Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-4-384-396
Vaccination in combination with chemotherapeutic agents play an important role in the complex of measures aimed at combating anthrax. However, the role of Russian military scientists in the development of means and methods of specific biological protection against anthrax is not fully covered in scientific literature. The aim of the article is to summarize the contribution of Russian military scientists to the creation of vaccine-serum preparations against anthrax. In the 1940–1980s in the branches of the Federal State Budgetary Establishment «48 Central Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, live and combined anthrax vaccines have been created. Currently, these branches are located in the cities of Kirov and Yekaterinburg. In 1998, military researchers of these branches obtained a vaccine strain STI-PR-4 resistant to a number of antibiotics. On the basis of this strain, the combined dry anthrax vaccine was developed, which can be used in foci of biological infection together with the main chemotherapeutic drugs. In 1996–1998 specialists of the branch (Kirov), together with the Oryol biofactory, created a new production line for the production of heterologous (horse) anti-anthrax immunoglobulin, an emergency specific protection against the anthrax pathogen. The improvement of this drug was completed by the development of the laboratory technology for obtaining F(ab') 2 fragments, which can be used for emergency specific prophylaxis and treatment of anthrax. The task of developing a new anti-anthrax human immunoglobulin for intravenous administration was successfully solved in 2004 by scientists of the branch (Kirov) together with the Federal State Institution «Kirov Research Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion of Roszdrav» within the framework of the Federal Target Program. In 2020, employees of the branch (Kirov) developed a mass immunization method using oral anthrax vaccine. The ongoing advanced research on the creation of new vaccine-serum preparations, technologies for their production, methods of mass vaccination have created a serious scientific base, which will make it possible in the future to protect the population and personnel of the Armed Forces of our country from the outbreaks of anthrax and acts of biological terrorism
{"title":"History of Military Contributions to the Creation of Vaccine-Serum Preparations Against Anthrax","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-4-384-396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-4-384-396","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccination in combination with chemotherapeutic agents play an important role in the complex of measures aimed at combating anthrax. However, the role of Russian military scientists in the development of means and methods of specific biological protection against anthrax is not fully covered in scientific literature. The aim of the article is to summarize the contribution of Russian military scientists to the creation of vaccine-serum preparations against anthrax. In the 1940–1980s in the branches of the Federal State Budgetary Establishment «48 Central Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, live and combined anthrax vaccines have been created. Currently, these branches are located in the cities of Kirov and Yekaterinburg. In 1998, military researchers of these branches obtained a vaccine strain STI-PR-4 resistant to a number of antibiotics. On the basis of this strain, the combined dry anthrax vaccine was developed, which can be used in\u0000foci of biological infection together with the main chemotherapeutic drugs. In 1996–1998 specialists of the branch (Kirov), together with the Oryol biofactory, created a new production line for the production of heterologous (horse) anti-anthrax immunoglobulin, an emergency specific protection against the anthrax pathogen. The improvement of this drug was completed by the development of the laboratory technology for obtaining F(ab') 2 fragments, which can be used for emergency specific prophylaxis and treatment of anthrax. The task of developing a new anti-anthrax human immunoglobulin for intravenous administration was successfully solved in 2004 by scientists of the branch (Kirov) together with the Federal State Institution «Kirov Research Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion of Roszdrav» within the framework of the Federal Target Program. In 2020, employees of the branch (Kirov) developed a mass immunization method using oral anthrax vaccine. The ongoing advanced research on the creation of new vaccine-serum preparations, technologies for their production, methods of mass vaccination have created a serious scientific base, which will make it possible in the future to protect the population and personnel of the Armed Forces of our country from the outbreaks of anthrax and acts of biological terrorism","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"63 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91439474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-4-303-314
