risk to humans in regions where people raise camels and are in close contact with them. The immunodeficient populations of people may serve as an additional «window» for the penetration of this virus into human society. The genetic variability of the virus and the plasticity of its genome make it possible to obtain virus strains with altered properties. Synthetic biology methods create a risk, through small substitutions in the genome of the virus, of turning it into an epidemic danger for humans. Constant monitoring of this disease is necessary, since there is a danger of the transmission of camelpox from Kazakhstan to areas bordering the Russian Federation.
{"title":"Epidemiology of Camelpox: New Aspects","authors":"L. F. Stovba, V. N. Lebedev, O. V. Chukhralia, A. L. Khmelev, S. L. Kuznetsov, S. Borisevich","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-248-260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-248-260","url":null,"abstract":"After the abolition of the mandatory smallpox vaccination, the humanity lost the immunity not only to smallpox, but also to infections caused by pathogens of this family (Orthopoxvirus): monkeypox, cowpox, buffalo pox, camelpox. Since the camelpox and African gerbil viruses are the closest to the variola virus (genomic homology is 97%) in phylogenetic and genetic terms, it cannot be ruled out that a mutation in a small fragment of the genome of one of these viruses will lead to the replacement of a relatively safe virus with an epidemically dangerous pathogen. The purpose of is article is to summarize materials on the study of camelpox virus. The sources for this research is scientific articles and other English-language literature available via the Internet. The research method is an analysis of scientific sources on camelpox from the general to the specific. The authors considered the epizootic danger of the virus, its virulence for humans, phylogenetic relationship with other orthopoxviruses, means of specific prevention and treatment of camel pox in camels. The discussion and the results. The causative agent of camelpox causes a nodular-pastular rash on the skin and mucous membranes in Camelus dromedaries and Camelus bactrianus. The disease is contagious, and its epizootics lead to significant economic damage. From December 2008 to May 2009, several laboratory-confirmed cases of camelpox in humans were reported in India, Somalia and eastern Sudan. Nowadays for the identification of the camelpox virus, a RT-PCR test system with primers for the C18L gene is usually offered, which detects only this virus. The established host range of the virus is limited to one animal - the camel. To treat sick camels, chemotherapy drugs are used: cidofovir and tocoverimate (ST-246). For immunoprophylaxis, live and inactivated vaccines are used. The conclusion. Camelpox virus poses a risk to humans in regions where people raise camels and are in close contact with them. The immunodeficient populations of people may serve as an additional «window» for the penetration of this virus into human society. The genetic variability of the virus and the plasticity of its genome make it possible to obtain virus strains with altered properties. Synthetic biology methods create a risk, through small substitutions in the genome of the virus, of turning it into an epidemic danger for humans. Constant monitoring of this disease is necessary, since there is a danger of the transmission of camelpox from Kazakhstan to areas bordering the Russian Federation.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"53 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139447315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-286-298
A. Y. Kovalev, S. B. Blinov, S. A. Tkachenko, M. P. Shabelnikov, O. A. Kulazhin
Combined type personal respiratory protection equipment, combining the functions of air purification and complete isolation from the environment, has not received significant development due to the complexity of the design, which limits their use. At the same time, as the accumulated experience of the actions of rescue military units of the civil defense forces, the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation and units of the radiation, chemical and biological protection troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation shows, the use of combined type protective equipment in a number of cases is extremely necessary. The purpose of the work is to develop the design of a universal module connected to a filter gas mask to enable the implementation of a mode of complete isolation from the ambient air. Materials and methods. The justification for the design of the universal module was carried out on the basis of existing developments of design and circuit solutions for units and elements of the filter gas mask and self-contained breathing apparatus. Predictive assessment of the performance of the design of the removable module components was carried out by calculation in the Microsoft Excel 2013 environment using methods of aero- and hydrodynamic calculations of technological systems. The functionality of the main structural units of the module was tested in laboratory conditions while simulating the parameters of human external respiration. The discussion of the results. The following tasks were solved: the technical characteristics of the universal module were substantiated, ensuring the preservation of the indicators of the main protective, operational and ergonomic properties of filter gas masks and the design of the universal module with a predictive assessment of the performance of its main components; a physical model of the universal module was made; An experimental test of the performance of its main structural components was carried out. Conclusion. The results obtained confirmed the operability of the design and circuit solutions of the universal module, which ensures the implementation of a mode of complete isolation from ambient air in a standard set of filter gas masks.
