Journal of Nutrition最新文献

Background: Mycotoxin exposure during pregnancy has been associated with adverse birth outcomes and poor infant growth. We assessed multiple biomarkers and metabolites of exposure to mycotoxins at birth and their associations with birth outcomes and infant growth in 274 newborns in rural Burkina Faso.

Methods: Whole-blood microsamples were analyzed for mycotoxin concentrations in newborns in the Biospecimen substudy nested in the MIcronutriments pour la SAnté de la Mère et de l'Enfant-III trial using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Unadjusted and adjusted associations between mycotoxin exposure, and birth outcomes and infant growth at 6 mo were estimated using linear regression models for continuous outcomes and linear probability models with robust variance estimation for binary outcomes. Infant growth trajectories from birth to 6 mo were compared by exposure status using mixed-effects models with a random intercept for the individual infant and a random slope for the infant's age.

Results: Ochratoxin A (OTA) exposure was detected in 38.3% of newborns, with other mycotoxins being detected in the range of 0.36% and 4.01%. OTA exposure was significantly associated with adverse birth outcomes, such as lower birth weight [β (95% CI): -0.11 kg (-0.21, 0.00); P = 0.042] and ponderal index [β (95% CI): -0.62 gm/cm³ (-1.19, -0.05); P = 0.034], and a marginally significant lower length growth trajectories during the first 6 mo [β (95% CI): -0.08 cm/mo (-0.15, 0.0); P = 0.057].

Conclusions: OTA exposure was prevalent among newborns and also associated with lower growth at birth and during the first 6 mo. The results emphasize the importance of nutrition-sensitive strategies to mitigate dietary OTA, as well as adopting food safety measures in Burkina Faso during the fetal period of development.

In Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries, women are particularly affected by food insecurity (FI). This gender gap can be amplified at certain key periods in life, particularly during pregnancy, with negative consequences on maternal and infant health. In the current geopolitical and health context, it is essential to take stock of the prevalence of FI among pregnant women in this region and the associated economic and psychosocial determinants. From 168 publications identified on Pubmed and Scopus, this systematic review selected 13 publications in 7 LAC countries. Although the published data only described the situation before the COVID-19 pandemic (2009-2019), the prevalence of FI in this population was already worrying, ranging from 28.2% to 64.9%. Only 4 of 13 studies investigated socioeconomic and psychosocial determinants among mothers in this region. Thus, the factors most frequently reported concerned mothers' demographic characteristics (advanced age and ethnic minority), household socioeconomic characteristics (low income, poorest wealth quartile, precarious housing, and welfare recipients), the absence of a stable partner, and a low education level. High prevalences of FI have also been associated with mental distress during pregnancy. In conclusion, few recent studies (notably none since the COVID-19 pandemic) have been published in this region on the issue of FI among women during pregnancy. Yet, this knowledge is essential to the development of a logical framework for the implementation and evaluation of public health programs aimed at women and children. By reducing the FI of mothers in the LAC region, we will contribute to reducing the social inequalities in health that often manifest themselves very early in life. This study was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42024513321 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=513321).

Background: Adequate iodine status is crucial for children's health and normal development. However, there is a paucity of research on the iodine status of children from areas with high groundwater iodine content.

Objectives: The objectives of this were to monitor the iodine status of children in Shandong, China (regions primarily characterized by high iodine concentrations in groundwater) and describe the factors influencing children's iodine status.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2013 to 2023 on 3253 3- to 13-y-old children. We collected drinking water, spot urine, and 24-h urine samples from children to assess their iodine status [measuring drinking water iodine concentration (WIC), water iodine intake (WII), urine iodine concentration (UIC), 24-h urine iodine excretion (24-h UIE), daily iodine intake (DII), etc.], and analyzed influencing factors.

Results: The median WIC for children was 183 (IQR: 70.2, 362) μg/L, and the median spot UIC was 428 (IQR: 194, 737) μg/L, surpassing the WHO cutoff (300 μg/L). Children at risk of iodine excess numbered 1750 (61.8%). Approximately 61% of iodine intake came from drinking water. Boys had significantly higher iodine intake than girls (P < 0.001). Children's age showed positive correlations with spot UIC, 24-h UIC, and 24-h UIE. There were no significant differences in 24-h UIC and 24-h UIE among children with different BMIs. The logistic regression model revealed that the risk of iodine excess was increased by boy gender, increment in age (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.08), and every 10 μg (OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.04) or 50 μg (OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.22) increment in WII.

Conclusions: Children in areas with high groundwater iodine content are at a risk of iodine excess. As age increases, the risk of iodine excess in children rises, with boys at a higher risk than girls.

Background: Although potatoes are considered a dietary staple in some cultures, evidence suggests that their impact on type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk is nuanced, with preparation methods and dietary patterns playing crucial roles. Investigating the substitution effects of replacing potatoes with other foods is required to inform dietary recommendations for lowering T2D risk.