Trialkylphosphates are of considerable interest from the military-chemical point of view as precursors of highly toxic organophosphorus toxicants, possible products of their decontamination, complexing agents in processes of reprocessing of used nuclear fuel, etc. Meanwhile, the development of ways to identify these substances is still in its infancy. In addition, trialkylphosphates are an interesting subject for the search of a solution to the analytical problem of establishing the structure of O-alkyl fragments in molecules of M(O) (OR) n esters of multibasic acids, where M is the central atom (central core), n is the basicity of the acid, R are alkyl radicals with an unknown and in general case different number of carbon atoms in each of them. No general solution to this problem could be found in the book sources. The aim of this work is to develop an algorithm for in-depth identification of trialkyl phosphates, which includes establishing the belonging of the investigated substance to this class, as well as a general and reliable method for determining the number of carbon atoms in each of the O-alkyl radicals of the investigated substances. On the basis of the revealed regularities of the decay of positive molecular ions of trialkyl phosphates, as well as negative ions of resonant capture of electrons of the same compound obtained under conditions of electron ionization, an algorithm for in-depth identification of trialkyl phosphates is proposed, which includes establishing the belonging of the investigated substance to this class, as well as a general and reliable method determining the number of carbon atoms in each of the O-alkyl radicals of the substance molecule
{"title":"Determination of the Characteristics of the Molecular Structure of Trialkyl Phosphates by the Joint Application of Electronic Ionization Mass Spectra with Registration of Positive Ions and Negative Ions of Resonance Coupling","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-4-303-314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-4-303-314","url":null,"abstract":"Trialkylphosphates are of considerable interest from the military-chemical point of view as precursors of highly toxic organophosphorus toxicants, possible products of their decontamination, complexing agents in processes of reprocessing of used nuclear fuel, etc. Meanwhile, the development of ways to identify these substances is still in its infancy. In addition, trialkylphosphates are an interesting subject for the search of a\u0000solution to the analytical problem of establishing the structure of O-alkyl fragments in molecules of M(O) (OR) n esters of multibasic acids, where M is the central atom (central core), n is the basicity of the acid, R are alkyl radicals with an unknown and in general case different number of carbon atoms in each of them. No general solution to this problem could be found in the book sources. The aim of this work is to develop an algorithm for in-depth identification of trialkyl phosphates, which includes establishing the belonging of the investigated substance to this class, as well as a general and reliable method for determining the number of carbon atoms in each of the O-alkyl radicals of the investigated substances. On the basis of the\u0000revealed regularities of the decay of positive molecular ions of trialkyl phosphates, as well as negative ions of resonant capture of electrons of the same compound obtained under conditions of electron ionization, an algorithm for in-depth identification of trialkyl phosphates is proposed, which includes establishing the belonging of the investigated substance to this class, as well as a general and reliable method determining the number of carbon atoms in each of the O-alkyl radicals of the substance molecule","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87840145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-165-172
An earlier analysis of approaches to the creation and improvement of protective materials and tissues made it possible to assume that the development of personal protective equipment (PPE) against various damaging factors of chemical, biological and physical nature can in future go towards the creation of modular organometallic frame structures (MOF-materials) with specific properties (from toxic chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms). The aim of this article is to develop and disclose the principle of modularity of construction of protective materials based on MOF-structures with specific properties. The principle of modularity of construction of protective materials with specific properties, proposed by us, is based on the use of single unified platform, on the surface of which special modules or combinations of modules are applied, which ensure the protection from various factors of chemical, biological and physical nature. The universal structure of MOF, called «MOF-universal», has been substantiated. The composition and properties of individual modules, possible and optimal combinations of modules of MOF-structures, the importance and significance of individual modules and their combinations for imparting universal protective properties to MOF-material are determined. The use of this principle will make it possible to impart protective properties to almost any clothing, while maintaining its physiological and hygienic characteristics and providing the required level of protection for personnel, without using specialized personal protective equipment.
