Journal of Nutrition最新文献

Background: Ethanolamine (Etn), a precursor of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), may alter hepatic lipid homeostasis and gut health; its dietary effects remain undefined.

Objective: To determine the effects of dietary Etn on lipid and glucose metabolism and liver/gut health in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, complemented by in vitro hepatocyte assays.

Methods: Ten-week-old C57BL/6 mice (20 male, 18 female) were fed ad libitum HFD (45% energy from fat) with (ES) or without (CON) Etn (8 g/kg diet) for 10 weeks. Outcomes included body/liver weight, glucose tolerance (GTT), plasma PC/CE/TG, hepatic TG/PC/PE, hepatic ER-stress and inflammation markers, jejunal morphology/barrier/inflammation genes, and fecal microbiota (α/β diversity). HuH7 cells received 20 μM or 5 mM Etn to assess TG/PC/PE synthesis.

Statistics: repeated-measures ANOVA (GTT), t-test or Wilcoxon (other endpoints), PERMANOVA (β diversity); α=0.05.

Results: ES increased hepatic TG in females by 230% vs CON (p = 0.001), and trended higher in males (p = 0.054); hepatic PC and PE masses were unchanged. In ES-males, GTT AUC decreased by 22.6% (p = 0.037), and plasma PC, CE, and TG were reduced by: PC - 16.6%, CE - 24.5%, TG - 25.9% (all p < 0.05). ES males showed higher hepatic Tnf and Cd68 and increased CHOP protein (all p < 0.05). In vitro, Etn did not alter hepatocellular TG, PC, or PE synthesis (all p > 0.05). Female ES mice exhibited altered fecal β-diversity (PERMANOVA p = 0.006) with early jejunal inflammatory signals (Tnf ↑; p = 0.055).

Conclusions: Dietary Etn modifies hepatic lipid storage and gut microbiota in a sex-dependent manner and improves glucose tolerance in males, whereas in vitro data indicate no direct effect on hepatocyte lipid synthesis.

Background: Although several studies have examined the relationship between omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids and pulmonary function and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients, their findings remain mixed and inconclusive, and additional research is warranted.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ω-3 fatty acids on pulmonary function and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients.

Methods: We searched 5 databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) to identify randomized controlled trials involving critically ill adults who received ω-3 fatty acids. Both enteral and parenteral routes of administration were included. Effect estimates were pooled using fixed- or random-effects models, and heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I² statistic.

Results: The analysis included 29 studies involving 2551 critically ill patients. The ω-3 fatty acids intervention significantly increased EPA and DHA levels. For inflammatory and immune markers, it increased CD4⁺ T lymphocytes, the CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio, and decreased C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. For pulmonary function, it increased PaO₂, SaO₂, and PaO₂/FiO₂, and decreased airway resistance, positive end expiratory pressure, and lactate levels. For clinical outcomes, it significantly shortened mechanical ventilation days [mean difference: -1.31; 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.54, -0.09; P = 0.04] and length of hospitalization (mean difference: -3.96; 95% CI: -7.83, -0.09; P = 0.04). Both enteral and parenteral supplementation with ω-3 could reduce CRP levels, shorten hospital stay, and improve the oxygenation index. Besides, ω-3 via enteral nutrition also increases PaO₂ and shortens mechanical ventilation days.

Conclusions: In critically ill patients, ω-3 fatty acids may improve fatty acid concentrations, modulate immune regulation, enhance pulmonary function, and be associated with improved clinical outcomes.

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the leading cause of liver diseases. Fructose intake has been associated with liver fat accumulation, but less is known whether the associations differ based on the source of fructose.

Objectives: We investigated the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of intake of total fructose and fructose from different sources with risk of MASLD among middle-aged and older people from Eastern Finland.

Methods: The cross-sectional analyses included 666 males and 865 females aged 53-73 y, examined in 1998-2001. The longitudinal analyses included 300 males and 467 females examined again in 2005-2008. Fructose intake was assessed with 4-d food record. Fatty liver index (FLI) was used as a surrogate for liver fat content. MASLD was defined as FLI ≥60 and the presence of ≥1 cardiometabolic risk factors. Analysis of variance and multivariable-adjusted logistic regression were used for analyses.

