Journal of Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"An Overnight, 8-Hour Low Oxygen Exposure Increases Energy Expenditure with No Effect on Energy Intake: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Crossover Study","authors":"Paul A Baker ,&nbsp;Alexandria N Long ,&nbsp;M Alan Dawson ,&nbsp;Claire E Berryman","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Extended exposure to hypobaric hypoxia at high altitude induces negative energy balance through elevations in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and decreases in energy intake. It is unknown if an overnight bout of normobaric hypoxic (NH) exposure at sea level induces similar changes in energy balance and associated mechanisms.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The aim of this study is to determine the effects of a single overnight exposure to NH on RMR, heart rate (HR) variability (HRV), appetite, and energy intake compared with an overnight exposure to normobaric normoxia (NN) in normal-weight adults.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this randomized, single-blind, sham-controlled, crossover study, 20 adults (22.7 ± 1.7 kg/m², 24.5 ± 3.9 y) slept 8 h in a tent maintained at either ∼15% (∼2640 m elevation) or ∼20% oxygen (∼305m elevation). The following morning, HRV was measured inside the tent using electrocardiography; RMR was measured outside the tent using indirect calorimetry; and energy intake and subjective appetite were assessed outside the tent with an ad libitum breakfast buffet and visual analog scales, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overnight peripheral oxygen saturation was lower in NH (mean ± SD: 88.2% ± 2.3%) compared with NN (96.2% ± 0.9%; <em>P</em>-condition &lt; 0.0001). Root mean square of successive RR interval difference and high frequency activity, markers of parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity, were lower after NH (47.7 ± 19.5 ms and 524 ± 335 ms², respectively) compared with NN (58.3 ± 22.6 ms, <em>P</em>-condition = 0.034 and 748 ± 476 ms², <em>P</em>-condition = 0.052, respectively). HR was greater in NH (61.3 ± 7.4 bpm) compared with NN (56.2 ± 7.6 bpm; <em>P</em>-condition &lt; 0.0001). RMR was elevated in NH (1.07 ± 0.18 kcal/min) compared with NN (1.04 ± 0.13 kcal/min; <em>P</em>-condition = 0.018). Appetite and energy intake did not differ between conditions (<em>P</em>-condition &gt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>One-night exposure to NH reduced PNS activity, increased HR and RMR, and had no impact on energy intake or appetite when compared with NN exposure.</div><div>This trial is registered at <span><span>https://clinicaltrials.gov/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> as NCT04151927.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101319"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145917758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxytocin Receptor Polymorphism rs53576 Is Linked to Habitual Alcohol and Sucrose Intake, as well as Liver Steatosis, in a General Japanese Population Cohort","authors":"Hisanori Goto ,&nbsp;Yasuhiko Yamamoto ,&nbsp;Hiromasa Tsujiguchi ,&nbsp;Takehiro Sato ,&nbsp;Yumie Takeshita ,&nbsp;Yujiro Nakano ,&nbsp;Takayuki Kannon ,&nbsp;Kazuyoshi Hosomichi ,&nbsp;Akinori Hara ,&nbsp;Shigeru Yokoyama ,&nbsp;Atsushi Tajima ,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Nakamura ,&nbsp;Toshinari Takamura","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Oxytocin (OXT) signaling through the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) produces stress-relieving effects and modulates alcohol reward and sucrose preference in animal models. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of OXT for alcohol use disorder (AUD) and liver steatosis. However, human genetic evidence linking OXT signaling to these cravings remains scarce.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study examined the association between the <em>OXTR</em> rs53576 polymorphism and habitual intake of alcohol and sucrose in a general population, with a further focus on related liver pathology.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the Shika study, comprising 696 participants with complete information on both single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and dietary intake, assessed using the Brief Dietary History Questionnaire (BDHQ). We examined the association of the rs53576 SNP with alcohol and sucrose consumption, as well as with clinical outcomes related to these dietary factors, including liver enzyme concentrations and liver steatosis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among individuals with regular alcohol consumption, those with the rs53576 G/G genotype (under a recessive model) exhibited significantly lower alcohol intake (<em>P</em> = 0.002) and higher sucrose intake (<em>P</em> = 0.004) compared with A allele carriers. An association between rs53576 and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, an indicator of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), further supported the relationship between this genotype and alcohol intake. Sex-stratified analysis revealed that the G/G genotype was linked to a greater prevalence of liver steatosis in women, but not in men. Mediation analysis indicated that this association in women was driven by a direct effect independent of sucrose intake volume.