{"title":"Use of Modularity as a Principle of Design of Metal-organic Framework-based Materials with Specified Properties for Creating Modern Protective Equipment","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-165-172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-165-172","url":null,"abstract":"An earlier analysis of approaches to the creation and improvement of protective materials and tissues made it possible to assume that the development of personal protective equipment (PPE) against various\u0000damaging factors of chemical, biological and physical nature can in future go towards the creation of modular organometallic frame structures (MOF-materials) with specific properties (from toxic chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms). The aim of this article is to develop and disclose the principle of modularity of construction of protective materials based on MOF-structures with specific properties. The principle of modularity of construction of protective materials with specific properties, proposed by us, is based on the use of single unified platform, on the surface of which special modules or combinations of modules are applied, which ensure the protection from various factors of chemical, biological and physical\u0000nature. The universal structure of MOF, called «MOF-universal», has been substantiated. The composition and properties of individual modules, possible and optimal combinations of modules of MOF-structures, the importance and significance of individual modules and their combinations for imparting universal protective properties to MOF-material are determined. The use of this principle will make it possible to impart protective properties to almost any clothing, while maintaining its physiological and hygienic characteristics and providing the required level of protection for personnel, without using specialized personal protective equipment.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75349140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-173-198
Despite serious attention to the issues of war crimes and crimes against humanity, committed on an unprecedented scale in concentration camps in Nazi Germany, the problem of medical experiments on prisoners appears to be one of the least-studied in modern Russian historiography. Moreover, no special attention was paid to testing chemical weapons on humans. The aim of this work is to review the history of the development and testing of chemical warfare agents (CWA) in Germany in 1933–1945. During the First World War, Germany was one of the leading countries in the sphere of military chemistry in the world. After the Versailles treaty this potential was largely lost as a result of the restrictions. After the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) came to power, Germany not only restored, but also increased its military power and achieved a qualitative superiority over its opponents in the field of chemical weapons. The tests of CWA, as well as the study of the effectiveness of the means and protocols for the treatment of the lesions caused by CWA, were carried out both by the military structures of the Wehrmacht and the SS, and by civilian research and academic institutions. Experiments on prisoners were carried out in the concentration camps of Dachau, Ravensbrück, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, etc. Basically, the damaging effects of sulfur mustard and phosgene was investigated. In Auschwitz-Birkenau «a study of the action of various chemical preparations was carried out on the orders of German firms». After the war several SS doctors, who performed involuntary experiments on humans, were convicted by military tribunals for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Seven doctors were sentenced to death and executed on June 2, 1948, at the prison for war criminals in Landsberg, Bavaria. As a result of the Nuremberg trials, the Nuremberg Code was drawn up. It was the first international document that introduced ethical standards for scientists engaged in experiments on humans. It consisted of 10 principles, including the necessity of voluntary informed consent of the patient for the participation in medical experiments after providing him with full information about the nature, duration and purpose of the experiment; on the methods of its implementation; about all the perceived inconveniences and dangers associated with the experiment, and, finally, the possible consequences for the physical or mental health of the subject, which may arise as a result of his participation in the experiment.
