Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-123-135
ulfur mustard was widely used during the Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988) and in other conflicts in the Middle East. Due to its availability, it can be used by terrorist organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation. Iran is the only country, against which mustard gas was used in modern warfare. The aim of this work is to analyze and summarize the experience of treating of sulfur mustard exposure, accumulated by Iranian specialists during the Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988). The UN official documents and materials, declassified CIA documents, articles of Iranian authors as well as other open sources have been used during its preparation. The Iraqi army used mustard gas in two aggregate states: liquid and dry. Dry mustard gas was a novelty of that war. It was a powdered silica steeped in mustard gas, with a particle size of less than 5 μm. The first signs and symptoms of poisoning could appear after 15 minutes, while acute poisoning effects of exposure to mustard gas vapour or liquid were typically delayed for several hours. The reasons for the severe mustard lesions of the servicemen were the lack of personal protective equipment, untimely evacuation from the mustard gas contamination zone, and the absence of mobile reserves of clean water and degassing installations in battle formations. Iranian experts consider 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution to be the most effective decontaminant. The only safe antidote is sodium thiosulfate, administered within 60 minutes after exposure to mustard gas. During the evacuation of victims and their treatment in hospitals it is necessary, in severe cases, to insert an intravenous catheter, carry out a tracheotomy with the installation of a tracheotomy tube, and use bronchoscopy as early as possible to flush the bronchi. The treatment of skin and eye lesions should be conservative. In case of a corneal perforation, if its diameter is more than 2 mm – keratoplasty, if it is less – cyanoacrylate glue. Treatment of respiratory lesions aims to relieve symptoms and reduce the severity of complications. For this, bronchodilators, antitussives, mucolytics and, if necessary, antibiotics are used. The use of corticosteroids should be limited to the treatment of those patients with bronchospasm, who can not be treated by bronchodilators. The Iranians also consider gene therapy and treatment with mesenchymal stem cells to be the promising method used in the treatment of lung lesions
{"title":"Chemical Weapons in the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988) 5. Accumulated Experience in the Treatment of Lesions Caused by Sulfur Mustard","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-123-135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-123-135","url":null,"abstract":"ulfur mustard was widely used during the Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988) and in other conflicts in the Middle East. Due to its availability, it can be used by terrorist organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation. Iran is the only country, against which mustard gas was used in modern warfare. The aim of this work is to analyze and summarize the experience of treating of sulfur mustard exposure, accumulated by Iranian specialists during the Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988). The UN official documents and materials, declassified CIA documents, articles of Iranian authors as well as other open sources have been used during its preparation. The Iraqi army used mustard gas in two aggregate states: liquid and dry. Dry mustard gas was a novelty of that war. It was a powdered silica steeped in mustard gas, with a particle size of less than 5 μm. The first signs and symptoms of\u0000poisoning could appear after 15 minutes, while acute poisoning effects of exposure to mustard gas vapour or liquid were typically delayed for several hours. The reasons for the severe mustard lesions of the servicemen were the lack of personal protective equipment, untimely evacuation from the\u0000mustard gas contamination zone, and the absence of mobile reserves of clean water and degassing installations in battle formations. Iranian experts consider 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution to be the most effective decontaminant. The only safe antidote is sodium thiosulfate, administered within 60 minutes after exposure to mustard gas. During the evacuation of victims and their treatment in hospitals it is necessary, in severe cases, to insert an intravenous catheter, carry out a tracheotomy with the installation of a tracheotomy tube, and use bronchoscopy as early as possible to flush the bronchi. The treatment of skin and eye lesions should be conservative. In case of a corneal perforation, if its diameter is more than 2 mm – keratoplasty, if it is less – cyanoacrylate glue. Treatment of respiratory lesions aims to relieve symptoms and reduce the severity of complications. For this, bronchodilators, antitussives, mucolytics and, if necessary, antibiotics are used. The use of corticosteroids should be limited to the treatment of those patients with bronchospasm, who can not be treated by bronchodilators. The Iranians also consider gene therapy and treatment with mesenchymal stem cells to be the promising method used in the treatment of lung lesions","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79928657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-103-122