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings indicate that the <em>OXTR</em> rs53576 polymorphism is associated with distinct alcohol and sucrose intake patterns and susceptibility to liver steatosis, supporting the potential for genotype-informed nutritional interventions aimed at reducing the risk of AUD, ALD, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101375"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146043625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usual Nutrient Intake Adequacy and Nutritional Status of United States Children and Adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–March 2020","authors":"Ariana DL Bailey ,&nbsp;Derek C Miketinas ,&nbsp;Hila Elisha London ,&nbsp;Thomas Houslay ,&nbsp;Tonya M Bender ,&nbsp;Ashley C Patterson","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101377","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Comprehensive estimates of usual nutrient intake, supplement use, and nutrition-related biomarkers are lacking among children and adolescents.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The purpose of this secondary analysis of the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was to evaluate usual nutrient intake and nutrition-related biomarkers among individuals aged 1–18 y.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Individuals aged 1–18 y with ≥1 reliable dietary recall who participated in NHANES 2001–March 2020 were included for analysis. Pregnant females were excluded. Dietary intake was collected using 24-h dietary recalls administered via the Automated Multiple Pass Method, and supplement use was assessed from the 30 d supplement use questionnaire. Nutrition-related biomarkers were assessed from available cycles. Usual macronutrient and micronutrient intake was assessed using the National Cancer Institute method. Trends in usual intake across age groups were assessed using linear models. Differences between groups were assessed using independent samples <em>t</em> tests. All analyses were adjusted to account for the survey design and sampling weights.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This representative sample of 32,118 individuals aged 1–18 y reported inadequate intake of key nutrients including dietary fiber, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, vitamin D, and vitamin E. Inadequate calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and vitamin A intake became increasingly common with age, particularly among adolescent girls, with mean (SE) 78.2 (1.3)% of girls aged 9–18 y reporting inadequate calcium intake. Younger children reported adequate iron and folate intake; however, 29.9 (1.3)% of adolescent girls had serum ferritin concentrations indicating iron deficiency, and 19.7 (1.2)% had red blood cell folate concentrations below recommended thresholds. Vitamin D insufficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D &lt;50 nmol/L) also increased with age, affecting nearly 1 in 5 adolescent girls aged 9–18 y. Urinary iodine concentration of 20–100 μg/L was prevalent among all ages and gender groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Micronutrient intake remained relatively stable across age groups despite increases in needs which was reflected by large proportions of those aged 9–18 y who reported inadequate intakes for vitamin D, vitamin E, calcium, magnesium, and iron.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101377"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146086173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation Improves Pulmonary Function and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients: a Meta-Analysis","authors":"Ming-yuan Wu ,&nbsp;Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Jian-zheng Cai ,&nbsp;Ting Liu ,&nbsp;Yu-yu Wang ,&nbsp;Yun-xia Wang ,&nbsp;Chen-xi Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Although several studies have examined the relationship between omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids and pulmonary function and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients, their findings remain mixed and inconclusive, and additional research is warranted.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ω-3 fatty acids on pulmonary function and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We searched 5 databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) to identify randomized controlled trials involving critically ill adults who received ω-3 fatty acids. Both enteral and parenteral routes of administration were included. Effect estimates were pooled using fixed- or random-effects models, and heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the <em>I</em>² statistic.