{"title":"Development and Human Testing of Chemical Warfare Agents and Means of Treatment of Lesions in Germany in 1933–1945","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-173-198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-173-198","url":null,"abstract":"Despite serious attention to the issues of war crimes and crimes against humanity, committed on an unprecedented scale in concentration camps in Nazi Germany, the problem of medical experiments on prisoners appears to be one of the least-studied in modern Russian historiography. Moreover, no special attention was paid to testing chemical weapons on humans. The aim of this work is to review the history of the development and testing of chemical warfare agents (CWA) in Germany in 1933–1945. During the First World War, Germany was one of the leading countries in the sphere of military chemistry in the world. After the Versailles treaty this potential was largely lost as a result of the restrictions. After the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) came to power, Germany not only restored, but also increased its military power and achieved a qualitative superiority over its opponents in the field of chemical weapons. The tests of CWA, as well as the study of the effectiveness of the means and protocols for the treatment of the lesions caused by CWA, were carried out both by the military structures of the Wehrmacht and the SS, and by civilian research and academic institutions. Experiments on prisoners were carried out in the concentration camps of Dachau, Ravensbrück, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, etc. Basically, the damaging effects of sulfur mustard and phosgene was investigated. In Auschwitz-Birkenau «a study of the action of various chemical preparations was carried out on the orders of German firms». After the war several SS doctors, who performed involuntary experiments on humans, were convicted by military tribunals for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Seven doctors were sentenced to death and executed on June 2, 1948, at the prison for war criminals in Landsberg, Bavaria. As a result of the Nuremberg trials, the Nuremberg Code was drawn up. It was the first international document that introduced ethical standards for scientists engaged in experiments on humans. It consisted of 10 principles, including the necessity of\u0000voluntary informed consent of the patient for the participation in medical experiments after providing him with full information about the nature, duration and purpose of the experiment; on the methods of its implementation; about all the perceived inconveniences and dangers associated with the experiment, and, finally, the possible consequences for the physical or mental health of the subject, which may arise as\u0000a result of his participation in the experiment.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"202 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83464377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-3-260-268
The improvement of camouflage of troops and objects is necessary in all types of military operations. Aerosol masking is an integral part of this task. The special jamming systems decrease the likelihood of the hit and the destruction of military units (their weapons and equipment) and personnel from enemy weapons. The aim of this work is to study the effect of aerosol dispersion on its masking ability. The fraction of the area screened by aerosols relative to the electromagnetic radiation of the optical range was determined on the basis of a random, equal distribution of aerosol particles in space. It has been established that when theoretically evaluating the effectiveness of camouflage (by the length of the blind area or by the area of camouflage), it is necessary to calculate not only the integral concentration of aerosol along the sightline of the object (in the horizontal and vertical planes, G, cm 3 /m 2 or g/m 2 ), but also take into account the dispersion of the aerosol, since at equivalent aerosol concentrations it has a significant effect on the camouflage efficiency. The dispersion of the aerosol formed by means of smoke release (checkers, TDA, etc.) is a necessary component of the tactical and technical characteristics of products, as well as one of the requirements for promising developments and developments of aerosol countermeasures. The article presents the results of computer simulation of the random distribution of aerosol particles in space to assess its screening capacity relative to electromagnetic radiation in the optical range
在各种类型的军事行动中，都需要提高部队和物体的伪装能力。气溶胶掩蔽是这项任务的一个组成部分。特殊干扰系统降低了被敌方武器击中和摧毁军事单位(其武器和设备)和人员的可能性。本工作的目的是研究气溶胶分散对其掩蔽能力的影响。气溶胶屏蔽的面积相对于光学范围内电磁辐射的比例是根据气溶胶粒子在空间中的随机均匀分布确定的。理论上已经建立,当评估的有效性伪装(盲区的长度或伪装的面积),不仅需要计算积分的气溶胶浓度沿着视线的对象(在水平和垂直平面,G,厘米3 / m 2或2 G / m),但也考虑气溶胶的扩散,因为在等效气溶胶浓度伪装效率有显著的影响。通过烟雾释放(checkers, TDA等)形成的气溶胶的弥散性是产品战术技术特性的必要组成部分，也是气溶胶对策有发展前景和发展的要求之一。本文介绍了气溶胶粒子在空间中随机分布的计算机模拟结果，以评估其在光学范围内相对于电磁辐射的屏蔽能力
