Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-24-35
J. Lakota
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is an acute illness caused by exposure to a high dose of ionizing radiation. ARS is the deterministic effect of radiation exposure of the whole body or a significant body volume (partial body irradiation) above a threshold dose of about 1 Gy (gray). Radiation accidents, such as those in Chernobyl (1986) and Fukushima (2011), or the possible use of nuclear weapons during the hostilities or terrorist attacks, can lead to the massive development of ARS in humans. The aim of the work is to introduce a new method of post-radiation treatment – the use of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Materials and methods. The information contained in specialized scientific journals that are freely available and accessible through the global Internet was studied. Discussion of the results. In the scenario of mass exposure of the population, when from several tens (hundreds) to millions of people can be irradiated, the transfusion of hematopoietic stem cells traditionally used in such cases would be impossible. MSCs can possibly differentiate into specialized cells, that is, turn into cells of various organs and tissues or induce such kind of regeneration. For practical use, there are two main sources of their isolation and reproduction ex vivo – bone marrow and adipose tissue. To date, it has been shown that MSCs derived from adipose tissue can be effective in mitigating the effects of acute radiation illness. Intravenously applied MSCs are migrating mainly to the bone marrow and are partially restoring its function. Deep anatomical structures are also involved in local radiation injuries: bone, muscles, nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels and skin. There is a strong body of evidence suggesting the «repair effect» of MSCs when used to treat such lesions. This is because MSCs can induce the repair and regeneration of the anatomical structures which they are locally applied, possibly by the paracrine effect. The main advantage of allogeneic MSCs over autologous ones is their logistical accessibility. They can be produced in advance in quantities and stored frozen. After thawing, the cells must be cultured for at least 48 hours in humidified incubators with the addition of 5 % CO2. Findings. Treatment of MSCs should be started as soon as possible after radiation exposure. Rescue of damaged hematopoiesis in the bone marrow can be achieved by multiple intravenous administration of up to 1 million (106) freshly prepared allogeneic MSCs/kg body weight. Locally (around and in the irradiation area), the dose of MSCs may be lower – 20 million cells. Repeated topical application should be carried out at intervals of two to four weeks. Subsequent surgical reconstruction should be performed by an experienced surgeon and in a specialized center with concomitant topicalapplication of MSCs.
{"title":"Treatment of Radiation Lesions with Mesenchymal Stem Cells","authors":"J. Lakota","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-24-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-24-35","url":null,"abstract":" Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is an acute illness caused by exposure to a high dose of ionizing radiation. ARS is the deterministic effect of radiation exposure of the whole body or a significant body volume (partial body irradiation) above a threshold dose of about 1 Gy (gray). Radiation accidents, such as those in Chernobyl (1986) and Fukushima (2011), or the possible use of nuclear weapons during the hostilities or terrorist attacks, can lead to the massive development of ARS in humans. The aim of the work is to introduce a new method of post-radiation treatment – the use of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Materials and methods. The information contained in specialized scientific journals that are freely available and accessible through the global Internet was studied. Discussion of the results. In the scenario of mass exposure of the population, when from several tens (hundreds) to millions of people can be irradiated, the transfusion of hematopoietic stem cells traditionally used in such cases would be impossible. MSCs can possibly differentiate into specialized cells, that is, turn into cells of various organs and tissues or induce such kind of regeneration. For practical use, there are two main sources of their isolation and reproduction ex vivo – bone marrow and adipose tissue. To date, it has been shown that MSCs derived from adipose tissue can be effective in mitigating the effects of acute radiation illness. Intravenously applied MSCs are migrating mainly to the bone marrow and are partially restoring its function. Deep anatomical structures are also involved in local radiation injuries: bone, muscles, nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels and skin. There is a strong body of evidence suggesting the «repair effect» of MSCs when used to treat such lesions. This is because MSCs can induce the repair and regeneration of the anatomical structures which they are locally applied, possibly by the paracrine effect. The main advantage of allogeneic MSCs over autologous ones is their logistical accessibility. They can be produced in advance in quantities and stored frozen. After thawing, the cells must be cultured for at least 48 hours in humidified incubators with the addition of 5 % CO2. Findings. Treatment of MSCs should be started as soon as possible after radiation exposure. Rescue of damaged hematopoiesis in the bone marrow can be achieved by multiple intravenous administration of up to 1 million (106) freshly prepared allogeneic MSCs/kg body weight. Locally (around and in the irradiation area), the dose of MSCs may be lower – 20 million cells. Repeated topical application should be carried out at intervals of two to four weeks. Subsequent surgical reconstruction should be performed by an experienced surgeon and in a specialized center with concomitant topicalapplication of MSCs.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82842550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-53-61