Synthetic biology is a newly emerging branch of dual-use technology. It is a combination of biology and different branches of engineering. The aim of this article is to show the main technological methods of synthetic biology and to give specific examples of its use to create new types of biological agents and methods of biological warfare, previously unthinkable and presented only in science fiction. Basic tools and techniques of synthetic biology are: DNA synthesis and DNA sequencing; «chassis», i.e. host system harboring the genetic toolbox for expression of the desired genes, delivered by suitable vectors, of the engineered biological pathway; engineering of transcription systems that do not deplete the resources of the cell (synthetic promotors and transcription factors); genome modification tools (CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease, zinc finger nucleases, TALE nucleases, meganucleases); computer-aided tools (involved in basic structural design and synthesis; in network design; in prediction of behavior/function/response). Synthetic biology has already demonstrared its capabilities in re-creating known pathogenic viruses and pathogenic bacteria; in making existing pathogenic bacteria and viruses more dangerous for humans; in creating new pathogens; in manufacturing toxic chemicals or biochemicals by exploiting natural and artificial metabolic pathways; in making toxic chemicals and biochemicals via in situ synthesis; in modifying the human microbiome; in modifying the human immune system; in modifying the human genome (through addition, deletion, or modification of genes or through epigenetic changes that modify gene expression and can pass from parent to child during reproduction and thus spread a genetic change through the population over time). The article discusses in detail the possibilities of synthetic biology for the development of new means of biological warfare. The author believes that it is necessary not only to constantly monitor these new dual-use biotechnologies, but also to improve traditional and scientific methods of their monitoring.
{"title":"Synthetic Biology – Friend or Foe? What Kind of Threats Should We Expect?","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-103-122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-103-122","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic biology is a newly emerging branch of dual-use technology. It is a combination of biology and different branches of engineering. The aim of this article is to show the main technological methods of synthetic biology and to give specific examples of its use to create new types of biological agents and methods of biological warfare, previously unthinkable and presented only in science fiction. Basic tools and techniques of synthetic biology are: DNA synthesis and DNA sequencing; «chassis», i.e. host system harboring the genetic toolbox for expression of the desired genes, delivered by suitable vectors, of the engineered biological pathway; engineering of transcription systems that do not deplete the resources\u0000of the cell (synthetic promotors and transcription factors); genome modification tools (CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease, zinc finger nucleases, TALE nucleases, meganucleases); computer-aided tools (involved in basic structural design and synthesis; in network design; in prediction of behavior/function/response). Synthetic biology has already demonstrared its capabilities in re-creating known pathogenic viruses and pathogenic bacteria; in making existing pathogenic bacteria and viruses more dangerous for humans; in creating new pathogens; in manufacturing toxic chemicals or biochemicals by exploiting natural and artificial metabolic pathways; in making toxic chemicals and biochemicals via in situ synthesis; in modifying the human microbiome; in modifying the human immune system; in modifying the human genome (through addition, deletion, or modification of genes or through epigenetic changes that modify gene expression and can pass from parent to child during reproduction and thus spread a genetic change through the population over time). The article discusses in detail the possibilities of synthetic biology for the development of new means of biological warfare. The author believes that it is necessary not only to constantly monitor these new dual-use biotechnologies, but also to improve traditional and scientific methods of their monitoring.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81017341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-136-148
A difficult situation, close to an environmental disaster, had been developing in the town of Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk Region, since the 90s of the ХХ century. In 2020, the problem of accumulated environmental damage caused by chemical enterprises of the ecological zone of Lake Baikal, reached the federal level. On July 30, 2020, the President of the Russian Federation set the task of eliminating chemical contamination on the territory of the former enterprise LLC «Usoliekhimprom». The aim of this work is to summarize the experience of the Russian NBC Protection Troops, accumulated in course of eliminating the environmental damage, caused by the activities of chemical enterprises in the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk region. The plan on priority measures was drawn up on the basis of careful monitoring of the «Usoliekhimprom» LLC industrial site in order to eliminate the chemical threats, existed at the facility. The special group of troops (forces) was formed to take part in liquidation activities. This group was formed from NBC Protection Troops, the State Atomic Energy Corporation «Rosatom», the Russian Emergencies Ministry, the Russian Guard and the Federal Biomedical Agency. In course of the training, the special group of troops (forces) worked out all the issues related to the safe conduct of the work, organized interaction between departments, and distributed the functional responsibilities. After the completion of the preparatory stage, the group began to work. 17 emergency railway tanks containing 104, 3 tons of toxic chemicals were fragmented, the above-ground part of the mercury electrolysis workshop with more than 600 tons of mercury was dismantled, the most dangerous wells Р-2Х and Р-5 with 107 thousand liters of epichlorohydrin production wastes were pumped out. In course of work, the detachment of the NBC Protection Troops carried out continuous monitoring of the chemical situation on the territory of the industrial site of «Usoliekhimprom LLC» and the adjacent territory. When carrying out liquidation measures, the personnel of the detachment of the NBC Protection Troops faced a number of problematic issues related to ensuring chemical safety. The solution of these problems made it possible to complete all the work in time and at a high professional level. All the work was carried out from August 8 to November 24, 2020.
