Pub Date : 2024-04-03DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-366-383
Ya. A. Kibirev, A. V. Kuznetsovskiy, S. G. Isupov, I. V. Darmov
Effective counteraction to biological threats, both natural and man-made, requires the availability of means and methods for rapid and reliable microorganism identification and a comprehensive study of their basic biological properties. Over the past decade, the arsenal of domestic microbiologists has been supplemented by numerous methods for analyzing the genomes of pathogens, primarily based on nucleic acid sequencing. The purpose of this work is to provide the reader with information about capabilities of modern technical and methodological arsenal used for in-depth molecular genetic study of microorganisms, including bioinformatics solutions used for the genetic data analysis. The source base for this research is English-language scientific literature available via the Internet, bioinformation software documentation. The research method is an analysis of scientific sources from the general to the specific. We considered the features of sequencing platforms, the main stages of genetic information analysis, current bioinformation utilities, their interaction and organization into a single workflow. Results and discussion. The performance of modern genetic analyzers allows for complete decoding of the bacterial genome within one day, including the time required to prepare the sample for research. The key factor that largely determines the effectiveness of the genetic analysis methods used is the competent use of the necessary bioinformatics software utilities. Standard stages of primary genetic data analysis are assessment of the quality control, data preprocessing, mapping to a reference genome or de novo genome assembly, genome annotation, typing and identification of significant genetic determinants (resistance to antibacterial drugs, pathogenicity factors, etc.), phylogenetic analysis. For each stage bioinformation utilities have been developed, differing in implemented analysis algorithms. Conclusion. Open source utilities that do not require access to remote resources for their operation are of greatest interest due to activities specifics of NBC protection corps units.
{"title":"Modern Bioinformatics Solutions Used for Genetic Data Analysis","authors":"Ya. A. Kibirev, A. V. Kuznetsovskiy, S. G. Isupov, I. V. Darmov","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-366-383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-366-383","url":null,"abstract":"Effective counteraction to biological threats, both natural and man-made, requires the availability of means and methods for rapid and reliable microorganism identification and a comprehensive study of their basic biological properties. Over the past decade, the arsenal of domestic microbiologists has been supplemented by numerous methods for analyzing the genomes of pathogens, primarily based on nucleic acid sequencing. The purpose of this work is to provide the reader with information about capabilities of modern technical and methodological arsenal used for in-depth molecular genetic study of microorganisms, including bioinformatics solutions used for the genetic data analysis. The source base for this research is English-language scientific literature available via the Internet, bioinformation software documentation. The research method is an analysis of scientific sources from the general to the specific. We considered the features of sequencing platforms, the main stages of genetic information analysis, current bioinformation utilities, their interaction and organization into a single workflow. Results and discussion. The performance of modern genetic analyzers allows for complete decoding of the bacterial genome within one day, including the time required to prepare the sample for research. The key factor that largely determines the effectiveness of the genetic analysis methods used is the competent use of the necessary bioinformatics software utilities. Standard stages of primary genetic data analysis are assessment of the quality control, data preprocessing, mapping to a reference genome or de novo genome assembly, genome annotation, typing and identification of significant genetic determinants (resistance to antibacterial drugs, pathogenicity factors, etc.), phylogenetic analysis. For each stage bioinformation utilities have been developed, differing in implemented analysis algorithms. Conclusion. Open source utilities that do not require access to remote resources for their operation are of greatest interest due to activities specifics of NBC protection corps units.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"101 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140747036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-03DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-384-392
A. Petrov, A. Kazantsev, K. A. Panferov, A. A. Chislov, E. A. Kovalchuk, D. A. Kutaev, S. Borisevich
Catastrophic pandemic of the particularly dangerous coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in 2020–2022 and the unexpected spread of the monkeypox pathogen from Africa in 2022, demonstrate the need for an adequate response to biological threats that have exotic infections as their source, overcome the interspecies barrier between animals and humans and have high rates of virulence and contagiousness in relation to the latter. The purpose of the article is to create a technology for constructing means for the express indication of new especially dangerous and exotic infections, which makes it possible to quickly develop a gene diagnostic tool, evaluate its characteristics and launch large-scale production. Materials and methods. The authors used technologies for constructing means for express indication of new especially dangerous and exotic infections based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR-RT-Flu/ Coronavirus) methods, suitable for multiplex identification of coronavirus RNA. The discussion of the results. The developed technology for constructing means for express indication of new especially dangerous and exotic infections was successfully tested at the laboratory base of the FSBЕ «48 Central Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation using the example of designing a «Set of reagents for detecting the RNA of coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and virus influenza A by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR-RT-Flu/Coronavirus)», suitable for multiplex identification of coronavirus RNA. Conclusion. As a result of the research carried out to evaluate the equipment available at the laboratory base of the FSBЕ «48 Central Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the adaptation and implementation of key production processes, the development and production of express-indication reagents, as well as testing the technology for constructing express-indication means for new especially dangerous and exotic infections, using the example of designing a set of RT-PCR-RV-Flu/Coronavirus reagents, a gene diagnostic platform was created for the development of reagents for the express indication of new especially dangerous and exotic infections.