兼具空气净化和与环境完全隔离功能的组合式个人呼吸防护设备，由于设计复杂， 限制了其使用，因此没有得到重大发展。同时，正如民防部队救援军事单位、俄罗斯联邦紧急情况部和俄罗斯联邦武装部队辐射、化学和生物防护部队积累的行动经验所表明的那样，在许多情况下使用组合型防护设备是极为必要的。这项工作的目的是开发设计一种与过滤式防毒面具连接的通用模块，以实现与环境空气完全隔离的模式。材料和方法。通用模块的设计依据是过滤式防毒面具和自给式呼吸器的单元和元件的现有设计和电路解决方案。通过在 Microsoft Excel 2013 环境中使用技术系统的空气和流体力学计算方法进行计算，对可拆卸模块组件的设计性能进行了预测评估。模块主要结构单元的功能在实验室条件下进行了测试，同时模拟了人体外部呼吸的参数。结果讨论。完成了以下任务：证实了通用模块的技术特性，确保过滤式防毒面具的主要保护、操作和人体工程学特性指标得以保留，并在设计通用模块时对其主要部件的性能进行了预测性评估；制作了通用模块的物理模型；对其主要结构部件的性能进行了实验测试。结论。所获得的结果证实了通用模块的设计和电路解决方案的可操作性，这确保了在一套标准过滤防毒面具中实现与环境空气完全隔离的模式。
{"title":"Ensuring the Possibility of Using a Standard Set of Filter Gas Masks in an Isolating Protection Mode","authors":"A. Y. Kovalev, S. B. Blinov, S. A. Tkachenko, M. P. Shabelnikov, O. A. Kulazhin","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-286-298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-286-298","url":null,"abstract":"Combined type personal respiratory protection equipment, combining the functions of air purification and complete isolation from the environment, has not received significant development due to the complexity of the design, which limits their use. At the same time, as the accumulated experience of the actions of rescue military units of the civil defense forces, the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation and units of the radiation, chemical and biological protection troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation shows, the use of combined type protective equipment in a number of cases is extremely necessary. The purpose of the work is to develop the design of a universal module connected to a filter gas mask to enable the implementation of a mode of complete isolation from the ambient air. Materials and methods. The justification for the design of the universal module was carried out on the basis of existing developments of design and circuit solutions for units and elements of the filter gas mask and self-contained breathing apparatus. Predictive assessment of the performance of the design of the removable module components was carried out by calculation in the Microsoft Excel 2013 environment using methods of aero- and hydrodynamic calculations of technological systems. The functionality of the main structural units of the module was tested in laboratory conditions while simulating the parameters of human external respiration. The discussion of the results. The following tasks were solved: the technical characteristics of the universal module were substantiated, ensuring the preservation of the indicators of the main protective, operational and ergonomic properties of filter gas masks and the design of the universal module with a predictive assessment of the performance of its main components; a physical model of the universal module was made; An experimental test of the performance of its main structural components was carried out. Conclusion. The results obtained confirmed the operability of the design and circuit solutions of the universal module, which ensures the implementation of a mode of complete isolation from ambient air in a standard set of filter gas masks.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139445303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-205-235
M. V. Supotnitskiy
Currently, there are practically no people left who have seen the consequences of the use of nuclear weapons. This is the reason for certain frivolous statements about the advisability of using tactical nuclear weapons to solve certain tactical problems. The purpose of this work is to remind, using the example of the consequences of the atomic bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, how does the nuclear war looks like in reality. Materials and Methods. Open sources from the Cold War era and more recent reviews of the consequences of the use of nuclear weapons were analyzed. The analysis was carried out from general to specific, i.e. from the understanding of physical processes underlying a nuclear explosion and determining the design of the nuclear devices, to the specific consequences of their use. Discussion. The article analyses the history of the creation of the «Gadget», «Fat Man» and «Kid» bombs, their design, preparation and the results of the use. Detailed descriptions of nuclear explosions and the consequences of their use, made both by those who used nuclear weapons and by those against whom they were used, are provided. Being imperfect in design and ineffective in using fissile matter, they showed stunning power even for the present time, destroying two densely populated cities and at least 106 thousand people at once. Real examples show the features of the destruction of engineering objects and the impact on people of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Attention is drawn to the fact that the power of the bombs used was 15 and 22 kt, respectively. According to modern NATO classification, these are tactical nuclear weapons. It is designed to destroy targets in the tactical depth of enemy troop deployment (up to 300 km). The maximum power of tactical ammunition according to NATO standards is up to 100 kt. It means that the yield of the tactical ammunition used in battle will depend on the tactical mission, and not be limited to a few kilotons. Conclusions. The use of tactical nuclear weapons without escalating their power, causing large casualties among the population and the risk of being drawn into a global nuclear war is impossible. Currently, the world is oversaturated with nuclear and thermonuclear weapons. Some countries possess them secretly, others have the potential to create such weapons. Therefore, any use of nuclear weapons by anyone will lead to the lowering of the threshold of nuclear deterrence. It will become a common thing during the resolution of military conflicts.