{"title":"Implementation of Priority Measures to Eliminate the Accumulated Environmental Damage Caused by Chemical Enterprises in the City of Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk Region","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-136-148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-136-148","url":null,"abstract":"A difficult situation, close to an environmental disaster, had been developing in the town of Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk Region, since the 90s of the ХХ century. In 2020, the problem of accumulated environmental damage caused by chemical enterprises of the ecological zone of Lake Baikal, reached the federal level. On July 30, 2020, the President of the Russian Federation set the task of eliminating chemical contamination on the territory of the former enterprise LLC «Usoliekhimprom». The aim\u0000of this work is to summarize the experience of the Russian NBC Protection Troops, accumulated in course of eliminating the environmental damage, caused by the activities of chemical enterprises in the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk region. The plan on priority measures was drawn up on the basis of careful monitoring of the «Usoliekhimprom» LLC industrial site in order to eliminate the chemical threats, existed at the facility. The special group of troops (forces) was formed to take part in liquidation activities. This group was formed from NBC Protection Troops, the State Atomic Energy Corporation «Rosatom», the Russian Emergencies Ministry, the Russian Guard and the Federal Biomedical Agency. In course of the training, the special group of troops (forces) worked out all the issues related to the safe conduct of the work, organized interaction between departments, and distributed the functional responsibilities. After the completion of the preparatory stage, the group began to work. 17 emergency railway tanks containing 104, 3 tons of toxic chemicals were fragmented, the above-ground part of the mercury electrolysis workshop with more than 600 tons of mercury was dismantled, the most dangerous wells Р-2Х and Р-5 with 107 thousand liters of epichlorohydrin production wastes were pumped out. In course of work, the detachment of the NBC Protection Troops carried out continuous monitoring of the chemical situation on the territory of the industrial site of «Usoliekhimprom LLC» and the adjacent territory. When carrying out liquidation measures, the personnel of the detachment of the NBC Protection Troops faced a number of problematic issues related to ensuring chemical safety. The solution of these problems made it possible to complete all the work in time and at a high professional level. All the work was carried out from August 8 to November 24, 2020.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"71 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91514613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-22DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-149-164
The lecture is intended for training specialists in higher educational establishments according to the Federal state standard «Robotics for military and special purposes» and also for training operators of robotic complexes (facilities) for military purposes in training centers and military units. The lecture addresses two study questions: 1) Retrospective analysis of radiation accidents and their consequences. 2) Analysis of the use of robotic technology and robotics systems for elimination the consequences of radiation accidents. Conclusion: The material presented in the lecture is aimed at expanding the knowledge of those who are trained in the history of radiation accidents (disasters), as well as in the use of robotic technology and robotic systems for eliminating the consequences of such accidents. The analysis of the use of robotics in conditions of an increased radiation background, given in the lecture, will make it possible to form the necessary competencies of specialists of the NBC protection troops in order to effectively perform their tasks as intended.