{"title":"Approbation of the Technology for Constructing Means of Express Indication of New Especially Dangerous","authors":"A. Petrov, A. Kazantsev, K. A. Panferov, A. A. Chislov, E. A. Kovalchuk, D. A. Kutaev, S. Borisevich","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-384-392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-384-392","url":null,"abstract":"Catastrophic pandemic of the particularly dangerous coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in 2020–2022 and the unexpected spread of the monkeypox pathogen from Africa in 2022, demonstrate the need for an adequate response to biological threats that have exotic infections as their source, overcome the interspecies barrier between animals and humans and have high rates of virulence and contagiousness in relation to the latter. The purpose of the article is to create a technology for constructing means for the express indication of new especially dangerous and exotic infections, which makes it possible to quickly develop a gene diagnostic tool, evaluate its characteristics and launch large-scale production. Materials and methods. The authors used technologies for constructing means for express indication of new especially dangerous and exotic infections based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR-RT-Flu/ Coronavirus) methods, suitable for multiplex identification of coronavirus RNA. The discussion of the results. The developed technology for constructing means for express indication of new especially dangerous and exotic infections was successfully tested at the laboratory base of the FSBЕ «48 Central Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation using the example of designing a «Set of reagents for detecting the RNA of coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and virus influenza A by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR-RT-Flu/Coronavirus)», suitable for multiplex identification of coronavirus RNA. Conclusion. As a result of the research carried out to evaluate the equipment available at the laboratory base of the FSBЕ «48 Central Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the adaptation and implementation of key production processes, the development and production of express-indication reagents, as well as testing the technology for constructing express-indication means for new especially dangerous and exotic infections, using the example of designing a set of RT-PCR-RV-Flu/Coronavirus reagents, a gene diagnostic platform was created for the development of reagents for the express indication of new especially dangerous and exotic infections.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"47 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140748032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-338-349
T. E. Sizikova, N. Karulina, A. Petrov, V. N. Lebedev, S. Borisevich
The analysis of existing information about invasion of COVID-19 in Russia shows that that one of leading reason of existing of new rises of covid-19 morbidity is distribution of new genovariants of SARS-CoV-2 virus. The omicron genovariant of SARS-CoV-2 virus was a dominant agent of fifth and subsequent rises of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia. The aim of this work – the estimation of sublines of omicron genovariant of SARS-CoV-2 virus as potential dominant agents of new rises of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia. The source base of the study. Data published in Russian and English-language scientific publications available via the Internet (RSCI, PubMed, Google Scholar). The research method is analytical. Results. The basic properties of omicron genovariant of SARS-CoV-2 virus, epidemical characteristics of the rises of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia, caused by new sublines of omicron variant, estimation ofsublines of omicron genovariant as potential dominant agent of new rises of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia are viewed. It is shown that basic direction of SARS-CoV-2 virus evolution is existing of sublines of omicron genovariant, which are characterized by increased transmissivity but with less severity of the disease caused compared to previously circulated variants of COVID-19agent. The main distinguishing feature of the new subvariants («Kraken», «Czerber», «Centaur», «Arktur», «Pirola») are multiple amino acid exchanges in structural glycoprotein S. The maximum level of variability of this structural protein compared to the original variant of SARS-CoV-2 virus is marked for Pirola subvariant. Onle Kraken subvariant was dominant agent of rise of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia. Conclusion. New rises of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia will not be connected with existing of new subvariants of omicron genovariant, but only with season factor.