{"title":"Nuclear War as It Looks","authors":"M. V. Supotnitskiy","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-205-235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-205-235","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, there are practically no people left who have seen the consequences of the use of nuclear weapons. This is the reason for certain frivolous statements about the advisability of using tactical nuclear weapons to solve certain tactical problems. The purpose of this work is to remind, using the example of the consequences of the atomic bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, how does the nuclear war looks like in reality. Materials and Methods. Open sources from the Cold War era and more recent reviews of the consequences of the use of nuclear weapons were analyzed. The analysis was carried out from general to specific, i.e. from the understanding of physical processes underlying a nuclear explosion and determining the design of the nuclear devices, to the specific consequences of their use. Discussion. The article analyses the history of the creation of the «Gadget», «Fat Man» and «Kid» bombs, their design, preparation and the results of the use. Detailed descriptions of nuclear explosions and the consequences of their use, made both by those who used nuclear weapons and by those against whom they were used, are provided. Being imperfect in design and ineffective in using fissile matter, they showed stunning power even for the present time, destroying two densely populated cities and at least 106 thousand people at once. Real examples show the features of the destruction of engineering objects and the impact on people of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Attention is drawn to the fact that the power of the bombs used was 15 and 22 kt, respectively. According to modern NATO classification, these are tactical nuclear weapons. It is designed to destroy targets in the tactical depth of enemy troop deployment (up to 300 km). The maximum power of tactical ammunition according to NATO standards is up to 100 kt. It means that the yield of the tactical ammunition used in battle will depend on the tactical mission, and not be limited to a few kilotons. Conclusions. The use of tactical nuclear weapons without escalating their power, causing large casualties among the population and the risk of being drawn into a global nuclear war is impossible. Currently, the world is oversaturated with nuclear and thermonuclear weapons. Some countries possess them secretly, others have the potential to create such weapons. Therefore, any use of nuclear weapons by anyone will lead to the lowering of the threshold of nuclear deterrence. It will become a common thing during the resolution of military conflicts.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"39 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139446158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-237-247
V. V. Olicheva, A. D. Titova, I. R. Ilyasov, V. N. Fateenkov, A. V. Braun
Quercetin is one of the most promising natural polyphenolic radioprotective compounds. This property is based on its radical-scavenging activity and high antioxidant capacity, in the manifestation of which the products of oxidative degradation of quercetin play a significant role. The formation of specific metabolites during the oxidation of quercetin can determine not only its radioprotective properties, but also toxic manifestations. The purpose of this article is to summarize previously obtained data regarding the reaction pathways of oxidative transformation of quercetin. Materials and methods. We used publicly available scientific publications dedicated to the study of quercetin transformation processes. The method of analysis is descriptive. The discussion of the results. A review of scientific works dedicated to oxygen oxidation, radical-initiated oxidation, electrochemical and enzymatic oxidation is presented, possible transformation products of quercetin and the mechanisms of their formation are given. The most characteristic oxidation pathways of quercetin are determined by the chemical structure of the rings, which exhibit specific reactivity. The influence of the solvent composition on the oxidation products during the autoxidation of quercetin was revealed, while the radical and electrochemical models of oxidation differ in the presence of polymer adducts. Once in a living organism, quercetin can bind free radicals, thereby preventing the harmful effects of radiation, that is, it has the properties of a radioprotector. Conclusions. Quercetin can be considered as a potential radioprotector due to its ability to bind free radicals formed in the biological fluids of living organisms exposed to radiation.