Objective: The objective of this was to investigate associations between the substitution of potatoes (excluding fries/chips) with other food groups (vegetables, whole grains, refined grains, red meat, processed meat, poultry, fish, and dairy) and the risk of T2D.

Methods: The diet of participants from the prospective Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health study (DCH) was measured at baseline (1993-1997) by a food frequency questionnaire. Participants were followed up for incident T2D from baseline until 2012. Associations between the substitution of potatoes (total, boiled, and mashed) with other food groups and incident T2D was assessed by multivariable Cox proportional hazards model.

Results: In 54,793 DCH study participants, during a median follow-up of 16.3 y, 7693 incident T2D cases were recorded. A 26% lower risk of T2D was observed when 50 g/d of potatoes were substituted with the same amount of whole grains [hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74 (0.70, 0.79)]. Similarly, a lower risk of T2D was observed upon substituting 25 g/d of potatoes with an equivalent amount of green leafy [HR (95% CI): 0.79 (0.74, 0.83)], cruciferous [HR (95% CI): 0.87 (0.83, 0.92)], and yellow/orange/red vegetables [HR (95% CI): 0.97 (0.96, 0.99)]. Conversely, a higher risk of T2D was observed when potatoes were substituted with poultry [HR (95% CI): 1.08 (1.02, 1.15)], red meat [HR (95% CI): 1.06 (1.02, 1.10)], and processed meat [HR (95% CI): 1.17 (1.11, 1.23)]. Replacing boiled potatoes with red meat or poultry was associated with a higher risk of T2D compared with replacing mashed potatoes.

Conclusions: Substituting potatoes with whole grains and most types of vegetables was associated with a lower risk of T2D, whereas substituting potatoes with poultry, red meat, and processed meat was associated with a higher risk.

Background: Consensus regarding the required intake of indispensable amino acids (IDAAs) and protein [representing total amino acids (AAs)] in the adult is lacking. Oxidation is a major, although not exclusive, source of IDAA loss in humans body and a primary factor determining requirements; a quantitative understanding of oxidative IDAA losses is required.

Objectives: This study aimed to develop a factorial diurnal model of total oxidative IDAA and protein losses in the adult human.

Methods: A factorial diurnal model of oxidative losses of protein and each IDAA at maintenance was developed by estimating the magnitude and variability of sources of oxidative loss from existing literature: inevitable catabolism (constitutive oxidation of each absorbed dietary AA), and protein turnover in the postprandial and postabsorptive states. Total oxidative losses were calculated by summing individual losses, validated against published independent nitrogen balance data and compared with current IDAA requirements.

Results: The factorial model predicted minimum oxidative total AA losses of 390 ± 60 mg/kg BW/d, 59% of the estimated average requirement for protein. Inevitable AA oxidation and oxidation associated with postabsorptive protein turnover were the major sources of the oxidative loss for protein, at 40% and 44%, respectively. Summed oxidative IDAA losses ranged from 64% (isoleucine) to 91% (tryptophan) of current requirements. Total oxidative losses predicted by the model were significant predictors of actual experimental oxidative losses obtained by nitrogen balance (R² = 0.66; P = 0.049).

Conclusions: The use of a factorial model for estimation of minimum IDAA and protein oxidative losses in the adult human provides an essential starting point for an updated understanding of protein and IDAA requirements. Further iterations of the model will estimate total protein and IDAA requirements, and account for variations in dietary protein quantity and quality, as well as different populations and physiologic states. Additional data, especially for inevitable oxidation in humans, and particularly with respect to individual IDAAs, are needed.

Background: Although body fatness is a recognized risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the underlying mechanisms of how fat composition affects pancreatic carcinogenesis are poorly understood. High-fat diets (HFDs) can disrupt intestinal barrier function, potentially accelerating carcinogenesis. Omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) have anti-inflammatory properties and help preserve intestinal integrity.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate how ω-3 FAs affect the colonic barrier in the context of HFD-induced changes, in a mouse model of PDAC [p48-Cre; LSL-KrasG12D (KC)].

Methods: Male and female KC mice were randomly assigned into 1 of the following 4 groups: 1) a control diet containing ∼11% total calories from fat with an ω-6:ω-3 FA ratio of 10:1 (C), 2) the control diet with high concentrations of ω-3 FA with an ω-6:ω-3 FA ratio of 1:1 (Cω3), 3) an HFD containing 60% total calories from fat with an ω-6:ω-3 FA ratio of approximately 10:1 (HF), and 4) an HFD with high concentrations of ω-3 FA with an ω-6:ω-3 FA ratio of 1:1 (HFω3).

Results: Consumption of an HFD for 8 wk caused: 1) disruption of tight junction structure and function; 2) decreased goblet cell number; 3) higher colonic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NADPH oxidase 1 expression; 4) activation of TLR4-triggered pathways, that is, NF-κB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; 5) elevated plasma lipopolysaccharide concentrations; and 6) higher pancreatic TLR4 expression, and 7) accelerated acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. All of these events were mitigated in mice fed the HFω3.