{"title":"Effect of Aerosol Dispersion on Its Masking Ability","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-3-260-268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-3-260-268","url":null,"abstract":"The improvement of camouflage of troops and objects is necessary in all types of military operations. Aerosol masking is an integral part of this task. The special jamming systems decrease the likelihood of the hit and the destruction of military units (their weapons and equipment) and personnel from enemy weapons. The aim of this work is to study the effect of aerosol dispersion on its masking ability. The fraction of the area screened by aerosols relative to the electromagnetic radiation of the optical range was determined on the basis of a random, equal distribution of aerosol particles in space. It has been established that when theoretically evaluating the effectiveness of camouflage (by the length of the blind area or by the area of camouflage), it is necessary to calculate not only the integral concentration of aerosol along the sightline of the object (in the horizontal and vertical planes, G, cm 3 /m 2 or g/m 2 ), but also take into account the dispersion of the aerosol, since at equivalent aerosol concentrations it has a significant effect on the camouflage efficiency. The dispersion of the aerosol formed by means of smoke release (checkers, TDA, etc.) is a necessary component of the tactical and\u0000technical characteristics of products, as well as one of the requirements for promising developments and developments of aerosol countermeasures. The article presents the results of computer simulation\u0000of the random distribution of aerosol particles in space to assess its screening capacity relative to electromagnetic radiation in the optical range","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86279808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2020-5-3-269-282
The relevance of the article is conditioned by the necessity to form scientific and methodological support for the process of identifying promising technical solutions, carried out in the course of scientific and technical examination of military and dual-purpose innovative projects on behalf of the Russian Federation Armed Forces. The aim of the paper is to create the basic inventions classification model for the estimating significance of intellectual property objects, namely weapons of mass destruction-oriented patents and utility models. The article is based on the system analysis and expert questioning methods. During research the authors suggested the basic inventions classification model, which includes preselection of inventions based on the predictive availability criterion, technical, scientific, techno-economic value estimation and calculation of integral value index. For the predictive prospectivity estimation, the universal selection forms of inventions were developed, which are matrix-type evaluation tables that take into account various characteristics of inventions, ranked by degree of importance; the universal selection forms for each type of invention («device», «method», «substance», «new purpose application») and groups of inventions («substance + method», «device + method») were developed as well. A new criterion characterizing the legal status of the invention for technical value estimation by the patent-legal indicators of the protection document is proposed. The obsolescence index of the techno-economic value calculation formula, which allows for more accurate calculations is introduced. The authors also grounded the time interval within which patent documents are searched for identifying the basic invention, equal to an average of ten years
{"title":"The Creation of the Basic Inventions Classification Model for the Estimating Significance of Intellectual Property Objects considering the Development of Means of Protection against Weapons of Mass Destruction","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2020-5-3-269-282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2020-5-3-269-282","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the article is conditioned by the necessity to form scientific and methodological support for the process of identifying promising technical solutions, carried out in the course of scientific and technical examination of military and dual-purpose innovative projects on behalf of the Russian Federation Armed Forces. The aim of the paper is to create the basic inventions classification model for the estimating significance of intellectual property objects, namely weapons of mass destruction-oriented patents and utility models. The article is based on the system analysis and expert questioning methods. During research the authors suggested the basic inventions classification model, which includes preselection of inventions based on the predictive availability\u0000criterion, technical, scientific, techno-economic value estimation and calculation of integral value index. For the predictive prospectivity estimation, the universal selection forms of inventions were\u0000developed, which are matrix-type evaluation tables that take into account various characteristics of inventions, ranked by degree of importance; the universal selection forms for each type of invention («device», «method», «substance», «new purpose application») and groups of inventions\u0000(«substance + method», «device + method») were developed as well. A new criterion characterizing the legal status of the invention for technical value estimation by the patent-legal indicators of the protection document is proposed. The obsolescence index of the techno-economic value calculation formula, which allows for more accurate calculations is introduced. The authors also grounded the time interval within which patent documents are searched for identifying the basic invention, equal to an average of ten years","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79474357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-3-217-235