{"title":"Sublines of Omicron Genovariant of SARS-CoV-2 Virus as Potential Dominant Agents of New Rises of COVID-19 Morbidity in Russia","authors":"T. E. Sizikova, N. Karulina, A. Petrov, V. N. Lebedev, S. Borisevich","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-338-349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-338-349","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of existing information about invasion of COVID-19 in Russia shows that that one of leading reason of existing of new rises of covid-19 morbidity is distribution of new genovariants of SARS-CoV-2 virus. The omicron genovariant of SARS-CoV-2 virus was a dominant agent of fifth and subsequent rises of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia. The aim of this work – the estimation of sublines of omicron genovariant of SARS-CoV-2 virus as potential dominant agents of new rises of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia. The source base of the study. Data published in Russian and English-language scientific publications available via the Internet (RSCI, PubMed, Google Scholar). The research method is analytical. Results. The basic properties of omicron genovariant of SARS-CoV-2 virus, epidemical characteristics of the rises of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia, caused by new sublines of omicron variant, estimation ofsublines of omicron genovariant as potential dominant agent of new rises of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia are viewed. It is shown that basic direction of SARS-CoV-2 virus evolution is existing of sublines of omicron genovariant, which are characterized by increased transmissivity but with less severity of the disease caused compared to previously circulated variants of COVID-19agent. The main distinguishing feature of the new subvariants («Kraken», «Czerber», «Centaur», «Arktur», «Pirola») are multiple amino acid exchanges in structural glycoprotein S. The maximum level of variability of this structural protein compared to the original variant of SARS-CoV-2 virus is marked for Pirola subvariant. Onle Kraken subvariant was dominant agent of rise of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia. Conclusion. New rises of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia will not be connected with existing of new subvariants of omicron genovariant, but only with season factor.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"554 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140751084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-397-398
M. V. Supotnitskiy
.
.
{"title":"Chronicle of the Declared Crisis. How a Virus Could Change the World. Peer Review","authors":"M. V. Supotnitskiy","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-397-398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-397-398","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>.</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"42 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140755621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-350-365
T. E. Sizikova, V. N. Lebedev, S. Borisevich
The transmission of pathogens from animals to humans is the cause of the appearance of the majority of newly emerging diseases. The purpose of this review is to assess the danger of zoonotic pathogens of dangerous and especially dangerous viral infectious diseases as potential agents of pandemics. Materials and methods. The paper presents an analysis of data published in domestic and English-language scientific publications, as well as posted on the Internet. The research method is analytical. The discussion of the results. At least 70 % of all emerging diseases have a zoonotic reservoir. The exponential growth of human activity in previously undeveloped territories determines the increasing influence of zoonotic pathogens. The infection of people with zoonotic pathogens occurs in direct and indirect contact with infected animals and surfaces contaminated with their secretions, transmissible transmission through arthropod bites, food transport through the consumption of contaminated food and drinking water. Two different transmission models have been established among zoonoses from wild animals to man. One of these models assumes, that human infection is a random event with a low probability, in the future, the pathogen is transmitted from person to person. In the second model, direct or vector-mediated pathogen transfer from animal to human is a link in the natural cycle of the pathogen. The risk of transmission of the virus from the zoonotic reservoir to humans is the highest in animal species adapted to human habitats. Conclusions. The highest level of danger as a source of zoonotic diseases represent primates, ungulates, carnivores and especially bats, which are natural reservoirs for a number of dangerous and especially dangerous viral diseases. Representatives of families Poxviridae, Ortomyxoviridae and Coronaviridae have already been caused pandemics, which caused enormous damage to all spheres of human activity. These pathogens can be considered as the most likely agents of future pandemics.