{"title":"The History of the Development and Application of Robotics in the Elimination of Consequences at Radiation-Hazardous Facilities","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-149-164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-149-164","url":null,"abstract":"The lecture is intended for training specialists in higher educational establishments according to the Federal state standard «Robotics for military and special purposes» and also for training operators of robotic complexes (facilities) for military purposes in training centers and military units. \u0000The lecture addresses two study questions:\u00001) Retrospective analysis of radiation accidents and their consequences.\u00002) Analysis of the use of robotic technology and robotics systems for elimination the consequences of radiation accidents.\u0000Conclusion: The material presented in the lecture is aimed at expanding the knowledge of those who are trained in the history of radiation accidents (disasters), as well as in the use of robotic technology\u0000and robotic systems for eliminating the consequences of such accidents. The analysis of the use of robotics in conditions of an increased radiation background, given in the lecture, will make it possible to form the necessary competencies of specialists of the NBC protection troops in order to effectively perform their tasks as intended.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74893337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-08DOI: 10.35825/10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-1-4-21
Received 30 January 2021. Accepted for publication 20 March 2021 The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (BTWC) does not have a legally binding verification regime. An attempt by the Ad Hoc Group of Experts, created by the UN Committee on Disarmament, to strengthen the BTWC by developing a legally binding document – the Protocol, was blocked by the United States in July 2001. The purpose of this work is to study the history, main provisions, significance and reasons for not signing the Protocol to the BTWC. The attention is paid to the events in biological weapons control, which have led a number of countries to the understanding of the necessity to develop the Protocol. The background of the US actions to block this document is the subject of special consideration. During the Second Review Conference on the Implementation of the Convention (8–25 September 1986, Geneva) the USSR, the German Democratic Republic and the Hungarian People's Republic proposed to develop and adopt the Protocol as an addition to the BTWC. This document was supposed to establish general provisions, definitions of terms, lists of agents and toxins, lists of equipment that was present or used at production facilities, threshold quantities of biological agents designed to assess means and methods of protection. The proposed verification mechanism was based on three «pillars»: initial declarations with the basic information about the capabilities of each State Party; inspections to assess the reliability of the declarations; investigations to verify and confirm or not confirm the alleged non-compliance with the Convention. The verification regime was to be under the control of an international organization – the Organization for the Prohibition of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons. However, the US military and pharmaceutical companies opposed the idea of international inspections. The then US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, John Robert Bolton II, played a special role in blocking the Protocol. During the Fifth Review Conference in December 2001, he demanded the termination of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts mandate for negotiations under the pretext that any international agreement would constrain US actions. The current situation with biological weapons control should not be left to chance. Measures to strengthen the BTWC should be developed, taking into account the new fundamental changes in dual-use biotechnology. It should be borne in mind, that the Protocol, developed in the 1990s, is outdated nowadays.
{"title":"Protocol to the Convention on the Prohibition of Bacteriological (Biological) Weapons – History, Main Provisions, Significance and Reasons for Not Signing","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-1-4-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-1-4-21","url":null,"abstract":"Received 30 January 2021. Accepted for publication 20 March 2021 The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (BTWC) does not have a legally binding verification regime. An attempt by the Ad Hoc Group of Experts, created by the UN Committee on Disarmament, to strengthen the BTWC by developing a legally binding document – the Protocol, was blocked by the United States in July 2001. The purpose of this work is to study the history, main provisions, significance and reasons for not signing the Protocol to the BTWC. The attention is paid to the events in biological weapons control, which have led a number of countries to the understanding of the necessity to develop the Protocol. The background of the US actions to block this document is the subject of special consideration. During the Second Review Conference on the Implementation of the Convention (8–25 September 1986, Geneva) the USSR, the German Democratic Republic and the Hungarian People's Republic proposed to develop and adopt the Protocol as an addition to the BTWC. This document was supposed to establish general provisions, definitions of terms, lists of agents and toxins, lists of equipment that was present or used at production facilities, threshold quantities of biological agents designed to assess means and methods of protection. The proposed verification mechanism was based on three «pillars»: initial declarations with the basic information about the capabilities of each State Party; inspections to assess the reliability of the declarations; investigations to verify and confirm or not confirm the alleged non-compliance with the Convention. The verification regime was to be under the control of an international organization – the Organization for the Prohibition of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons. However, the US military and pharmaceutical companies opposed the idea of international inspections. The then US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, John Robert Bolton II, played a special role in blocking the Protocol. During the Fifth Review Conference in December 2001, he demanded the termination of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts mandate for negotiations under the pretext that any international agreement would constrain US actions. The current situation with biological weapons control should not be left to chance. Measures to strengthen the BTWC should be developed, taking into account the new fundamental changes in dual-use biotechnology. It should be borne in mind, that the Protocol, developed in the 1990s, is outdated nowadays.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87168650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-20DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-3-305-337