A. А. Brusenin, S. Krasilnikov, V. N. Penyaz, D. N. Buryak, I. V. Artamonov, V. D. Burkov
With the existing method for evaluating the effectiveness of masking objects with aerosols, two parameters are used: the length and width of an invisible smoke screen with a probability of at least 50 %. Both parameters were obtained during the practical tests of aerosol masking means. However, they are insufficient for assessing the masking ability of an aerosol cloud as a spatial formation. The purpose of this work is to reveal the analytical dependence of the probability of objects masking on the density and dispersion of the aerosol. Мaterials and methods. An extended approach was used to estimate the probability of masking at any theoretical value of the flux density (integral concentration, g/m2) of aerosol along the line of sight, taking into account its dispersion, by calculating the formation of a probability field from 5 to 95 % over the entire spatial structure of the aerosol cloud. The method used is the simulation on a PC of the dependence of the share of space occlusion for the observer (the eyepiece of an optical device) by aerosol particles of a given dispersion and flux density, which we took as the probability of masking. Discussion. It is shown in the article, that the resulting analytical expression as a result of processing the accumulated simulation results on a PC fully corresponds to the Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law, which is a generalization of many years of practical field and laboratory experiments with aerosols in the air and dispersed particles in solutions. The obtained probability values allow us to obtain a generalized efficiency criterion in the form of a new concept - the reduced masking zone. This term is mathematically analogous to the reduced impact zone, which is used to assess damage caused by munitions. Conclusion. For a full assessment of the effectiveness of aerosol countermeasures, the reduced masking zone must be calculated for all possible lines of sight (observation of an object): horizontally, vertically, and along inclined paths. This condition reflects the method of using modern weapons such as Javelin anti-tank systems, which are aimed at the target mainly horizontally, and the final trajectory before the impact is a «hill». The theoretical difference between the values of vertical and horizontal masking screens, obtained by the authors using a new method for calculating the parameters of an aerosol cloud, is presented in the illustrations to the article.
{"title":"Analytical Dependence of the Probability of Masking Objects on the Density and Dispersion of the Aerosol","authors":"A. А. Brusenin, S. Krasilnikov, V. N. Penyaz, D. N. Buryak, I. V. Artamonov, V. D. Burkov","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-53-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-53-61","url":null,"abstract":" With the existing method for evaluating the effectiveness of masking objects with aerosols, two parameters are used: the length and width of an invisible smoke screen with a probability of at least 50 %. Both parameters were obtained during the practical tests of aerosol masking means. However, they are insufficient for assessing the masking ability of an aerosol cloud as a spatial formation. The purpose of this work is to reveal the analytical dependence of the probability of objects masking on the density and dispersion of the aerosol. Мaterials and methods. An extended approach was used to estimate the probability of masking at any theoretical value of the flux density (integral concentration, g/m2) of aerosol along the line of sight, taking into account its dispersion, by calculating the formation of a probability field from 5 to 95 % over the entire spatial structure of the aerosol cloud. The method used is the simulation on a PC of the dependence of the share of space occlusion for the observer (the eyepiece of an optical device) by aerosol particles of a given dispersion and flux density, which we took as the probability of masking. Discussion. It is shown in the article, that the resulting analytical expression as a result of processing the accumulated simulation results on a PC fully corresponds to the Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law, which is a generalization of many years of practical field and laboratory experiments with aerosols in the air and dispersed particles in solutions. The obtained probability values allow us to obtain a generalized efficiency criterion in the form of a new concept - the reduced masking zone. This term is mathematically analogous to the reduced impact zone, which is used to assess damage caused by munitions. Conclusion. For a full assessment of the effectiveness of aerosol countermeasures, the reduced masking zone must be calculated for all possible lines of sight (observation of an object): horizontally, vertically, and along inclined paths. This condition reflects the method of using modern weapons such as Javelin anti-tank systems, which are aimed at the target mainly horizontally, and the final trajectory before the impact is a «hill». The theoretical difference between the values of vertical and horizontal masking screens, obtained by the authors using a new method for calculating the parameters of an aerosol cloud, is presented in the illustrations to the article.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82679200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-82-92
