Journal of Nutrition最新文献

Background: The association of protein from different food sources and different plasma amino acids with risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unclear.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate longitudinal relationships of dietary protein intake from different sources and quantity of plasma amino acids with new-onset CKD in the general population.

Methods: Participants (mean age: 56 y) without CKD at baseline were included in the UK Biobank. A total of 176,980 were included in the analysis for protein intakes and 99,061 participants were included in the analysis for plasma amino acids. Information on dietary protein was collected based on a 24-h dietary recall from the previous day. Plasma amino acid concentrations were measured by a high-throughput NMR-based metabolic biomarker profiling platform. The study outcome was new-onset CKD.

Results: During a median follow-up of 12 y (beginning between 2006 and 2010 and ending in 2021), 3542 participants (2,128,626 person-year) developed new-onset CKD. Higher intakes of dairy-derived and fish-derived protein were associated with lower incidence of CKD [per standard deviation, SD increment, adjusted hazard ratio, HR (95% confidence interval, 95% CI): 0.95 (0.91, 0.98) and 0.95 (0.92, 0.99), respectively], but protein intake from other foods was not (P-trend > 0.1). Moreover, incident CKD was lower among those with higher plasma histidine (per SD increment; adjusted HR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.95), tyrosine (0.90; 0.87, 0.94), isoleucine (0.89; 0.85, 0.92), leucine (0.89; 0.85, 0.93), and valine (0.89; 0.85, 0.93).

Conclusions: The protein intake from dairy and fish, as well as the concentration of plasma histidine, tyrosine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine, was inversely associated with new-onset CKD.

Background: Understanding the link between prepregnancy nutritional status and gut microbiota during pregnancy may lead to novel maternal and child health interventions. We explored the association of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) status with gut microbiota diversity and abundance during pregnancy.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 90 pregnant women from primary health centers in Jakarta, Indonesia. Trained staff interviewed women on sociodemographic characteristics and nutrient intake, gathered data on prepregnancy BMI from antenatal records, and obtained fecal samples. Samples were analyzed for microbiota diversity indices [Shannon, Faith phylogenetic diversity (Faith PD), and Chao1] and abundance using 16S ribosome ribonucleic acid sequencing. Multivariate logistic regression was performed although adjusting for carbohydrate and protein intake, ethnicity, and education to determine the relationship between prepregnancy BMI and the alpha diversity index and the presence of the phylum Firmicutes and genera Prevotella and Blautia.

Results: Pregnant women who were overweight or obese (BMI ≥23.0 kg/m²) before pregnancy had significantly lower odds of having gut microbiota diversity above the median of Shannon index [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1, 0.9, P = 0.042], Faith PD (aOR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1, 0.8, P = 0.015), and Chao1 (aOR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1, 0.7, P = 0.006) compared with those who were neither overweight nor obese. Prepregnant women with overweight or obesity also had significantly lower odds of having levels above the median of the phylum Firmicutes (aOR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.98, P = 0.045) and genus Blautia (aOR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.85, P = 0.022) compared with women without overweight and obesity.

Conclusions: Prepregnancy overweight or obese status was associated with lower gut microbiota diversity and lower abundance of Firmicutes and Blautia among pregnant women in an urban community. These findings suggest that prepregnancy interventions to control BMI may improve gut flora and potentially benefit pregnant women.

Background: Beans are a candidate food for increasing satiety due to their protein and dietary fiber content. Extra-lean ground beef (beef) is a common animal protein that can increase satiety due to its protein content, which is higher than beans but does not contain dietary fiber. Dietary guidance encourages higher intake of plant-based protein foods and warrants satiety studies that compare plant and animal protein foods, which could particularly benefit the rapidly growing population segment of older adults.

Objectives: To compare the effects of 2 bean varieties and beef consumed within a breakfast tortilla on satiety, food intake, and 24-h energy intake in older adults.