The existence of certain suspicions about the artificial origin of the COVID-19 pandemic and about the possible use of reverse genetics technology to create the SARS-CoV-2 virus require an understanding of its capabilities in the design of new viruses. The aim of this work is to show how the use of reverse genetics allows the design of previously non-existent coronaviruses, technologies and the main achievements in their creation. Only the information in the public domain was used for the preparation of this article. The technology is called «reverse genetics» because when obtaining RNA viruses capable of replication, the process is going not from DNA to RNA, as usual, but on the contrary, from the RNA of the virus to its complementary DNA (cDNA), and from it with the help of T7 RNA polymerase – «back» to the infectious RNA. Since the resulting plus-RNA of the coronavirus genome mimics cellular messenger RNA (mRNA), it is immediately recognized by the cell's translation machine and triggers the formation of its own infectious viral particles. Two systems of reverse genetics have been developed, involving the production of an infectious plusRNA, in vitro and in vivo. The problem of obtaining a full-length cDNA of the giant genome of coronaviruses is solved by fragmentation and subsequent stitching of fragments using standard molecular biology approaches. The article provides the examples of how this technology makes it possible to obtain synthetic coronaviruses that are indistinguishable from those isolated from nature, to change the range of their hosts, to enhance virulence and resistance to specific antibodies, and to influence the pathogenesis of the disease. The article also shows the prospects for the use of recombinant viruses in cellular screening analyses and infection models in vivo for the identification of preventive and therapeutic approaches to the virus disease treatment
{"title":"Modern Approaches to Molecular Genetics of Viruses in the Study of the Members of the Family Coronaviridae","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-3-217-235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-3-217-235","url":null,"abstract":"The existence of certain suspicions about the artificial origin of the COVID-19 pandemic and about the possible use of reverse genetics technology to create the SARS-CoV-2 virus require an understanding of its capabilities in the design of new viruses. The aim of this work is to show how the use of reverse genetics allows the design of previously non-existent coronaviruses, technologies and the main achievements in their creation. Only the information in the public domain was used for the preparation of this article. The technology is called «reverse genetics» because when obtaining RNA viruses capable of replication, the process is going not from DNA to RNA, as usual, but on the contrary, from the RNA of the virus to its complementary DNA (cDNA), and from it with the help of T7 RNA polymerase – «back» to the infectious RNA. Since the resulting plus-RNA of the coronavirus genome mimics cellular messenger RNA (mRNA), it is immediately recognized by the cell's translation machine and triggers the formation of its own infectious viral particles. Two systems\u0000of reverse genetics have been developed, involving the production of an infectious plusRNA, in vitro and in vivo. The problem of obtaining a full-length cDNA of the giant genome of coronaviruses is solved by fragmentation and subsequent stitching of fragments using standard molecular biology approaches. The article provides the examples of how this technology makes it possible to obtain synthetic coronaviruses that are indistinguishable from those isolated from nature, to change the\u0000range of their hosts, to enhance virulence and resistance to specific antibodies, and to influence the pathogenesis of the disease. The article also shows the prospects for the use of recombinant viruses in cellular screening analyses and infection models in vivo for the identification of preventive and therapeutic approaches to the virus disease treatment","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78656865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2021-1-3-204-216