{"title":"Reaction Pathways of Oxidative Transformation of the Radioprotector Quercetin","authors":"V. V. Olicheva, A. D. Titova, I. R. Ilyasov, V. N. Fateenkov, A. V. Braun","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-237-247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-237-247","url":null,"abstract":"Quercetin is one of the most promising natural polyphenolic radioprotective compounds. This property is based on its radical-scavenging activity and high antioxidant capacity, in the manifestation of which the products of oxidative degradation of quercetin play a significant role. The formation of specific metabolites during the oxidation of quercetin can determine not only its radioprotective properties, but also toxic manifestations. The purpose of this article is to summarize previously obtained data regarding the reaction pathways of oxidative transformation of quercetin. Materials and methods. We used publicly available scientific publications dedicated to the study of quercetin transformation processes. The method of analysis is descriptive. The discussion of the results. A review of scientific works dedicated to oxygen oxidation, radical-initiated oxidation, electrochemical and enzymatic oxidation is presented, possible transformation products of quercetin and the mechanisms of their formation are given. The most characteristic oxidation pathways of quercetin are determined by the chemical structure of the rings, which exhibit specific reactivity. The influence of the solvent composition on the oxidation products during the autoxidation of quercetin was revealed, while the radical and electrochemical models of oxidation differ in the presence of polymer adducts. Once in a living organism, quercetin can bind free radicals, thereby preventing the harmful effects of radiation, that is, it has the properties of a radioprotector. Conclusions. Quercetin can be considered as a potential radioprotector due to its ability to bind free radicals formed in the biological fluids of living organisms exposed to radiation.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139446595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-276-285
J. Lakota
White phosphorus (WP) has been used in hand grenades, mortar and artillery shells, and aerial bombs since World War I. Recently it has been used in combat operations in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Yemen, Nagorno-Karabakh and is used during the Palestinian-Israeli conflict in Gaza. Burns caused by WP usually result in death or disability. The purpose of the work is to analyze and summarize the data of the scientific literature on the medical consequences and treatment of lesions caused using ammunition with WP. Materials and methods. For the analysis, we used available scientific publications describing the consequences of WP burns received during hostilities. The method of analysis is descriptive. The following tasks were solved: the properties of WP as a damaging agent were studied; materials on the medical consequences of WP lesions and methods of treatment of such lesions were summarized. Discussion of the results. WP is highly reactive, highly toxic and ignites in air as early as 35°C. The severity of WP lesions is the result of both the thermal and chemical effects of combustion. Fatalities among humans from WP burns have occurred involving less than 10% of the total body surface area. Burns caused by WP heal more slowly than thermal burns. WP penetrates deeply through the fatty subcutaneous tissue. Therefore, the burns are full-thick, necrotic. The absorbed WP acts as a cellular poison and causes damage to the central nervous system, liver, kidneys, myocardium, and other organs. Any WP particles trapped in the wound may re-ignite. Conclusion. At the pre-hospital stage, the first thing to do is to wash off the wounds with cool water and remove the pieces of WP that have fallen into the skin with forceps. The light from the UV lamp can help to visualize the small particles of WP. Cleaning exfoliated skin and removing visible WP particles from the skin are critical methods for limiting wound severity and systemic WP absorption. It is advisable to excise the burned area within an hour after the lesion and repeat surgical procedures until all phosphorus particles have been removed; to control during the first 48 hours for the content of calcium and phosphorus in the blood serum with appropriate correction. In the future, skin grafting and treatment with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells are advisable.