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis included 29 studies involving 2551 critically ill patients. The ω-3 fatty acids intervention significantly increased EPA and DHA levels. For inflammatory and immune markers, it increased CD4⁺ T lymphocytes, the CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio, and decreased C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. For pulmonary function, it increased PaO₂, SaO₂, and PaO₂/FiO₂, and decreased airway resistance, positive end expiratory pressure, and lactate levels. For clinical outcomes, it significantly shortened mechanical ventilation days [mean difference: −1.31; 95% confidence interval (CI): −2.54, −0.09; <em>P</em> = 0.04] and length of hospitalization (mean difference: −3.96; 95% CI: −7.83, −0.09; <em>P</em> = 0.04)<strong>.</strong> Both enteral and parenteral supplementation with ω-3 could reduce CRP levels, shorten hospital stay, and improve the oxygenation index. Besides, ω-3 via enteral nutrition also increases PaO₂ and shortens mechanical ventilation days.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In critically ill patients, ω-3 fatty acids may improve fatty acid concentrations, modulate immune regulation, enhance pulmonary function, and be associated with improved clinical outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145933802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary Ethanolamine Increases Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet","authors":"Courtney M Holdaway ,&nbsp;Amy Vo ,&nbsp;Kelly-Ann Leonard ,&nbsp;Randal Nelson ,&nbsp;Aducio Thiesen ,&nbsp;Yi Fan ,&nbsp;Camila S Marcolla ,&nbsp;Robin D Clugston ,&nbsp;Benjamin P Willing ,&nbsp;Rene L Jacobs","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ethanolamine (Etn), a precursor of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), may alter hepatic lipid homeostasis and gut health; its dietary effects remain undefined.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary Etn on lipid and glucose metabolism and liver/gut health in high-fat diet (HFD)–fed mice, complemented by in vitro hepatocyte assays.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Ten-wk-old C57BL/6 mice (20 male, 18 female) were fed ad libitum HFD (45% energy from fat) with [Ethanolamine supplementation (ES-group)] or without (CON-group) Etn (8 g/kg diet) for 10 wk. Outcomes included body/liver weight, glucose tolerance test (GTT) results, plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC)/cholesteryl ester (CE)/triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations, hepatic TG/PC/PE concentrations, hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress, and inflammation markers, jejunal morphology/barrier/inflammation genes, and fecal microbiota (α/β diversity). HuH7 cells received 20 μM or 5 mM Etn to assess TG/PC/PE synthesis. Statistics: repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) (GTT), t-test or Wilcoxon (other endpoints), permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) (β diversity); α=0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>ES increased hepatic TG in females by 230% compared with CON (<em>P</em> = 0.001), and trended higher in males (<em>P</em> = 0.054); hepatic PC and PE masses were unchanged. In ES males, GTT area under the curve decreased by 22.6% (<em>P</em> = 0.037), and plasma PC, CE, and TG were reduced by: PC −16.6%, CE −24.5%, TG −25.9%, respectively (all <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). ES males showed higher hepatic <em>Tnf</em> and <em>Cd68</em> and increased C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) (all <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). In vitro, Etn did not alter hepatocellular TG, PC, or PE synthesis (all <em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). Female ES mice exhibited altered fecal β-diversity (PERMANOVA <em>P</em> = 0.006) with early jejunal inflammatory signals (<em>Tnf</em> ↑; <em>P</em> = 0.055).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Dietary Etn modifies hepatic lipid storage and gut microbiota in a sex-dependent manner and improves glucose tolerance in males, whereas in vitro data indicate no direct effect on hepatocyte lipid synthesis<strong>.</strong></div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101348"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145948938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Flaxseed Supplementation on Headache Characteristics and Quality of Life in Patients with Migraine: A Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"Amirhosein Jafarpour ,&nbsp;Vahid Reza Ostovan ,&nbsp;Masoumeh Akhlaghi","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Migraine is a prevalent neurologic disorder that is linked to neuroinflammation. Flaxseed is a plant source of omega-3 (n‒3) fatty acids, which may display anti-inflammatory effects through conversion to long-chain ω-3 fatty acids with known anti-inflammatory potential.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>We examined the effect of flaxseed supplementation on headache characteristics and psychosocial well-being in patients with migraine.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 68 patients with migraine. Participants consumed 20 g/d of either flaxseed powder (intervention) or roasted wheat powder (control) for 8 wk. Primary outcomes included: headache frequency, duration, and severity. Secondary outcomes were psychological states (depression, anxiety, and stress), quality of life, sleep quality, weight, and blood pressure. Data were analyzed using SPSS.