One of the ways to ensure high reliability of detection, identification and accuracy of quantitative determination of toxic chemicals (TC) in environmental and biomedical samples by gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods is to use internal standards (IS) as additives to the analyzed sample, which, in contrast from target TC, contain stable isotopes such as D, 13 C, 15 N, 18 O. In this case, preference is given to the most accessible stable deuterated compounds. IS labeled with stable isotopes are widely used in numerous studies to develop methods for the analysis of various toxic chemicals, in particular, alkylphosphonic acids. For the prompt and high-quality performance of the tasks assigned to the assigned laboratory, it seems necessary to have a physical bank of samples labeled with stable IS isotopes, corresponding to those TC, the appearance of which in the analyzed samples is most likely. These include, first of all, stable decomposition products of such as sarin, soman, cyclosarin, VX, VR, CVX, namely, methylphosphonic acid, its ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, pinacolyl and cyclohexyl esters, as well as the corresponding symmetric diesters . In accordance with the objectives of the article, we have synthesized the IS composition of deuteromethylphosphonic acid and its derivatives: acid chlorides of O-alkyl esters of deuteromethylphosphonic acids, acid O-alkyl esters of deuteromethylphosphonic acids, O, O-dialkyl esters of deuteromethylphosphonic acids, and also adducts of tyrosine and tripeptide Tyr-Thr-Lys with chlorides of O-isopropyl and O-cyclohexyl esters of deuteromethylphosphonic acid. NMR 2 Н, 31 Р, GC-MS and HPLC-MS spectral characteristics of the synthesized substances were studied
{"title":"Synthesis of Deuterated Methylphosphonic Acid Derivatives for Use as Standard Compounds in the Analysis of Toxic Chemicals","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2021-1-3-204-216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2021-1-3-204-216","url":null,"abstract":"One of the ways to ensure high reliability of detection, identification and accuracy of quantitative determination of toxic chemicals (TC) in environmental and biomedical samples by gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods is to use internal standards (IS) as additives to the analyzed sample, which, in contrast from target TC, contain stable isotopes such as D, 13 C, 15 N, 18 O. In this case, preference is given to the most accessible stable deuterated compounds. IS labeled with stable isotopes are widely used in numerous studies to develop methods for the analysis of various toxic chemicals, in particular, alkylphosphonic acids. For the prompt and high-quality performance of the tasks assigned\u0000to the assigned laboratory, it seems necessary to have a physical bank of samples labeled with stable IS isotopes, corresponding to those TC, the appearance of which in the analyzed samples is most likely.\u0000These include, first of all, stable decomposition products of such as sarin, soman, cyclosarin, VX, VR, CVX, namely, methylphosphonic acid, its ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, pinacolyl and cyclohexyl esters, as well as the corresponding symmetric diesters . In accordance with the objectives of the article, we have synthesized the IS composition of deuteromethylphosphonic acid and its derivatives: acid chlorides of\u0000O-alkyl esters of deuteromethylphosphonic acids, acid O-alkyl esters of deuteromethylphosphonic acids, O, O-dialkyl esters of deuteromethylphosphonic acids, and also adducts of tyrosine and tripeptide Tyr-Thr-Lys with chlorides of O-isopropyl and O-cyclohexyl esters of deuteromethylphosphonic acid. NMR 2 Н, 31 Р, GC-MS and HPLC-MS spectral characteristics of the synthesized substances were studied","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87295543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2020-5-3-247-259
There are problems of destruction of educational and simulation formulations and components of special chemical-based products and degassing formulations based on organic solvents. Their solution requires the search for cost-effective and environmentally friendly solutions and approaches to their disposal, especially paying attention to the fact that it is practically impossible to completely free the components of products from toxic chemicals. In turn, it is necessary to minimize toxic and unpleasant-smelling emissions into the atmosphere during neutralization and destruction. The purpose of the work is to propose chemical methods for neutralizing and disposing of toxic substances and foul-smelling compounds during the disposal of educational and simulation formulations and special tools. To neutralize compositions based on odorant substances, it is advisable to use compounds of oxidizing-chlorinating action, quaternary ammonium bases and a co-catalyst. The role of each of the used components of the formulation is established. Sodium hypochlorite is an oxidizer, «Katamin AB» is an interphase transfer catalyst that ensures the transfer of anion from the aqueous phase to the organic one, methanesulfonic acid is a co-catalyst that ensures the reaction in both the aqueous and organic phases. The optimal quantitative and qualitative composition of the degassing formulation for neutralizing odorants is considered. The composition of the formulation should include the following components, expressed in % by weight: an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (5%) «Whiteness» – 99.0; dimethylalkyl(C 8 -C 18 ) benzylammonium chloride «Katamin AB» – 0.5; methanesulfonic acid – 0.5.