{"title":"Medical Consequences and Treatment of Injuries Caused by White Phosphorus Munitions","authors":"J. Lakota","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-276-285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-276-285","url":null,"abstract":"White phosphorus (WP) has been used in hand grenades, mortar and artillery shells, and aerial bombs since World War I. Recently it has been used in combat operations in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Yemen, Nagorno-Karabakh and is used during the Palestinian-Israeli conflict in Gaza. Burns caused by WP usually result in death or disability. The purpose of the work is to analyze and summarize the data of the scientific literature on the medical consequences and treatment of lesions caused using ammunition with WP. Materials and methods. For the analysis, we used available scientific publications describing the consequences of WP burns received during hostilities. The method of analysis is descriptive. The following tasks were solved: the properties of WP as a damaging agent were studied; materials on the medical consequences of WP lesions and methods of treatment of such lesions were summarized. Discussion of the results. WP is highly reactive, highly toxic and ignites in air as early as 35°C. The severity of WP lesions is the result of both the thermal and chemical effects of combustion. Fatalities among humans from WP burns have occurred involving less than 10% of the total body surface area. Burns caused by WP heal more slowly than thermal burns. WP penetrates deeply through the fatty subcutaneous tissue. Therefore, the burns are full-thick, necrotic. The absorbed WP acts as a cellular poison and causes damage to the central nervous system, liver, kidneys, myocardium, and other organs. Any WP particles trapped in the wound may re-ignite. Conclusion. At the pre-hospital stage, the first thing to do is to wash off the wounds with cool water and remove the pieces of WP that have fallen into the skin with forceps. The light from the UV lamp can help to visualize the small particles of WP. Cleaning exfoliated skin and removing visible WP particles from the skin are critical methods for limiting wound severity and systemic WP absorption. It is advisable to excise the burned area within an hour after the lesion and repeat surgical procedures until all phosphorus particles have been removed; to control during the first 48 hours for the content of calcium and phosphorus in the blood serum with appropriate correction. In the future, skin grafting and treatment with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells are advisable.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"59 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139446716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-6-23
Российская Федерация, проезд Энтузиастов
The intention of the collective West to supply the armed forces of Ukraine with armor-piercing shells with cores (penetrators) made of depleted uranium (DU), is changing the situation in the zone of special military operation (SVO). A new damaging factor is introduced into combat operations – uranium-238 (238U), one of the longest-lived natural radioactive isotopes of uranium. The purpose of the review is to identify the signs and consequences of the use of armor-piercing projectiles based on depleted uranium. Materials and research methods. The sources available through the PubMed, Google Scholar and Russian Electronic Library databases were analyzed. Research results. NATO uses DU in 20-, 25-, 30-, 105-, 120- and 140-mm caliber projectiles. The cores are made from recycled DU, which is a waste from the production of nuclear weapons. Due to man-made isotopes, it is more radioactive than DU from natural uranium. When such a projectile hits an armored object, a large amount of respirable radioactive and toxic dust of black uranium oxides, small fragments and fragments of the penetrator, remaining in the armored vehicles and around it, is formed. One 120 mm projectile produces approximately 950 g of black dust. Almost 99 % of the internal dose received by the military will come from alpha particles, the most dangerous to health. Projectiles that miss their targets sink deep into the soil, their penetrators corrode for decades, releasing soluble uranium compounds into underground water sources. In areas where DU shells were used, mass diseases of «unexplained etiology» are observed among military personnel and civilians, reducing their life expectancy and fertility. Discussion of results and conclusions. The first signs of the use of shells with DU, which can be installed on the battlefield: round holes in the armor of tanks and the presence of solid black dust around them and in the tank itself. In case of fires in the warehouses of such shells, due to other oxidation conditions, crumbling yellow dust is formed. When examining it, it is necessary to pay attention to the presence of elevated concentrations of 236U. The fact that a soldier was hit by DU can be confirmed by the presence of uranium in his urine. The use of DU shells on the territory of the Russian Federation, in terms of its consequences for people and nature, is the use of radiological weapons, a disguised form of nuclear warfare. And it must be treated accordingly.