S. N. Chigrinov, A. V. Mironin, V. D. Soybanov, V. Teterin, A. Tumanov
In the domestic literature, the industrial production of penicillin and streptomycin is commonly attributed to the representatives of civil institutions and enterprises. However, the key role of military scientists in solving this problem remains in the background. The purpose of this article is to summarize the available facts about the role of Soviet military scientists in creating a technology for obtaining the first antibiotics in the USSR. At the beginning of 1942, all the works, related to the penicillin in the Soviet Union, was headed by academician of AMS USSR Z. V. Ermolyeva. At the first stage of the research, the technology for obtaining penicillin was applied, based on the use of a surface method of growing cultures of the antibiotic-producing fungus in mattresses. But this method could not meet the country's needs for the drug. In early 1944, the Soviet government tasked the Research Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene of the Red Army (NIIEG) in Kirov (now a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «48th Central Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation) to solve the case of mass production of penicillin and streptomycin. In 1944–1945 for the first time in the USSR military specialists from NIIEG developed a technology for the industrial production of penicillin by the deep method with aeration. The deep cultivation was carried out in cultivator devices designed by engineer-Lieutenant Colonel A. V. Krutyakov. During the research, a fungus strain (Penicillium chrysogenum 23248) was selected from a large number of studied strains, the use of which provided the highest yields of penicillin, and the most effective cultivation conditions were selected. The experience, obtained by the Soviet military specialists during the development of the technology for the deep production of penicillin, served in 1946-1947 as the basis for the creation of the method for obtaining domestic streptomycin from the domestic Streptomyces griseus. In 1947, for the first time in the world an employee of the NIIEG Lieutenant Colonel of medical service N. I. Nikolaev and civil doctors D. D. Fedorinov and V. I. Gorokhov used the NIIEG streptomycin successfully for the treatment of patients with pneumonic plague during the plague epidemic in Manchuria. In the late 1940s the technologies for the production of penicillin and streptomycin, as well as the relevant documentation, were transferred to civil healthcare institutions for the industrial development.
在国内文献中，盘尼西林、链霉素的工业化生产一般都归于民间机构和企业的代表。然而，军事科学家在解决这一问题中的关键作用仍然在幕后。本文的目的是总结关于苏联军事科学家在创造一种技术以获得苏联第一种抗生素方面所起作用的现有事实。1942年初，苏联所有与青霉素有关的工作都是由苏联医学科学院院士埃尔莫耶娃(Z. V. Ermolyeva)领导的。在研究的第一阶段，基于在床垫中培养产生抗生素的真菌的表面方法，应用了获得青霉素的技术。但这种方法不能满足国家对该药的需求。1944年初，苏联政府委托位于基洛夫的红军流行病学和卫生研究所(NIIEG)(现为俄罗斯联邦国防部联邦国家预算机构“第48中央研究所”的分支机构)解决青霉素和链霉素大规模生产的问题。1944-1945年，苏联军事专家第一次从NIIEG开发了一种技术，用于工业生产青霉素的深度方法与曝气。深耕是在工程师A. V. Krutyakov中校设计的耕作装置上进行的。在研究过程中，从大量研究菌株中筛选出一株产青霉素量最高的真菌(青霉菌chrysogenum 23248)，并选择最有效的培养条件。苏联军事专家在开发盘尼西林深度生产技术期间获得的经验，在1946年至1947年期间作为创造从国内灰色链霉菌获得国内链霉素方法的基础。1947年，在满洲鼠疫流行期间，NIIEG的医务中校Nikolaev和民间医生Fedorinov和V. I. Gorokhov在世界上首次成功地使用NIIEG链霉素治疗肺鼠疫患者。在20世纪40年代后期，青霉素和链霉素的生产技术以及相关文件被转移到民间医疗机构，用于工业发展。
{"title":"The Contribution of Soviet Military Scientists to the Development of Industrial Technologies for the Production of the First Domestic Antibiotics (Penicillin and Streptomycin)","authors":"S. N. Chigrinov, A. V. Mironin, V. D. Soybanov, V. Teterin, A. Tumanov","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-82-92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-82-92","url":null,"abstract":" In the domestic literature, the industrial production of penicillin and streptomycin is commonly attributed to the representatives of civil institutions and enterprises. However, the key role of military scientists in solving this problem remains in the background. The purpose of this article is to summarize the available facts about the role of Soviet military scientists in creating a technology for obtaining the first antibiotics in the USSR. At the beginning of 1942, all the works, related to the penicillin in the Soviet Union, was headed by academician of AMS USSR Z. V. Ermolyeva. At the first stage of the research, the technology for obtaining penicillin was applied, based on the use of a surface method of growing cultures of the antibiotic-producing fungus in mattresses. But this method could not meet the country's needs for the drug. In early 1944, the Soviet government tasked the Research Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene of the Red Army (NIIEG) in Kirov (now a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «48th