{"title":"Technologies for Chemical Utilization of Imitation Recipes and Components of Special Products on a Chemical Basis","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2020-5-3-247-259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2020-5-3-247-259","url":null,"abstract":"There are problems of destruction of educational and simulation formulations and components of special chemical-based products and degassing formulations based on organic solvents. Their solution requires the search for cost-effective and environmentally friendly solutions and approaches to their disposal, especially paying attention to the fact that it is practically impossible to completely free the components of products from toxic chemicals. In turn, it is necessary to minimize toxic and unpleasant-smelling emissions into the atmosphere during neutralization and destruction. The purpose of the work is to propose chemical methods\u0000for neutralizing and disposing of toxic substances and foul-smelling compounds during the disposal of educational and simulation formulations and special tools. To neutralize compositions based on odorant substances, it is advisable to use compounds of oxidizing-chlorinating action, quaternary ammonium bases and a co-catalyst. The role of each of the used components of the formulation is established. Sodium hypochlorite is an oxidizer, «Katamin AB» is an interphase transfer catalyst that ensures the transfer of anion from the aqueous phase to the organic one, methanesulfonic acid is a co-catalyst that ensures the\u0000reaction in both the aqueous and organic phases. The optimal quantitative and qualitative composition of the degassing formulation for neutralizing odorants is considered. The composition of the formulation should include the following components, expressed in % by weight: an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (5%) «Whiteness» – 99.0; dimethylalkyl(C 8 -C 18 ) benzylammonium chloride «Katamin AB» – 0.5; methanesulfonic acid – 0.5.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81567241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-3-236-246
The sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of molecular genetic methods of analysis largely depend on the quality of the preliminary preparation of the analyzed samples. During the sample preparation, the tasks of disinfecting pathogenic material, lysing cell membranes, removing compounds and impurities that inhibit the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as well as concentrating nucleic acids are solved. The purpose of this work is to select modern approaches to sample preparation for the PCR. Among the variety of different methods of sample preparation, the most widespread are the methods based on chemical lysis of cell membranes using chaotropic compounds, followed by purification of nucleic acids by solid-phase extraction using magnetic particles. This approach is implemented both in commercial kits for manual sample preparation and in various automated systems for the isolation of nucleic acids. The analysis of commercially available stations for the isolation of nucleic acids shows that their technical characteristics are similar: the duration of one isolation cycle is 40–90 minutes; the volume of the analyzed samples is from 0.1 to 2.0 ml; the number of simultaneously processed samples max – 96, min – 8. The method of the nucleic acid isolation is the magnetic particles. The main differences are in the type of analyzed samples, and technologies for lysis of the test material and DNA extraction. Our experience in the use of magnetic particle kits for the isolation of nucleic acids, both in stationary and in field laboratories confirms the effectiveness and reliability of this technology. Further development and improvement of the hardware for such work will, obviously, be aimed at miniaturizing the equipment, developing field portable automatic nucleic acid extraction stations, as well as integrating the process of sample preparation and analysis by PCR in one device
{"title":"Current State of Method Development for PCR Sample Peparations","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-3-236-246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-3-236-246","url":null,"abstract":"The sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of molecular genetic methods of analysis largely depend on the quality of the preliminary preparation of the analyzed samples. During the sample preparation,\u0000the tasks of disinfecting pathogenic material, lysing cell membranes, removing compounds and impurities that inhibit the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as well as concentrating nucleic acids are solved. The purpose of this work is to select modern approaches to sample preparation for the PCR. Among the variety of different methods of sample preparation, the most widespread are the methods based on chemical lysis of cell membranes using chaotropic compounds, followed by purification of nucleic acids by solid-phase extraction using magnetic particles. This approach is implemented both in commercial kits for manual sample preparation and in various automated systems for the isolation of nucleic acids. The analysis of commercially available stations for the isolation of nucleic acids shows that their technical characteristics are similar: the duration of one isolation cycle is 40–90 minutes; the volume of the analyzed samples is from 0.1 to 2.0 ml; the number of simultaneously processed samples max – 96, min – 8. The method of the nucleic acid isolation is the magnetic particles. The main differences are in the type of analyzed samples, and technologies for lysis of the test material and DNA extraction. Our experience in the use of magnetic particle kits for the isolation of nucleic acids, both in stationary and in field laboratories confirms the effectiveness and reliability of this technology. Further development and improvement of the hardware for such work will, obviously, be aimed at miniaturizing the equipment, developing field portable automatic nucleic acid extraction stations, as well as integrating the process of sample preparation and analysis by PCR in one device","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76340670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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