{"title":"The Assessment of the Danger of Pathogens of Zoonotic Viral Infections as Potential Agents of Pandemics","authors":"T. E. Sizikova, V. N. Lebedev, S. Borisevich","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-350-365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-350-365","url":null,"abstract":"The transmission of pathogens from animals to humans is the cause of the appearance of the majority of newly emerging diseases. The purpose of this review is to assess the danger of zoonotic pathogens of dangerous and especially dangerous viral infectious diseases as potential agents of pandemics. Materials and methods. The paper presents an analysis of data published in domestic and English-language scientific publications, as well as posted on the Internet. The research method is analytical. The discussion of the results. At least 70 % of all emerging diseases have a zoonotic reservoir. The exponential growth of human activity in previously undeveloped territories determines the increasing influence of zoonotic pathogens. The infection of people with zoonotic pathogens occurs in direct and indirect contact with infected animals and surfaces contaminated with their secretions, transmissible transmission through arthropod bites, food transport through the consumption of contaminated food and drinking water. Two different transmission models have been established among zoonoses from wild animals to man. One of these models assumes, that human infection is a random event with a low probability, in the future, the pathogen is transmitted from person to person. In the second model, direct or vector-mediated pathogen transfer from animal to human is a link in the natural cycle of the pathogen. The risk of transmission of the virus from the zoonotic reservoir to humans is the highest in animal species adapted to human habitats. Conclusions. The highest level of danger as a source of zoonotic diseases represent primates, ungulates, carnivores and especially bats, which are natural reservoirs for a number of dangerous and especially dangerous viral diseases. Representatives of families Poxviridae, Ortomyxoviridae and Coronaviridae have already been caused pandemics, which caused enormous damage to all spheres of human activity. These pathogens can be considered as the most likely agents of future pandemics.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"161 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140752987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-308-318
D. L. Poklonskii
The recent advances in biological sciences and biotechnology have resulted in new knowledge and capabilities that challenge existing understandings of biological threats and biological weapons (BW). The purpose of the article is to evaluate scientific and engineering decisions that pose potential challenges to the biological weapons non-proliferation regime and can reduce barriers to their development, production and use. Materials and methods. The scientific articles available through the PubMed, Google Scholar and Russian Electronic Library databases were used in the research. The method of analysis is the description. The results of the research. The success of biotechnology provides impetus for experimentation with biological weapons, particularly by non-state actors such as terrorist organizations and extremist groups. Transformative changes are occurring in areas not directly related to microbiology. However, the potential for their malicious use is no less of a concern than the development, production and stockpiling of biological weapons. The transformation of the concept of «biological threat» is traced. It becomes more complex and includes elements from other fields outside of biotechnology and the traditional understanding of biological weapons. In addition to biotechnology and synthetic biology, such technologies that are directly related to the BTWC issue, may include: additive manufacturing based on 3D printing technologies; big data analysis and artificial intelligence technologies; nanotechnology and materials science, as well as biological research automation and robotics. Conclusion. Many dual-use technologies have received close attention from the scientific community and international experts, but this does not always contribute to an accurate and balanced understanding of their potential in the context of BTWC issues. The convergence of new and emerging disciplines is creating new areas of scientific knowledge that address the problem of non-proliferation of biological weapons, which requires the expert community to make a balanced assessment from the point of view of both dual use and the risk of excessive prohibition and negative impact on further scientific and technological progress.