Central Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation) to solve the case of mass production of penicillin and streptomycin. In 1944–1945 for the first time in the USSR military specialists from NIIEG developed a technology for the industrial production of penicillin by the deep method with aeration. The deep cultivation was carried out in cultivator devices designed by engineer-Lieutenant Colonel A. V. Krutyakov. During the research, a fungus strain (Penicillium chrysogenum 23248) was selected from a large number of studied strains, the use of which provided the highest yields of penicillin, and the most effective cultivation conditions were selected. The experience, obtained by the Soviet military specialists during the development of the technology for the deep production of penicillin, served in 1946-1947 as the basis for the creation of the method for obtaining domestic streptomycin from the domestic Streptomyces griseus. In 1947, for the first time in the world an employee of the NIIEG Lieutenant Colonel of medical service N. I. Nikolaev and civil doctors D. D. Fedorinov and V. I. Gorokhov used the NIIEG streptomycin successfully for the treatment of patients with pneumonic plague during the plague epidemic in Manchuria. In the late 1940s the technologies for the production of penicillin and streptomycin, as well as the relevant documentation, were transferred to civil healthcare institutions for the industrial development.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"30 8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74056897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-23DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-4-372-385
К.Н. Аккузин, Е.С. Макеев
The lecture is intended for training specialists in higher educational establishments according to the Federal state standard «Robotics for military and special purposes» and also for training operators of robotic complexes (facilities) for military purposes in training centers and military units. The lecture addresses three questions: 1) Analysis of sources of radiation, chemical and biological threats in the Russian Federation. 2) Analysis of the development and use of foreign unmanned aerial vehicles designed for NBC protection purposes. 3) Analysis of the development and use of Russian unmanned aerial vehicles designed for NBC protection purposes.
{"title":"Analysis of the Development and Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Designed for NBC Protection Purposes","authors":"К.Н. Аккузин, Е.С. Макеев","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-4-372-385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-4-372-385","url":null,"abstract":"The lecture is intended for training specialists in higher educational establishments according to the Federal state standard «Robotics for military and special purposes» and also for training operators of robotic complexes (facilities) for military purposes in training centers and military units.\u0000The lecture addresses three questions:\u00001) Analysis of sources of radiation, chemical and biological threats in the Russian Federation.\u00002) Analysis of the development and use of foreign unmanned aerial vehicles designed for NBC protection purposes.\u00003) Analysis of the development and use of Russian unmanned aerial vehicles designed for NBC protection purposes.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73031011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The analysis of the capabilities of modern technical means of chemical reconnaissance and special equipment of chemical control indicates the possibility of quick detection of mined and explosive devices (EDs) by identification of the explosives included in the EDs and related technological impurities. The purpose of this work is to analyze the possibilities of using modern technical means of chemical reconnaissance and control for the detection and identification of explosives. In order to achieve this goal, the authors assessed the analytical characteristics and features of the technical means of chemical reconnaissance and the indication methods implemented in them to determine the possibility of detecting and identifying the components of the EDs. The article shows the possibility of using special military gas detectors operating on the basis of the ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) method to confirm the presence of the vapor phase of explosives. The assessment was carried out on the basis of an analysis of the physicochemical properties of peroxides and nitrogen-containing explosives and a comparison of the achievable concentrations of the vapor phase of nitrogen-containing explosives (TNT, RDX, pentrite, nitroglycerin, dinitrotoluene) with the results of the calculated sensitivity of the IMS method (~10–10 mg/L). It has been established that trace amounts of explosives in liquid and solid states of aggregation can be identified by portable technical means of chemical control, operating on the basis of infrared Fourier spectroscopy and Raman scattering. The ways of expanding the functionality of these technical means by creating specialized databases of spectral data of explosives and accompanying technological impurities are proposed. The inclusion of an additional spectrum bank in the control software of IMS gas detectors must be combined with the implementation of the possibility of program selection of operating modes and database switching by the operator.