Methods: Older adults [n = 35, age 72.4 ± 6.66 y, BMI (in kg/m²) 25.1 ± 3.25] consumed 3 breakfast tortilla test meals containing 1 serving of black beans (135 g), red kidney beans (135 g), or beef (80 g) in a randomized, crossover design. Participants rated their appetite sensations on periodic visual analogue scales, food intake was measured at an ad libitum pizza lunch meal, and 24-h energy intake was measured using weighed food records. Appetite sensation area under the curves (AUCs) were compared between treatments using repeated-measures analysis of covariance, and food intake and 24-h energy intake were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results: Fullness and satisfaction were significantly increased, although hunger, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption were significantly decreased, following consumption of the black bean, red kidney bean, and beef test meals. Appetite sensation AUCs, ad libitum pizza intake, and 24-h energy intake did not significantly differ between the test meals.

Conclusions: These results demonstrate that beans improve satiety to an extent that is not significantly different from beef in older adults, thereby supporting the role of beans as a nutrient-dense source of protein and dietary fiber as part of a satisfying meal for older adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05499819.

The poor intestinal health induced by management, stress, or infection remains a substantial challenge restricting the rapid development of the pig industry. Some natural plant bioactive components (NPBCs) have garnered considerable interest owing to their multifarious benefits, including enhancing intestinal morphology, digestion and absorption, barrier function, immune function, and regulating the gut microbiota. However, there are critical factors, such as the lack of standardized production technologies, lower stability and bioavailability, and unclear mechanisms of NPBCs, severely limiting their feeding efficacy and their application in animal production. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of the recent advances regarding the impacts of NPBCs on pig gut health. Additionally, we highlighted the key areas that warrant further in-depth investigation. Taken together, NPBCs could be green, safe, and effective feed additives by constructively overcoming their limitations, and they are expected to have broader applications in animal husbandry.

Background: It remains unclear whether supplementation with vitamin D reduces risk of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) or asthma, major contributors to the world-wide burden of disease.

Objectives: To compare effects of vitamin D with placebo supplementation for the prespecified primary endpoints 1) acute exacerbations of COPD and 2) decline in pulmonary function measures of airflow obstruction. Prespecified secondary endpoints included asthma exacerbations and control.

Methods: Lung VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) is an ancillary study of VITAL, a United States nationwide, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design of vitamin D₃ (2000 IU/d) and marine n-3 fatty acids (1 g/d) among men 50 y and women 55 y of age or older. Of 25,871 randomly divided participants, 3632 at risk for respiratory exacerbations, including 1977 with COPD by diagnosis or symptoms and 1654 with self-reported asthma diagnosis, were followed annually for 5 y by self-administered respiratory questionnaire. Spirometry was performed at baseline and 2 y after randomization by 1648 participants from 12 urban centers. Decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁) and FEV₁/forced vital capacity was measured between baseline and follow-up.

Results: Supplementation with vitamin D was not associated with lower risk of any primary or secondary end point. Over the 5-y follow-up, the number of COPD exacerbations was 0.27/y in the vitamin D group and 0.25/y in the placebo group (rate ratio 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 0.93, 1.29). Over the 2-y follow-up, supplementation was not associated with slower decline (mL/y) in FEV₁.

Conclusions: Supplementation with vitamin D, compared with placebo, did not result in a lower rate of COPD exacerbations or improved pulmonary function in community-dwelling adults not selected for vitamin D deficiency. This trial was registered at Lung VITAL clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01728571 with Protocol ID 2010-P-000622 (https://prevention.cancer.gov/clinical-trials/clinical-trials-search/nct01728571).

Background: It is unclear whether trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and its precursors are bidirectionally associated with kidney dysfunction.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate whether increased TMAO and its precursors are linked to decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and whether reduced eGFR is associated with elevated TMAO and its precursors.

Methods: Our study consists of participants with creatinine, TMAO, and its precursors (choline, carnitine, and betaine) repeatedly measured from the Fuxin rural cohort. We utilized cross-lagged panel models to assess the potential bidirectional associations of TMAO and its precursors with eGFR. Age (≥60 and <60 y) and sex-specified associations and interaction effects were examined using multi-group cross-lagged panel models. The Bonferroni method was applied for multiple comparisons.