{"title":"Scientific and Technological Advances as Current Challenges to the Biological Weapons Non-Proliferation Regime","authors":"D. L. Poklonskii","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-308-318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-308-318","url":null,"abstract":"The recent advances in biological sciences and biotechnology have resulted in new knowledge and capabilities that challenge existing understandings of biological threats and biological weapons (BW). The purpose of the article is to evaluate scientific and engineering decisions that pose potential challenges to the biological weapons non-proliferation regime and can reduce barriers to their development, production and use. Materials and methods. The scientific articles available through the PubMed, Google Scholar and Russian Electronic Library databases were used in the research. The method of analysis is the description. The results of the research. The success of biotechnology provides impetus for experimentation with biological weapons, particularly by non-state actors such as terrorist organizations and extremist groups. Transformative changes are occurring in areas not directly related to microbiology. However, the potential for their malicious use is no less of a concern than the development, production and stockpiling of biological weapons. The transformation of the concept of «biological threat» is traced. It becomes more complex and includes elements from other fields outside of biotechnology and the traditional understanding of biological weapons. In addition to biotechnology and synthetic biology, such technologies that are directly related to the BTWC issue, may include: additive manufacturing based on 3D printing technologies; big data analysis and artificial intelligence technologies; nanotechnology and materials science, as well as biological research automation and robotics. Conclusion. Many dual-use technologies have received close attention from the scientific community and international experts, but this does not always contribute to an accurate and balanced understanding of their potential in the context of BTWC issues. The convergence of new and emerging disciplines is creating new areas of scientific knowledge that address the problem of non-proliferation of biological weapons, which requires the expert community to make a balanced assessment from the point of view of both dual use and the risk of excessive prohibition and negative impact on further scientific and technological progress.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"324 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140763701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-305-307
I. A. Kirillov
.
.
{"title":"Analysis of the US Military Biological Activities on the Territory of Ukraine and other Countries","authors":"I. A. Kirillov","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-305-307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-305-307","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>.</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"205 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140788547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-319-337
P. N. Kolesnikov
The relevance of this research is determined by the scientific contradiction between the need to increase the efficiency of degassing powder formulations when processing textile materials contaminated with drops of toxic chemicals, and the lack of such an opportunity, since the application of modern theories of degassing is difficult here due to the lack of knowledge about the diffusion stage that determines the transition of liquid from tissue into powder. The purpose of this article is to study the process of removing a liquid organic substance from a textile material by powder, on which it is applied discretely in the form of small drops, and the laws according to which this process flows. Materials and methods. To substantiate the experiments, publications available through the databases Scopus, eLIBRARY, SRussian National Public Library for Science and Technology, Federal Institute of Industrial Property, Google Scholar, etc. were studied. When carrying out the experiments, the relevant methods of microphotography, mass measurement, separation of powder into different fractions, measurement of the diameter of powder particles and fabric fibers, and statistical processing of experimental data were used. The discussion of the results. A technique has been developed that makes it possible to experimentally study the process of removing liquid organic matter from textile material by powder. As a result of the research, the process of removing a liquid organic substance from a textile material by powder, onto which it is applied discretely in the form of small drops, was studied for the first time. Based on theoretical studies and experimental data, several laws (regularities) for the removal of the liquid phase of organic matter from textile material and the requirements for rate constants for the removal of the liquid phase of organic matter from textile material using powder formulations were substantiated for the first time to ensure the required completeness of the decontamination of combat equipment of military personnel contaminated with toxic chemicals. The conclusion. 