The aim of this review is to analyze the existing approaches to the creation and the improvement of materials and fabrics based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which can be the basis for developing a strategy for creating modular MOF materials for modern personal protective equipment (PPE) against toxic chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms. The review provides the details of the use of biomolecules for integration with MOF by pore encapsulation, surface attachment, covalent binding, in situ encapsulation of biomolecules in MOF, and the creation of bio-MOFs. The characteristics of biomolecules that can be included in MOFs are presented. Certain schemes for the inclusion of some biomolecules in MOFs are given. The main properties of MOFs, the main trends of their creation, as well as the most promising directions of application of biomolecules/MOF composites are discussed. The strategy of the creation of modular MOF materials with desired properties for modern PPE, that provide protection against various hazards of chemical, biological and physical nature, is presented. The main trends of the development of modern PPE based on modular MOF materials with desired properties are given. Particular schemes of the creation of separate modules in MOF structures, as well as the determination of their importance and significance for imparting universal protective properties to MOF materials are proposed
{"title":"Strategy for Development of Modern Protective Equipment Based on Organometallic Complexes with Desired Properties","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-3-305-337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-3-305-337","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this review is to analyze the existing approaches to the creation and the improvement of materials and fabrics based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which can be the basis for developing a strategy for creating modular MOF materials for modern personal protective equipment (PPE) against toxic chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms. The review provides the details of the use of biomolecules for integration with MOF by pore encapsulation, surface attachment, covalent binding, in situ encapsulation of biomolecules in MOF, and the creation of bio-MOFs. The characteristics of biomolecules that can be included in MOFs are presented. Certain schemes for the inclusion of some biomolecules in MOFs are given. The main properties of MOFs, the main trends of their creation, as well as the most promising\u0000directions of application of biomolecules/MOF composites are discussed. The strategy of the creation of modular MOF materials with desired properties for modern PPE, that provide protection against various\u0000hazards of chemical, biological and physical nature, is presented. The main trends of the development of modern PPE based on modular MOF materials with desired properties are given. Particular schemes of\u0000the creation of separate modules in MOF structures, as well as the determination of their importance and significance for imparting universal protective properties to MOF materials are proposed","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87880195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-20DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-3-374-383
The Arctic zone is a priority area for the development and for ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the region's rich natural resources create conditions for military conflicts and armed struggle of states for possession of these resources. Such conflicts might culminate with an exchange of nuclear strikes. The modern system of metrological support of military dosimetry equipment does not provide the necessary reliability of the verification and calibration procedure under low temperatures in the Arctic zone. The aim of this work is to ensure the effective functioning of gas-discharge counters, used in the military dose rate meters, in the Arctic Zone. It is established, that the reason for the low reliability of readings of military dosimeters can be the generation of false pulses due to a decrease in the suppressing ability of the counter. False impulses may appear soon after the completion of the verification. It is shown in the article, that in order to increase the reliability of measurements for devices on gas-discharge counters, it is necessary to introduce a diagnostic unit into their measuring circuit, which makes it possible to detect the presence of false pulses directly during the measurement. The implementation of the results obtained will increase the reliability of dosimetry equipment in the Far North and will also ensure greater safety of its metrological characteristics. In future, there are good reasons to conduct a study on transfer of dosimetry equipment to electronic control of gas-discharge counters in order to assess the increase in the durability of the counters and reduce the cost of their production