{"title":"Armor Piercing Projectiles Based on Depleted Uranium and the Consequences of Their Use for the Environment and People","authors":"Российская Федерация, проезд Энтузиастов","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-6-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-6-23","url":null,"abstract":" The intention of the collective West to supply the armed forces of Ukraine with armor-piercing shells with cores (penetrators) made of depleted uranium (DU), is changing the situation in the zone of special military operation (SVO). A new damaging factor is introduced into combat operations – uranium-238 (238U), one of the longest-lived natural radioactive isotopes of uranium. The purpose of the review is to identify the signs and consequences of the use of armor-piercing projectiles based on depleted uranium. Materials and research methods. The sources available through the PubMed, Google Scholar and Russian Electronic Library databases were analyzed. Research results. NATO uses DU in 20-, 25-, 30-, 105-, 120- and 140-mm caliber projectiles. The cores are made from recycled DU, which is a waste from the production of nuclear weapons. Due to man-made isotopes, it is more radioactive than DU from natural uranium. When such a projectile hits an armored object, a large amount of respirable radioactive and toxic dust of black uranium oxides, small fragments and fragments of the penetrator, remaining in the armored vehicles and around it, is formed. One 120 mm projectile produces approximately 950 g of black dust. Almost 99 % of the internal dose received by the military will come from alpha particles, the most dangerous to health. Projectiles that miss their targets sink deep into the soil, their penetrators corrode for decades, releasing soluble uranium compounds into underground water sources. In areas where DU shells were used, mass diseases of «unexplained etiology» are observed among military personnel and civilians, reducing their life expectancy and fertility. Discussion of results and conclusions. The first signs of the use of shells with DU, which can be installed on the battlefield: round holes in the armor of tanks and the presence of solid black dust around them and in the tank itself. In case of fires in the warehouses of such shells, due to other oxidation conditions, crumbling yellow dust is formed. When examining it, it is necessary to pay attention to the presence of elevated concentrations of 236U. The fact that a soldier was hit by DU can be confirmed by the presence of uranium in his urine. The use of DU shells on the territory of the Russian Federation, in terms of its consequences for people and nature, is the use of radiological weapons, a disguised form of nuclear warfare. And it must be treated accordingly.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"299 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74061137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-36-52
E. N. Glotov, V. P. Kotov, I. Lozanov, M. L. Makarov, О. М. Nikitin, А. М. Fleyer, N. I. Shilo
Modern terrorism is a complex system that consists of a complex of complementary processes – ideological, criminal, military, political, religious and nationalistic. Chemical terrorism is one of the elements of hybrid warfare – a new technology in the fight for the reorganization of the world at the present stage. The purpose of this article is to consider one of the elements of hybrid wars – chemical terrorism. Sources and informational basis of the research, methodology. In this work, the sources published by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) were used. The publications available through the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary, etc. were also studied. Research method – system analysis. The probability of the use of chemical warfare agents and toxic chemicals by terrorists of various ideological orientations as part of a hybrid war strategy has been studied. The discussion of the results. Hybrid military conflicts of a non-classical nature involve the participation of international terrorist organizations in hostilities. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (CWC) does not explicitly prohibit non-state actors from obtaining and using chemical weapons. This situation is very convenient for the states that have signed the CWC and use terrorist organizations as part of the strategy of indirect action. In such cases the information and psychological operations are aimed at the collapse and fragmentation of countries, undermining their ability to resist, discrediting their leaders, and causing a split in the ranks of the allies. This was most clearly shown in the incidents with the use of toxic chemicals in Syria. Conclusion. Working groups under the auspices of the UN and the OPCW, sent to Syria to investigate incidents with the use of sarin, proved unable to conduct objective investigations. They usually ended up on the side of the sponsors of chemical terrorist attacks, despite the evidence of falsification. This, in turn, can lead to serious military conflicts, for which the role of casus belli will be played by false news from the global media. The only mechanism that made it possible to stop such provocations in Syria was a public warning from the Russian side about the place and time of the planned false flag attack. At the same time, such a selective position of the UN and the OPCW can at any moment lead to the loss of the control over chemical weapons in certain regions of the world.
{"title":"International Terrorism Using Toxic Chemicals as an Element of Hybrid Warfare","authors":"E. N. Glotov, V. P. Kotov, I. Lozanov, M. L. Makarov, О. М. Nikitin, А. М. Fleyer, N. I. Shilo","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-36-52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-36-52","url":null,"abstract":" Modern terrorism is a complex system that consists of a complex of complementary processes – ideological, criminal, military, political, religious and nationalistic. Chemical terrorism is one of the elements of hybrid warfare – a new technology in the fight for the reorganization of the world at the present stage. The purpose of this article is to consider one of the elements of hybrid wars – chemical terrorism. Sources and informational basis of the research, methodology. In this work, the sources published by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) were used. The publications available through the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary, etc. were also studied. Research method – system analysis. The probability of the use of chemical warfare agents and toxic chemicals by terrorists of various ideological orientations as part of a hybrid war strategy has been studied. The discussion of the results. Hybrid military conflicts of a non-classical nature involve the participation of international terrorist organizations in hostilities. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (CWC) does not explicitly prohibit non-state actors from obtaining and using chemical weapons. This situation is very convenient for the states that have signed the CWC and use terrorist organizations as part of the strategy of indirect action. In such cases the information and psychological operations are aimed at the collapse and fragmentation of countries, undermining their ability to resist, discrediting their leaders, and causing a split in the ranks of the allies. This was most clearly shown in the incidents with the use of toxic chemicals in Syria. Conclusion. Working groups under the auspices of the UN and the OPCW, sent to Syria to investigate incidents with the use of sarin, proved unable to conduct objective investigations. They usually ended up on the side of the sponsors of chemical terrorist attacks, despite the evidence of falsification. This, in turn, can lead to serious military conflicts, for which the role of casus belli will be played by false news from the global media. The only mechanism that made it possible to stop such provocations in Syria was a public warning from the Russian side about the place and time of the planned false flag attack. At the same time, such a selective position of the UN and the OPCW can at any moment lead to the loss of the control over chemical weapons in certain regions of the world.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75375314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-62-72
V. Inozemtsev, N. B. Lopatina, L. B. Dolgova, D. Frolov, A. Meshcheryakov
The lecture is intended for the improvement of the professional skills and knowledge of the students and graduates of military schools in the field of foreign flamethrower-incendiary armament. Two problems are considered in the lecture: 1) the principal trends of the development of incendiary ammunition of foreign countries; 2) the principal trends of the development of flamethrower-incendiary systems of foreign countries.