1) the proportion of the removed liquid phase of organic matter from a textile material is directly proportional to the rate constant for the removal of the liquid phase of organic matter by powder, which takes into account only the processing time of the powder formulation, and the square root of the processing time of the powder formulation («capillary law of removal of liquid organic matter from textile material by powder»); 2) when changing the exposure to contamination and the time of powder treatment, it is formulated as follows: «The proportion of the removed liquid phase of organic matter from a textile material is directly proportional to the rate constant for the removal of the liquid phase of organic matter by the powder, taking into account the time of treatment with the powder formulation and the exposure to contamination, and the square
在加工被有毒化学品滴污染的纺织材料时，需要提高脱气粉末配方的效率，但由于对决定液 体从组织转变为粉末的扩散阶段缺乏了解，现代脱气理论很难在此应用，因此缺乏这样的机 会，这两者之间的科学矛盾决定了本研究的相关性。本文的目的是研究用粉末从纺织材料中去除液态有机物的过程（粉末是以小液滴的形式分散在纺织材料上的），以及这一过程所遵循的规律。材料和方法为了证实实验，研究了 Scopus、eLIBRARY、SRussian National Public Library for Science and Technology、Federal Institute of Industrial Property、Google Scholar 等数据库中的出版物。 在进行实验时，使用了显微照相、质量测量、粉末分离、粉末颗粒和织物纤维直径测量以及实验数据统计处理等相关方法。结果讨论。已开发出一种技术，可以通过实验研究粉末去除纺织材料中液体有机物的过程。作为研究成果，首次研究了用粉末去除纺织材料中的液态有机物的过程，这种粉末是以小液滴的形式分散涂抹在纺织材料上的。在理论研究和实验数据的基础上，首次证实了从纺织材料中去除液相有机物的几条规律（正则），以及使用粉末配方从纺织材料中去除液相有机物的速率常数要求，以确保对受有毒化学品污染的军事人员作战装备进行所需的全面洗消。结论如下1）从纺织材料中去除液相有机物的比例与粉末去除液相有机物的速率常数成正比，该速率常数只考虑粉末配方的处理时间，并且是粉末配方处理时间的平方根（"粉末去除纺织材料中液相有机物的毛细管定律"）；2）当改变接触污染和粉末处理时间时，其公式如下："考虑到粉末配方的处理时间和暴露于污染的时间以及粉末配方处理时间的平方根，从纺织材料中去除液相有机物的比例与粉末去除液相有机物的速率常数成正比，同时与污染时间的平方根成反比"。
{"title":"A Study of the Process of Removing Liquid Organic Substance from Textile Material by Powder and the Substantiation of the Laws of Its Flow","authors":"P. N. Kolesnikov","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-319-337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-319-337","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of this research is determined by the scientific contradiction between the need to increase the efficiency of degassing powder formulations when processing textile materials contaminated with drops of toxic chemicals, and the lack of such an opportunity, since the application of modern theories of degassing is difficult here due to the lack of knowledge about the diffusion stage that determines the transition of liquid from tissue into powder. The purpose of this article is to study the process of removing a liquid organic substance from a textile material by powder, on which it is applied discretely in the form of small drops, and the laws according to which this process flows. Materials and methods. To substantiate the experiments, publications available through the databases Scopus, eLIBRARY, SRussian National Public Library for Science and Technology, Federal Institute of Industrial Property, Google Scholar, etc. were studied. When carrying out the experiments, the relevant methods of microphotography, mass measurement, separation of powder into different fractions, measurement of the diameter of powder particles and fabric fibers, and statistical processing of experimental data were used. The discussion of the results. A technique has been developed that makes it possible to experimentally study the process of removing liquid organic matter from textile material by powder. As a result of the research, the process of removing a liquid organic substance from a textile material by powder, onto which it is applied discretely in the form of small drops, was studied for the first time. Based on theoretical studies and experimental data, several laws (regularities) for the removal of the liquid phase of organic matter from textile material and the requirements for rate constants for the removal of the liquid phase of organic matter from textile material using powder formulations were substantiated for the first time to ensure the required completeness of the decontamination of combat equipment of military personnel contaminated with toxic chemicals. The conclusion. 1) the proportion of the removed liquid phase of organic matter from a textile material is directly proportional to the rate constant for the removal of the liquid phase of organic matter by powder, which takes into account only the processing time of the powder formulation, and the square root of the processing time of the powder formulation («capillary law of removal of liquid organic matter from textile material by powder»); 2) when changing the exposure to contamination and the time of powder treatment, it is formulated as follows: «The proportion of the removed liquid phase of organic matter from a textile material is directly proportional to the rate constant for the removal of the liquid phase of organic matter by the powder, taking into account the time of treatment with the powder formulation and the exposure to contamination, and the square","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140792165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-261-275
A. S. Gorshkov, D. Pechenkin, A. V. Kuznetsovskiy, D. V. Borovskoy