{"title":"Application of Modern Technical Means of Chemical Reconnaissance and Control for the Detection and Identification of Explosives","authors":"В.А. Иноземцев, И.Н. Ефимов, А.А. Позвонков, А.С. Самородов, В.Н. Пономарев, С.С. Колбинев","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-4-355-364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-4-355-364","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of the capabilities of modern technical means of chemical reconnaissance and special equipment of chemical control indicates the possibility of quick detection of mined and explosive devices (EDs) by identification of the explosives included in the EDs and related technological impurities. The purpose of this work is to analyze the possibilities of using modern technical means of chemical reconnaissance and control for the detection and identification of explosives. In order\u0000to achieve this goal, the authors assessed the analytical characteristics and features of the technical means of chemical reconnaissance and the indication methods implemented in them to determine the possibility of detecting and identifying the components of the EDs. The article shows the possibility of using special military gas detectors operating on the basis of the ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) method to confirm the presence of the vapor phase of explosives. The assessment was carried out on the basis of an analysis of the physicochemical properties of peroxides and nitrogen-containing explosives and a comparison of the achievable concentrations of the vapor phase of nitrogen-containing explosives (TNT, RDX, pentrite, nitroglycerin, dinitrotoluene) with the results of the calculated sensitivity of the IMS method (~10–10 mg/L). It has been established that trace amounts of explosives in liquid and solid states of aggregation can be identified by portable technical means of chemical control, operating on the basis of infrared Fourier spectroscopy and Raman scattering. The ways of expanding the functionality of these technical means by creating specialized databases of spectral data of explosives and accompanying technological impurities are proposed. The inclusion of an additional spectrum bank in the control software of IMS gas detectors must be combined with the implementation of the possibility of program selection of operating modes and database switching by the operator.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89200960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-23DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2023-6-4-386-390
In accordance with the decision of the President of the Russian Federation, in 2013, the creation of scientific companies began in the Armed Forces of Russia. In 2015, such a company was created in the troops of radiation, chemical and biological protection as part of the Military Academy of Radiation, Chemical and Biological Protection named after Marshal of the Soviet Union S.K. Timoshenko (Kostroma). The purpose of the work is to show the history of the creation of a scientific company, the order of recruitment, organization and main indicators of the effectiveness of its research activities. The selection of candidates is carried out on the basis of the list of areas of training (specialties) of higher education of candidates for scientific companies, approved by the Office of the Chief of the NBC Protection Troops. The main criteria in the selection of candidates are the ability to conduct independent scientific activities in specialized areas, as well as the scientific potential of the candidate. The average GPA of the selected candidates is usually at least 4.7. With the young replenishment of the scientific company after the next call-up, the program of combat training of military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, who first entered (called up) for military service, is being mastered. Then the young replenishment of the company is given the military oath. Each serviceman is assigned a supervisor from among scientific and pedagogical workers who have a scientific degree and academic title, as well as practical experience in carrying out scientific research. After the end of the service, military personnel are provided with the opportunity is given: to conclude a contract for military service with the assignment of the military rank of "lieutenant"; stay as a researcher in universities and research organizations of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation with the subsequent possibility of defending a dissertation and conferring the academic title of candidate of sciences; find employment in scientific organizations that are part of the military-industrial complex of Russia.