{"title":"Ensuring Effective Functioning of Gas-Discharge Counters, Used in the Military Dose Rate Meters, in the Arctic Zone","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-3-374-383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-3-374-383","url":null,"abstract":"The Arctic zone is a priority area for the development and for ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the region's rich natural resources create conditions for military conflicts and armed struggle of states for possession of these resources. Such conflicts might culminate with an exchange of nuclear strikes. The modern system of metrological support of military dosimetry equipment does not provide the necessary reliability of the verification and calibration procedure under low temperatures in the Arctic zone. The aim of this work is to ensure the effective functioning of gas-discharge counters, used in the military dose rate meters, in the Arctic Zone. It is established, that the reason for the low reliability of readings of military dosimeters can be the generation of false pulses due to a decrease in the suppressing ability of the counter. False impulses may appear soon after the completion of the verification. It is shown in the article, that in order to increase the reliability of measurements for devices on gas-discharge counters, it is necessary to introduce a diagnostic unit into their measuring circuit, which makes it possible to detect the presence of false pulses directly during the measurement. The implementation of the results obtained will increase the reliability of dosimetry equipment in the Far North and will also ensure greater safety of its metrological characteristics. In future, there are good reasons to conduct a study on transfer of dosimetry equipment to electronic control of gas-discharge counters in order to assess the\u0000increase in the durability of the counters and reduce the cost of their production","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76270179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-20DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-3
{"title":"General Issues of NBC Protection of Troops and Civilians","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"188 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75067351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-20DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-3-338-373
The COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic revealed many «blank spots» in epidemiology at that very moment when humanity became confident that all epidemic disasters had remained in the distant past. The aim of this article is to study COVID-19 pandemic as an indicator of «blank spots» in epidemiology and infectious pathology. The article substantiates that the COVID-19 epidemic started much earlier than it was identified and recognized in China. The failure to establish the primary natural reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) among vertebrates suggests an expansion of searches for invertebrates. The reasons for the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 may be the presence of numerous unidentified primary and secondary natural foci of the virus among animals living close to humans, the high transmissibility of the virus and its presymptomatic transmission. High transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is possible because: the binding energy of S1 protein of the virus with its receptor ACE2 is higher than that of viruses of closely related species; the virus penetrates into the endosomes of the cells more efficiently; because of the work of the replication-transcription complex, which counteracts the innate protective response of cells. The presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which has become the main reason for the pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2, is a consequence of the late detection of the virus by the innate immune system. Infected individual becomes contagious first, and then the specific symptomThe COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic revealed many «blank spots» in epidemiology at that very moment when humanity became confident that all epidemic disasters had remained in the distant past. The aim of this article is to study COVID-19 pandemic as an indicator of «blank spots» in epidemiology and infectious pathology. The article substantiates that the COVID-19 epidemic started much earlier than it was identified and recognized in China. The failure to establish the primary natural reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) among vertebrates suggests an expansion of searches for invertebrates. The reasons for the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 may be the presence of numerous unidentified primary and secondary natural foci of the virus among animals living close to humans, the high transmissibility of the virus and its presymptomatic transmission. High transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is possible because: the binding energy of S1 protein of the virus with its receptor ACE2 is higher than that of viruses of closely related species; the virus penetrates into the endosomes of the cells more efficiently; because of the work of the replication-transcription complex, which counteracts the innate protective response of cells. The presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which has become the main reason for the pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2, is a consequence of the late detection of the vi
{"title":"COVID-19 Pandemic as an Indicator of «Blank Spots» in Epidemiology and Infectious Pathology","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-3-338-373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-3-338-373","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic revealed many «blank spots» in epidemiology at that very moment when humanity became confident that all epidemic disasters had remained in the distant past. The aim of this article is to study COVID-19 pandemic as an indicator of «blank spots» in epidemiology and infectious pathology. The article substantiates that the COVID-19 epidemic started much earlier than it was identified and recognized in China. The failure to establish the primary natural reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) among vertebrates suggests an expansion of searches for invertebrates. The reasons for the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 may be the presence of numerous unidentified primary and secondary natural foci of the virus among animals living close to humans, the high transmissibility of the virus and its presymptomatic transmission. High transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is possible because: the binding energy of S1 protein of the virus with its receptor ACE2 is higher than that of viruses of closely related species; the virus penetrates into the endosomes of the cells