Passive immunization is the variant of the immunization, in which antibodies are introduced into the body in quantities, sufficient to provide a therapeutic effect. One of the «windows of opportunity» for passive immunization is an urgent post-exposure prophylaxis of infectious diseases and their preventive therapy, especially in the absence of chemotherapy drugs suitable for these purposes or their insufficient effectiveness. The existing heterologous drugs based on hyperimmune sera are highly reactogenic, and obtaining donor human immunoglobulins is associated with a number of ethical and technical restrictions. Therefore, biotechnologies that make it possible to obtain, on an industrial scale, low-reactogenic preparations of chimeric monoclonal antibodies with partially human specificity, as well as recombinant antibodies with fully human specificity, have enormous prospects. This trend is called «humanization of antibodies.» The purpose of this article is to analyze modern developments and to show the prospects for creating humanized antibodies specific to antigens of pathogens of especially dangerous infections and toxins as medical biological protection agents. The sources of the research are English-language studies and the scientific literature available via the Internet. The research method is an analysis of scientific sources on the topic being studied from the general to the specific. Results and discussion. The history of the creation of specific prevention drugs based on heterologous and homologous sera/immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies is presented. It has been shown in the article, that humanized specific monoclonal antibodies are widely used currently for the treatment of a number of severe chronic diseases (for example, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, immunoinflammatory bowel diseases, malignant tumors). Conclusion. Recently, there has been an increase in numbers of both scientific research and developments, and drugs of recombinant antibodies already approved for use in clinical practice, specific to antigens of pathogens of especially dangerous infections and toxins - potential agents of bioterrorism, such as the anthrax microbe, botulinum toxins of various types, plant toxins ricin and abrin, ebolaviruses, coronaviruses. Such drugs can also be used as medical protectors against biological threats and hazards.
{"title":"Humanized Antibodies. Modern Developments and Prospects for the Creation of Medical Protectors Against Biological Threads and Hazards","authors":"A. S. Gorshkov, D. Pechenkin, A. V. Kuznetsovskiy, D. V. Borovskoy","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-261-275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-261-275","url":null,"abstract":"Passive immunization is the variant of the immunization, in which antibodies are introduced into the body in quantities, sufficient to provide a therapeutic effect. One of the «windows of opportunity» for passive immunization is an urgent post-exposure prophylaxis of infectious diseases and their preventive therapy, especially in the absence of chemotherapy drugs suitable for these purposes or their insufficient effectiveness. The existing heterologous drugs based on hyperimmune sera are highly reactogenic, and obtaining donor human immunoglobulins is associated with a number of ethical and technical restrictions. Therefore, biotechnologies that make it possible to obtain, on an industrial scale, low-reactogenic preparations of chimeric monoclonal antibodies with partially human specificity, as well as recombinant antibodies with fully human specificity, have enormous prospects. This trend is called «humanization of antibodies.» The purpose of this article is to analyze modern developments and to show the prospects for creating humanized antibodies specific to antigens of pathogens of especially dangerous infections and toxins as medical biological protection agents. The sources of the research are English-language studies and the scientific literature available via the Internet. The research method is an analysis of scientific sources on the topic being studied from the general to the specific. Results and discussion. The history of the creation of specific prevention drugs based on heterologous and homologous sera/immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies is presented. It has been shown in the article, that humanized specific monoclonal antibodies are widely used currently for the treatment of a number of severe chronic diseases (for example, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, immunoinflammatory bowel diseases, malignant tumors). Conclusion. Recently, there has been an increase in numbers of both scientific research and developments, and drugs of recombinant antibodies already approved for use in clinical practice, specific to antigens of pathogens of especially dangerous infections and toxins - potential agents of bioterrorism, such as the anthrax microbe, botulinum toxins of various types, plant toxins ricin and abrin, ebolaviruses, coronaviruses. Such drugs can also be used as medical protectors against biological threats and hazards.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139445702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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