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At the end of the 8-wk intervention, the flaxseed group showed significant improvements in headache severity (‒5.0 ± 2.2 compared with ‒1.0 ± 1.9, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), headache impact score (quality of life) (‒15.7 ± 11.0 compared with ‒2.3 ± 8.1, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), and insomnia severity index (‒4.6 ± 6.5 compared with ‒1.6 ± 4.9, <em>P</em> = 0.029) compared with the control group. Changes in headache frequency or duration, as well as other measurements, were not significant between groups. Per-protocol and intention-to-treat analyses yielded identical results.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Daily consumption of flaxseed for 8 wk may improve headache severity, sleep quality, and quality of life in patients with migraine. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings and explore underlying mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101312"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145888514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Therapeutic Potential of Curcumin and Metformin: a Multipathway Approach to Disease Management","authors":"Hadiseh Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Sahar Ghoflchi ,&nbsp;Kasim Sakran Abass ,&nbsp;Hossein Hosseini ,&nbsp;Amirhossein Sahebkar","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metformin, a first-line pharmacologic agent for type 2 diabetes, exerts its primary antidiabetic effects by suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis via both AMP-activated protein kinases-dependent and -independent pathways. Beyond glycemic control, metformin exhibits pleiotropic benefits, including improved insulin sensitivity, modulation of gut microbiota, and protection against various metabolic, cardiovascular, renal, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory diseases. However, its clinical use is often limited by gastrointestinal side effects, vitamin B12 deficiency, and rare but serious complications such as lactic acidosis, highlighting the need for adjunctive strategies to enhance efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Curcumin, as a bioactive polyphenol, has garnered significant attention because of its extensive pharmacological activities and excellent safety profile. Curcumin modulates key intracellular signaling pathways, including nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, providing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and metabolic regulatory effects. Nonetheless, its clinical application is constrained by poor bioavailability because of limited absorption, rapid metabolism, and systemic elimination. Recent evidence suggests that coadministration of metformin and curcumin yields synergistic therapeutic outcomes in diverse disease models. This combination improves glycemic control, mitigates oxidative stress and inflammation, and provides organ-protective effects, particularly in the liver, heart, and skin. Furthermore, it shows promise in cancer prevention and therapy, polycystic ovary syndrome management, and pain modulation, with enhanced outcomes when delivered via nanoparticle-based systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the combined therapeutic potential of metformin and curcumin across a spectrum of pathological conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101362"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145989698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Duration of Food Insecurity and Childhood Diet and Development: Special Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants, and Children Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2 Findings","authors":"Melissa C Kay ,&nbsp;Andrew Fansler ,&nbsp;Brenda Sun ,&nbsp;Deepak Palakshappa ,&nbsp;Kimberly Montez ,&nbsp;Callie L Brown ,&nbsp;Christine Borger","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Food insecurity remains a significant public health concern in the United States, disproportionately affecting households with young children and posing risks to both nutritional status and developmental outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study investigates how the duration and frequency of food insecurity affect diet quality and developmental outcomes in preschool children aged 2–5 y, using data from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Households were categorized by frequency of food insecurity: persistent (at all time points), frequent (at several), rare (at few), and never. Bivariate analyses examined the relationship between food insecurity frequency and both Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2020 scores and Ages &amp; Stages Questionnaires-3 responses. Multivariable linear and logistic regressions assessed associations between food insecurity and child outcomes, with statistical weights applied to represent the eligible WIC population.