{"title":"Scientific Сompany of the NBC Protection Troops","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2023-6-4-386-390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-6-4-386-390","url":null,"abstract":"In accordance with the decision of the President of the Russian Federation, in 2013, the creation of scientific companies began in the Armed Forces of Russia. In 2015, such a company was created in the troops of radiation, chemical and biological protection as part of the Military Academy of Radiation, Chemical and Biological Protection named after Marshal of the Soviet Union S.K. Timoshenko (Kostroma).\u0000The purpose of the work is to show the history of the creation of a scientific company, the order of recruitment, organization and main indicators of the effectiveness of its research activities. The selection of candidates is carried out on the basis of the list of areas of training (specialties) of higher education of candidates for scientific companies, approved by the Office of the Chief of the NBC Protection Troops. The main criteria in the selection of candidates are the ability to conduct independent scientific activities in specialized areas, as well as the scientific potential of the candidate. The average GPA of the selected candidates is usually at least 4.7. With the young replenishment of the scientific company after the next call-up, the program of combat training of military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, who first entered (called up) for military service, is being mastered. Then the young replenishment of the company is given the military oath. Each serviceman is assigned a supervisor from among scientific and pedagogical workers who have a scientific degree and academic title, as well as practical experience in carrying out scientific research. After the end of the service, military personnel are provided with the opportunity is given: to conclude a contract for military service with the assignment of the military rank of \"lieutenant\"; stay as a researcher in universities and research organizations of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation with the subsequent possibility of defending a dissertation and conferring the academic title of candidate of sciences; find employment in scientific organizations that are part of the military-industrial complex of Russia.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73783651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-23DOI: 10.35825/10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-4-304-319
Ján Lakota
The wide distribution in industry, medicine, agriculture, and other areas of human activity of nanoscale objects raise the question of the possibility of their dual use, which in this work means the use for deliberate mass destruction of people. The aim of the work is to consider nanoparticles as potential agents of chemical and biological weapons. Nanoparticles of any type have been shown to have biological activity. This is due to an increase in the surface activity of particles during the transition from microscale to nanoscale and their ability to penetrate the cell, especially cell nucleus. Being non-biological objects, interacting with cell receptors, distorting intracellular signaling pathways and affecting the genetic regulation of the cell, they can cause a variety of pathological effects (oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, etc.). Therefore, with the transition from microscales to nanoscales, essentially remaining chemical compounds, particles of non-toxic materials can transform into potential biological and chemical damaging agents. The existing possibilities of their mass use through the respiratory system, skin, gastrointestinal tract and through the introduction of injectable forms of drugs suggest that based on damaging agents of this type, weapons of mass destruction of a new type that are not subject to the Conventions on the Prohibition of Chemical and Biological Weapons can be developed. It is necessary to start developing methods for detecting nanoparticles and other nanoobjects in various environments surrounding a person, food and dosage forms
{"title":"Nanoparticles as Potential Agents of Chemical and Biological Weapons","authors":"Ján Lakota","doi":"10.35825/10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-4-304-319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-4-304-319","url":null,"abstract":"The wide distribution in industry, medicine, agriculture, and other areas of human activity of nanoscale objects raise the question of the possibility of their dual use, which in this work means the use for deliberate mass destruction of people. The aim of the work is to consider nanoparticles\u0000as potential agents of chemical and biological weapons. Nanoparticles of any type have been shown to have biological activity. This is due to an increase in the surface activity of particles during the transition from microscale to nanoscale and their ability to penetrate the cell, especially cell nucleus. Being non-biological objects, interacting with cell receptors, distorting intracellular signaling pathways and affecting the genetic regulation of the cell, they can cause a variety of pathological effects (oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, etc.). Therefore, with the transition from microscales to nanoscales, essentially remaining chemical compounds, particles of non-toxic materials can transform into potential biological and chemical damaging agents. The existing possibilities of their mass use through the respiratory system, skin, gastrointestinal tract and through the introduction of injectable forms of drugs suggest that based on damaging agents of this type, weapons of mass destruction of a new type that are not subject to the Conventions on the Prohibition of Chemical and Biological Weapons can be developed. It is necessary to start developing methods for detecting nanoparticles and other nanoobjects in various environments surrounding a person, food and dosage forms","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"229 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77560691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-23DOI: 10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-4-342-354