{"title":"The Principal Trends of the Development of Flamethrower-incendiary Armament of Foreign Сountries","authors":"V. Inozemtsev, N. B. Lopatina, L. B. Dolgova, D. Frolov, A. Meshcheryakov","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-62-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-62-72","url":null,"abstract":" The lecture is intended for the improvement of the professional skills and knowledge of the students and graduates of military schools in the field of foreign flamethrower-incendiary armament. Two problems are considered in the lecture: 1) the principal trends of the development of incendiary ammunition of foreign countries; 2) the principal trends of the development of flamethrower-incendiary systems of foreign countries.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82306226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-73-81
M. V. Supotnitskiy
The growth of inventive activity in the NBC Protection Troops is accompanied by an increase in requests for examination, leading to a delay in the process of considering patent applications at the Federal Institute of Industrial Property of Rospatent. The aim of this work is to summarize the common mistakes in the claim and the Specifications of the inventions in the NBC Protection Troops. Materials and research methods. Examination requests for applications for inventions were analyzed, for which positive decisions were eventually received, i. e. the delay in their consideration was not due to the lack of a technical solution. In the application materials, the most typical mistakes were identified and summarized with the references to regulatory documents. The provisions of these documents were explained in the text of the article and supported by references to the work of patent law specialists. The results of the study. The main mistakes detected at the stage of formal examination are made in the application, description of drawings and in the claims. At the stage of substantive examination, the experts pay attention to the applicants' misunderstanding of the rules for drawing up the claims and sections of the description that substantiate the claims. The «Background of the Invention» section is usually presented in the form of a review, in which the closest analogue is not analyzed; the technical result is not indicated; examples revealing the implementation of the claimed invention are not complete. Discussion of results and conclusions. Any mistakes detected at the stage of formal expertise can be easily corrected with careful attention to the preparation of application documents. The mistakes identified at the stage of substantive examination are of a systemic nature. They are based on the stereotypes of a specialist, who can not see patentable technical solutions and cannot plan them. It is possible to correct this situation by training young specialists in the field of legal protection and protection of inventions, utility models, industrial designs and methods of their use, even before they start their main activities. It is possible also to accompany such trainings with the study of the fundamentals of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving. Patenting itself must be carried out within the framework of the organization's patent policy.
{"title":"Typical Mistakes in Claims and Specifications of the Inventions in the NBC Protection Corps","authors":"M. V. Supotnitskiy","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-73-81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-73-81","url":null,"abstract":" The growth of inventive activity in the NBC Protection Troops is accompanied by an increase in requests for examination, leading to a delay in the process of considering patent applications at the Federal Institute of Industrial Property of Rospatent. The aim of this work is to summarize the common mistakes in the claim and the Specifications of the inventions in the NBC Protection Troops. Materials and research methods. Examination requests for applications for inventions were analyzed, for which positive decisions were eventually received, i. e. the delay in their consideration was not due to the lack of a technical solution. In the application materials, the most typical mistakes were identified and summarized with the references to regulatory documents. The provisions of these documents were explained in the text of the article and supported by references to the work of patent law specialists. The results of the study. The main mistakes detected at the stage of formal examination are made in the application, description of drawings and in the claims. At the stage of substantive examination, the experts pay attention to the applicants' misunderstanding of the rules for drawing up the claims and sections of the description that substantiate the claims. The «Background of the Invention» section is usually presented in the form of a review, in which the closest analogue is not analyzed; the technical result is not indicated; examples revealing the implementation of the claimed invention are not complete. Discussion of results and conclusions. Any mistakes detected at the stage of formal expertise can be easily corrected with careful attention to the preparation of application documents. The mistakes identified at the stage of substantive examination are of a systemic nature. They are based on the stereotypes of a specialist, who can not see patentable technical solutions and cannot plan them. It is possible to correct this situation by training young specialists in the field of legal protection and protection of inventions, utility models, industrial designs and methods of their use, even before they start their main activities. It is possible also to accompany such trainings with the study of the fundamentals of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving. Patenting itself must be carried out within the framework of the organization's patent policy.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75187083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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