Results: Of 1746 participants [mean age 59.4 ± 9.3 y, 584 (33%) male], TMAO was inversely related to eGFR after 2 y [cross-lagged coefficient, 95% confidence interval: -0.030, -0.058, -0.002, P = 0.035], and eGFR was negatively associated with carnitine after 2 y (-0.138, -0.198, -0.078, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed significant associations between baseline (bl) TMAO and eGFR after 2 y in individuals aged 60 and older (-0.061, -0.107, -0.014, P = 0.011) and between bl eGFR and carnitine after 2 y in individuals aged 60 and older (-0.093, -0.164, -0.022, P = 0.010), in those under 60 (-0.153, -0.226, -0.079, P < 0.001), and in females (-0.154, -0.229, -0.079, P < 0.001). Additionally, bl eGFR is nominally associated with choline after 2 y in those aged under 60 (0.092, 0.017, 0.167, P = 0.017) and in males (0.114, 0.015, 0.213, P = 0.025).

Conclusions: Deceased eGFR is related to elevated serum carnitine concentrations and may be linked to choline. Conversely, elevated TMAO may be linked to reduced kidney function. This provides novel evidence that managing healthy kidney function helps keep TMAO and its precursors at optimal levels, whereas maintaining low TMAO concentrations reduces risk of kidney disease.

Background: A low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) may be effective for reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. However, its association with mortality remains unclear, especially in populations with higher carbohydrate and lower fat intake.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the association between LCD scores and mortality risk in participants from the Japan collaborative cohort study.

Methods: The analysis included 22,659 males and 35,192 females aged 40-79 y at baseline. A food frequency questionnaire was used to construct the LCD scores, which were further categorized into 3 types based on the fat intake source: animal, fish, and plant. The association between the LCD scores and total and cause-specific mortality was estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for confounders.

Results: During a median follow-up period of 19.4 y, 10,835 deaths (5835 males and 5000 females) were recorded. For all participants, the overall LCD score was inversely associated with total mortality. The lowest hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) was 0.85 (0.78, 0.93) in the eighth decile (P-linear trend = 0.03). Fish fat-based LCD score had a U-shaped association with total mortality (P-nonlinear trend = 0.01). An inverse association was observed with CVD mortality (P-linear trend = 0.04 of overall LCD score; P-linear trend = 0.04 of fish fat-based LCD score). In females, there was an inverse association between the overall LCD score and total mortality. A U-shaped association was also shown for fish fat-based LCD score. The fish fat-based LCD score was inversely associated with CVD mortality.

Conclusions: Moderate overall and fish fat-based LCD scores were associated with a lower risk of total mortality in the Japanese population. Fish fat-based LCD score had a significant inverse association with CVD mortality.

Background: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) supports the health and nutrition status of low-income pregnant and postpartum people and young children. Despite its numerous benefits, WIC faces low enrollment, participation, and retention.

Objectives: To identify facilitators and barriers to WIC enrollment, participation, and retention in Rhode Island, and develop an implementation blueprint to create tailored strategies to address barriers.

Methods: We conducted semistructured qualitative interviews (N = 41) in English and Spanish with WIC participants (n = 13), individuals who no longer participate in WIC (n = 11), and WIC staff (n = 17). Using an inductive and deductive approach, we performed a rapid qualitative analysis guided by the Health Equity Implementation Framework to identify facilitators and barriers. Community advisory boards (CABs) consisting of individuals representing WIC and other community-based organizations categorized barriers based on their importance and feasibility. We then developed strategies to address "high" importance and "high" feasibility barriers. CAB members categorized these strategies based on impact and feasibility. Finally, we operationalized "moderate-high" or "high" impact and "high" feasibility strategies in the implementation blueprint.

Results: Interviews with participants revealed facilitators such as positive staff interactions and increased benefits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Barriers included limited program awareness, inconvenient clinic hours, stigma, and confusion over WIC product eligibility. The implementation blueprint described strategies to address identified barriers, such as social media campaigns, extended clinic hours, and optimizing referral networks.

Conclusions: Identified facilitators and barriers highlight the need for better communication, scheduling flexibility, accurate WIC product labeling, and enhanced staff roles. The implementation blueprint offers targeted recommendations and strategies to improve WIC participation and retention in Rhode Island and can serve as guidance for other WIC state and local agencies to ensure WIC's continued support for low-income families nationwide.