It is known that several decarboxylases (aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAD), histidine decarboxylase (HD) and glutamate decarboxylase (GD) with different molecular weights catalyze the most important reactions of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator biosynthesis. Pyridoxal phosphate, which serves as a cofactor for these enzymes, is one of organophosphorus compounds (OPC) having a structure similar to highly toxic substances such as warfare agents (WA) sarin, soman, Vx, a substance of type Vx, tabun and the so-called «Novichoks» (A230, A232, A234), as well as pesticides, widely used in agriculture (chlorpyrifos, malathion, glyphosate, mipafox, diazinon, paraoxon), based on their inhibitory effect on cholinesterases (ChE). The purpose of this work was to use computer modeling methods to evaluate the possible binding of various OPC to the catalytic centers of these enzymes instead of a cofactor, as well as similar interactions of decarboxylases (DC) with OPC when the active centers of DC already contain a built-in cofactor. Molecular docking has shown that a number of these OPC can compete with the cofactor for binding to the active centers of DC, and absolutely all the studied OPC (pesticides and WA) create obstacles to embedding the cofactor in the active center of AAD and HD. Such interactions will lead to a decrease in the level of formation of products of the corresponding catalytic reactions (dopamine, serotonin, phenylethylamine, serotonin, γ-aminobutyric acid) and the manifestation of their physiological functions. It was found that in the presence of a cofactor in the active center of the studied DC, the interaction of a number of OPC with the surface of these enzymes near the active center increases and exceeds the strength of the interaction of same enzymes with their typical substrates. At the same time, the maximum interaction that can lead to a significant inactivation of all the studied DC was revealed for the pesticides, while the effect of their presence was lower for WA. One of the highest levels of possible influence on the activity of DC was revealed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. In total, for DC, the more dangerous substances with high potential neurotoxicity turned out to be not WA at all, including «Novichoks», namely pesticides, which, according to their known effect on ChE, are considered as low-toxic OPC. The conducted new theoretical studies indicate that, firstly, direct experimental studies are required that will confirm the bioinformatics calculations made; secondly, a revision of long-standing approaches to assessing the neurotoxicity of various OPC, based mainly on the use of ChE for these purposes, is necessary; thirdly, it may be necessary to formulate tasks for the development and the use of new systems for the determination of potentially neurotoxic substances, the effect of which will be based on the use of different DC; fourth, to study the possible using DC as a basis for the development of new catalytic e
{"title":"New Enzymatic Targets for Organophosphorus Compounds","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-4-342-354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-4-342-354","url":null,"abstract":"It is known that several decarboxylases (aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAD), histidine decarboxylase (HD) and glutamate decarboxylase (GD) with different molecular weights catalyze the most important reactions of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator biosynthesis. Pyridoxal phosphate, which serves as a cofactor for these enzymes, is one of organophosphorus compounds (OPC) having a structure similar to highly toxic substances such as warfare agents (WA) sarin, soman, Vx, a substance of type Vx, tabun and the so-called «Novichoks» (A230, A232, A234), as well as pesticides, widely used in agriculture (chlorpyrifos, malathion, glyphosate, mipafox, diazinon, paraoxon), based on their inhibitory effect on cholinesterases (ChE). The purpose of this work was\u0000to use computer modeling methods to evaluate the possible binding of various OPC to the catalytic centers of these enzymes instead of a cofactor, as well as similar interactions of decarboxylases (DC)\u0000with OPC when the active centers of DC already contain a built-in cofactor. Molecular docking has shown that a number of these OPC can compete with the cofactor for binding to the active centers of DC, and absolutely all the studied OPC (pesticides and WA) create obstacles to embedding\u0000the cofactor in the active center of AAD and HD. Such interactions will lead to a decrease in the level of formation of products of the corresponding catalytic reactions (dopamine, serotonin, phenylethylamine, serotonin, γ-aminobutyric acid) and the manifestation of their physiological\u0000functions. It was found that in the presence of a cofactor in the active center of the studied DC, the interaction of a number of OPC with the surface of these enzymes near the active center increases and exceeds the strength of the interaction of same enzymes with their typical substrates. At the same time, the maximum interaction that can lead to a significant inactivation of all the studied DC was revealed for the pesticides, while the effect of their presence was lower for WA. One of the highest