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 981 participants, persistent food insecurity declined from 16.4% (aged 2–3 y) to 9.8% (aged 2–5 y), whereas households never experiencing food insecurity dropped from 62.9% to 55.8%. Children in persistently food insecure households had significantly lower HEI-2020 scores at age 3 (<em>P</em> = 0.014) compared with those in food-secure households. In addition, persistent food insecurity was linked with lower odds of typical developmental outcomes at ages 3.5 [odds ratio (OR): 0.49; confidence interval (CI): 0.30, 0.79] and 4.5 (OR: 0.35; CI: 0.16, 0.73) years.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The findings indicate that persistent food insecurity is associated with poorer diet quality at age 3 y and negative developmental outcomes at ages 3.5 and 4.5 y. Future research should continue to explore the long-term impacts of food insecurity, considering a broader range of contextual factors to clarify mechanisms and identify effective intervention points.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101365"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145989681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycoproteins and Arabinogalactan Proteins: Emerging Functional Ingredients in Nutrition and Human Health","authors":"Adrian Zając ,&nbsp;Agata Leszczuk ,&nbsp;Nataliia Kutyrieva-Nowak ,&nbsp;Panagiotis Kalaitzis","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101378","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant-derived glycoproteins and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are increasingly recognized for their multifunctional bioactivity and relevance to food, health, and biotechnology. Present across botanically diverse species and environmental contexts, AGPs exhibit a wide range of physiological effects, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antiproliferative, and antiallergenic activities. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic and nutritional potential of AGPs, emphasizing their structural diversity and emerging role as bioactive components in functional foods. Special focus is placed on their mechanisms of action and potential applications in nutraceuticals and biotechnological innovations. By summarizing current findings, the review highlights future research directions for exploiting AGPs as valuable yet underexplored, plant-derived ingredients in health-oriented food development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101378"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146046902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between Live Dietary Microbe Intake and Cardiometabolic Health in Korean Adults.","authors":"Naisi Zhao, Yue Zhan, Jihee Choi, Hae-Jeung Lee, Mei Chung","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The consumption of live microbes beyond probiotics is associated with health benefits. Despite growing interest in live microbe intake, comprehensive data on its dietary sources and research on their potential health effects in Korean populations remain limited.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to quantify live microbe intake in the 2016-2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and to investigate the associations between live microbe intake and cardiometabolic health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We developed a KNHANES live microbe classification system based on the Sanders system and divided KNHANES food codes that overlapped with NHANES into 4 categories: no live microbes and low (<10⁴ Colony Forming Units (CFU)/g), medium (10⁴-10⁷ CFU/g), and high (>10⁷ CFU/g) amounts. Microbial data on various types of kimchi were obtained from the World Kimchi Institute, and data on other nonoverlapping food codes were derived from the literature and authoritative reviews. We conducted descriptive analyses of live microbe intake among adults aged ≥19 y. We then conducted survey-weighted adjusted regression analyses to evaluate the relationship between live microbe intake and cardiometabolic health outcomes (cholesterols, triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, C-reactive protein [CRP], and waist circumference), controlling for age, sex, body mass index, household income, physical activity level, current smoking status, and alcohol intake.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean daily intake of medium-amount live microbe foods was 180.24 g in the Korean population, whereas that of high-amount live microbe foods was 122.89 g. Kimchi contributed a significant portion, with a mean intake of 102.76 g. Although no significant association was found between total live microbe intake and CRP concentrations, a significant association was observed for kimchi foods: higher intake was associated with a greater reduction in CRP (coefficient: -0.037; 95% confidence interval: -0.043, -0.032 mg/dL). The association with total cholesterol was positive and statistically significant, albeit small in magnitude, and was therefore not considered clinically significant. No significant associations were found with other outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides new data on dietary intake of live microbes and their potential health benefits from a nationally representative dataset of Korean adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"101459"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147344574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}