Conclusions: Our findings support the concept that, in the context of obesity, ω-3 FAs have protective effects during early-stage pancreatic carcinogenesis through the regulation of intestinal permeability and endotoxemia.

Current research studies point to an increased risk of diabetes with selenium (Se) intake beyond the physiological requirement used to prevent cancers. The existing hypothesis of "selenoprotein overexpression leads to intracellular redox imbalance" cannot clearly explain the U-shaped dose-effect relationship between Se intake and the risk of diabetes. In this review, it is speculated that metabolic remodeling based on the de novo biosynthesis of L-serine may occur in mammals at supranutritional or subtoxic levels of Se. It is also speculated that a large amount of L-serine is consumed by the body during insufficient Se intake, thus resulting in similar metabolic reprogramming. The increase in atypical ceramide and its derivatives due to the lack of L-serine may also play a role in the development of diabetes.

Background: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) levels decline with age, and boosting it can improve multi-organ functions and lifespan.

Objectives: Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a natural NAD⁺ precursor with the ability to enhance NAD⁺ biosynthesis. Numerous studies have shown that a high-fat diet (HFD) can accelerate the process of aging and many diseases. We hypothesized that long-term administration of NMN could exert protective effects on adipose, muscle, and kidney tissues in mice on an HFD act by affecting the autophagic pathway.

Methods: Mice at 14 mo of age were fed an HFD, and NMN was added to their drinking water at a dose of 400 mg/kg for 7 mo. The locomotor ability of the mice was assessed by behavioral experiments such as grip test, wire hang test, rotarod, and beam-walking test. At the end of the behavioral experiments, the pathological changes of each peripheral organ and the expression of autophagy-related proteins, as well as the markers of the senescence and inflammaging were analyzed by pathological staining, immunohistochemical staining, and western blotting, respectively.

Results: We found that NMN supplementation increased NAD⁺ levels and ultimately attenuated age- and diet-related physiological decline in mice. NMN inhibited HFD-induced obesity, promoted physical activity, improved glucose and lipid metabolism, improved skeletal muscle function and renal damage, as well as mitigated the senescence and inflammaging as demonstrated by p16, interleukin 1β, and tumor necrosis factor α levels. In addition, the present study further emphasizes the potential mechanisms underlying the bidirectional relationship between NAD⁺ and autophagy. We detected changes in autophagy levels in various tissue organs, and NMN may play a protective role by inhibiting excessive autophagy induced by HFD.

Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that NMN administration attenuated HFD-induced metabolic disorders and physiological decline in aging mice.

Background: Ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) comprise >50% of United States adults' energy intake, with the proportion of calories from UPFs increasing over time and the proportion of unprocessed/minimally processed foods (MPFs) decreasing over time. Whether UPFs are primarily consumed at home (AH) or away from home (AFH) is important to inform policies and messages to improve dietary quality.

Objectives: We examined trends in consumption of UPFs and MPFs AH and AFH in a nationally representative sample of United States adults and within sociodemographic subgroups.

Methods: Data are from 34,628 adults (aged ≥20 y) with two 24-h dietary recalls from the 2003-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We examined trends over time in intake from MPFs and UPFs as a proportion of total energy intake and as a proportion of AH energy intake and AFH energy intake using generalized linear models adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, and household income. We examined differences in trends by sociodemographic subgroups using interaction terms and stratified models.

Results: Overall, and for most demographic subgroups, UPFs comprised >50% of AH energy intake and >50% of AFH energy intake, with UPFs increasing and MPFs decreasing over time as a proportion of energy intake AH and AFH. The proportion of total energy intake from UPFs increased for food consumed AH (33.6%-37.1%, P-trend < 0.001), but not for UPFs consumed AFH (19.5%-18.8%, P-trend = 0.88). From 2003-2004 to 2017-2018, the proportion of total energy intake from MPFs declined for foods consumed AH (23.6%-20.8%, P-trend <0.001) and AFH (9.7%-7.5%, P-trend <0.001). Interaction terms testing differences in trends of MPF and UPF intake AH and AFH by sociodemographic subgroups were mostly nonsignificant.

Conclusions: Findings highlight the ubiquity and increasing proportion of UPFs in United States adults' diets regardless of whether foods are consumed AH or AFH.

Probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics can significantly influence B-cell-related diseases through their immunomodulatory effects. They enhance the immune system's function, particularly affecting B cells, which originate in the bone marrow and are crucial for antibody production and immune memory. These substances have therapeutic potential in managing allergies, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory conditions by regulating the gut microbiota, strengthening epithelial barriers, and directly interacting with various components of the innate and adaptive immune systems. The review highlights the critical need for further research into the precise mechanisms through which probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics modulate B cells. Gaining this understanding could facilitate the development of more effective treatments for B-cell-related diseases by harnessing the immunomodulatory properties of these dietary components.