levels of possible influence on the activity of DC was revealed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. In total, for DC, the more dangerous substances with high potential neurotoxicity turned out to be not WA at all, including «Novichoks», namely pesticides, which, according to their known effect on ChE, are considered as low-toxic OPC. The conducted new theoretical studies indicate that, firstly, direct experimental studies are required that will confirm the bioinformatics calculations made; secondly, a revision of long-standing approaches to assessing the neurotoxicity of various OPC, based mainly on the use of ChE for these purposes, is necessary; thirdly, it may be necessary to formulate tasks for the development and the use of new systems for the determination of potentially neurotoxic substances,\u0000the effect of which will be based on the use of different DC; fourth, to study the possible using DC as a basis for the development of new catalytic e","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75192882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-23DOI: 10.35825/10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-4-320-341
Scientific and technological advancement of the mid- and late twentieth century led to the creation of a large number of new psychoactive substances (NPS), diverse in composition and spectrum of action. The primary stages of fight the spread of NPS are awareness of their characteristics, as well as the possibility of detecting both the substances themselves and biomarkers of their use (metabolites) in human biological objects. The purpose of the work is to review psychoactive compounds and methods of their detection performed for diagnostic purposes. The paper presents brief characteristics of the most common NPS, as well as features of their metabolism in the human. It is shown that the analysis of biological specimens collected from susceptive drug users is difficult due to the low content of analytes, the matrix influences, metabolism and the formation of various artifacts. The general scheme of screening of biological objects assumes the presence of two stages – a preliminary express analysis performed using immunochemical test systems, and a confirmatory analysis performed by gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The article discusses the possibilities and limitations of targeted and non-targeted screening. The subject of special consideration was the problems of using chromatography-mass spectrometry methods of NPS analysis in Russian – issues of accessibility of standard substances, search libraries, etc. The article also presents brief characteristics of individual families of NPS, such as stimulants, synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic opioids and hallucinogens. In addition, the article shows that in a number of foreign armies, in particular, in the Armed forces of Ukraine (AFU), drugs and psychostimulants are used to create «fearless soldiers». Thus, methadone, amphetamine and other psychoactive substances, as well as a psychotomimetic – a structural and pharmacological similarity of the prohibited BZ – were found in objects delivered from the positions of the AFU for analysis.
{"title":"Modern Psychoactive Substances and Their Detection in Biomedical Samples","authors":"","doi":"10.35825/10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-4-320-341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35825/10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-4-320-341","url":null,"abstract":"Scientific and technological advancement of the mid- and late twentieth century led to the creation of a large number of new psychoactive substances (NPS), diverse in composition and spectrum of action.\u0000The primary stages of fight the spread of NPS are awareness of their characteristics, as well as the possibility of detecting both the substances themselves and biomarkers of their use (metabolites) in human biological objects. The purpose of the work is to review psychoactive compounds and methods of their detection performed for diagnostic purposes. The paper presents brief characteristics of the most common NPS, as well as features of their metabolism in the human. It is shown that the analysis\u0000of biological specimens collected from susceptive drug users is difficult due to the low content of analytes, the matrix influences, metabolism and the formation of various artifacts. The general scheme of screening of biological objects assumes the presence of two stages – a preliminary express analysis performed using immunochemical test systems, and a confirmatory analysis performed by gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The article discusses the possibilities and limitations of\u0000targeted and non-targeted screening. The subject of special consideration was the problems of using chromatography-mass spectrometry methods of NPS analysis in Russian – issues of accessibility of standard substances, search libraries, etc. The article also presents brief characteristics of individual families of NPS, such as stimulants, synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic opioids and hallucinogens. In addition, the article shows that in a number of foreign armies, in particular, in the Armed forces of Ukraine (AFU), drugs and psychostimulants are used to create «fearless soldiers». Thus, methadone, amphetamine and other psychoactive substances, as well as a psychotomimetic – a structural and pharmacological similarity of the prohibited BZ – were found in objects delivered from the positions of the AFU for analysis.","PeriodicalId":16578,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NBC Protection Corps","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81882802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：