more efficiently; because of the work of the replication-transcription complex,\u0000which counteracts the innate protective response of cells. The presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which has become the main reason for the pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2, is a consequence of\u0000the late detection of the virus by the innate immune system. Infected individual becomes contagious first, and then the specific symptomThe COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic revealed many «blank spots» in epidemiology at that very moment when humanity became confident that all epidemic disasters had remained in the distant past. The aim of this article is to study COVID-19 pandemic as an indicator of «blank spots» in epidemiology and infectious pathology. The article substantiates that the COVID-19 epidemic started much earlier than it was identified and recognized in China. The failure to establish the primary natural\u0000reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) among vertebrates suggests an expansion of searches for invertebrates. The reasons for the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 may be\u0000the presence of numerous unidentified primary and secondary natural foci of the virus among animals living close to humans, the high transmissibility of the virus and its presymptomatic transmission. High\u0000transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is possible because: the binding energy of S1 protein of the virus with its receptor ACE2 is higher than that of viruses of closely related species; the virus penetrates into the endosomes of the cells more efficiently; because of the work of the replication-transcription complex, which counteracts the innate protective response of cells. The presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which has become the main reason for the pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2, is a consequence of the late detection of the vi","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"134 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77397923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-20DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-3-384-391
In relation to the challenging epidemic situation in Russia caused by the spread of novel coronavirus infection, specialists from the Russian NBC Protection Troops were involved in the disinfection of different facilities and equipment in all regions of the country. The aim of this article was to summarize the experience of mobile Decontamination Operational Groups (DOGs) of the NBC Protection Troops in infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in Moscow and Moscow Region. The mobile DOGs for this region were formed on the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Establishment «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. This center possessed vast experience in performing special tasks for ensuring radiation, chemical and biological safety of different objects. The DOGs were formed from highly qualified professionals with relevant experience in scientific research studies in radiation, chemical and biological protection issues. During the period March 30 to June 28, 2020, the mobile DOGs have performed cleaning and disinfection procedures for different objects at more than 120 addresses in Moscow City and Moscow Region. Thus, they have decontaminated 550 thousand sq. m of surfaces, 13491 units of automotive equipment, 67 passenger cars for personnel, 18 IL-76 aircrafts of the Russian Aerospace Forces and supportive machinery. Nevertheless, the experience of DOGs in infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in Moscow and Moscow Region demonstrated the need to improve the NBC protections means and disinfectant solutions. In general, the disinfection measures organized and carried out by the mobile DOGs have demonstrated high efficiency. There have not been a single case of COVID-19 among DOGs personnel throughout the entire period of performing cleaning and disinfection tasks in epidemic foci
{"title":"The First Experience of Decontamination Operational Groups in Infection Prevention and Control for COVID-19 in Moscow and Moscow Region","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-3-384-391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-3-384-391","url":null,"abstract":"In relation to the challenging epidemic situation in Russia caused by the spread of novel coronavirus infection, specialists from the Russian NBC Protection Troops were involved in the disinfection of different facilities and equipment in all regions of the country. The aim of this article was to\u0000summarize the experience of mobile Decontamination Operational Groups (DOGs) of the NBC Protection Troops in infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in Moscow and Moscow Region. The mobile DOGs for this region were formed on the basis of the Federal State Budgetary\u0000Establishment «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. This center possessed vast experience in performing special tasks for ensuring radiation, chemical and biological safety of different objects. The DOGs were formed from highly qualified professionals with relevant experience in scientific research studies in radiation, chemical and biological protection issues. During the period March 30 to June 28, 2020, the mobile DOGs have performed cleaning\u0000and disinfection procedures for different objects at more than 120 addresses in Moscow City and Moscow Region. Thus, they have decontaminated 550 thousand sq. m of surfaces, 13491 units of automotive equipment, 67 passenger cars for personnel, 18 IL-76 aircrafts of the Russian Aerospace Forces and supportive machinery. Nevertheless, the experience of DOGs in infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in Moscow and Moscow Region demonstrated the need to improve the NBC protections means and disinfectant solutions. In general, the disinfection measures organized and carried out by the mobile DOGs have demonstrated high efficiency. There have not been a single case of COVID-19 among DOGs personnel throughout the entire period of performing cleaning and disinfection tasks in epidemic foci","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75321893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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