Results: The mean total fructose intake was 33 g/d (standard deviation 13.4, 7.4% of the total energy intake), with sweeteners (mainly sugar, 34.5% of the total fructose intake), fruits and berries (20.2%), and beverages (18.9%) being the major sources. In the cross-sectional analyses, participants with higher total fructose intake had 43% lower odds for MASLD [95% confidence interval (CI): 10%, 64%] in those in the highest (>39.7 g/d) compared with the lowest (<24.6 g/d) intake quartile (P-trend across quartiles = 0.02). Among the sources of fructose, the strongest inverse associations were observed with fructose from sweeteners. In the longitudinal analyses, total fructose intake was not associated with MASLD. However, fructose from sweeteners again had a strong inverse association with odds for MASLD (78% lower odds in the highest compared with the lowest quartile, 95% CI: 49%, 90%; P-trend < 0.001). Fructose from fruits and berries or from beverages was not associated with MASLD.

Conclusions: In middle-aged and older Finnish adults, higher fructose intake, especially from sweeteners, was associated with lower odds for MASLD.

Background: Dietary diversity is essential for nutrient adequacy, but its effects may vary depending on which food groups are diversified and the dimension of diversity considered (i.e., the number of food subgroups consumed, their consumption evenness, or their nutritional dissimilarity).

Objectives: This study aimed to identify which food groups and diversity dimensions contribute to positive or negative effects of dietary diversity on the nutrient quality of diets, and to assess the magnitude of these effects and their underlying mechanisms.

Methods: Using data from the French National Food Consumption Survey, we developed an individual-level microsimulation model to maximize diversity within 12 food groups-one at a time-either in a single dimension or across the 3 dimensions simultaneously, while keeping the total quantity consumed constant. Nutrient quality was evaluated using probabilistic scores for nutrient adequacy, nutrient security (i.e., risk of deficiency), and moderation (i.e., avoidance of excessive intakes of sugar, sodium, and saturated fat). The effects of increasing diversity were analyzed using factorial repeated-measures ANOVA.

Results: Five food groups categories emerged based on how increased within-group diversity impacted nutrient quality: "favorable," "no effect, "mixed effects," "highly contrasting effects," and "unfavorable." "Vegetables," "Fish and Seafood," and "Bread" food groups fell into the first category, where greater diversity enhanced nutrient adequacy (with effect sizes ranging from +0.04 to +0.16 SD) without compromising moderation. In these cases, increasing the number of subgroups consumed was the most effective strategy. In contrast, increasing diversity within "Meat, Poultry, Eggs" and "Dairy," classified under the contrasting or unfavorable categories, tended to undermine moderation (from -0.05 to -0.20 SD). These negative effects were primarily driven by increasing consumption evenness and nutrient dissimilarity.

Conclusions: Promoting dietary diversity should not be generic. It should be targeted to the food group and diversification strategies that enhance nutrient adequacy without compromising moderation.

Background: Urolithin B (UB) is a gut microbial metabolite derived from dietary ellagitannins found in foods such as pomegranates, berries, and nuts. Although UB has demonstrated antitumor potential, possibly through gut microbiota modulation, its specific role and underlying mechanisms in lung cancer remain unclear.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the antitumor effects of UB on lung cancer suppression and to explore the potential involvement of autophagy and gut microbiota in these effects.

Methods: We employed in vitro and in vivo approaches. Lung cancer cells were treated with UB at varying concentrations to assess proliferation and autophagy. Transcriptomic analysis was conducted to identify key regulatory pathways. A tumor-bearing mouse model was used to evaluate the effects of oral UB administration, and gut microbiota changes were analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing.

Results: UB inhibited lung cancer cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner, primarily by inducing autophagy rather than apoptosis, as evidenced by increased microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3-II concentrations. Transcriptomic profiling and protein analysis revealed that UB treatment was associated with a change in the status of the AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (AMPK/mTOR) pathway, a key regulator of autophagy. In vivo, oral UB administration significantly suppressed tumor growth, enhanced autophagic activity, and modulated the expression of autophagy-related proteins. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that UB induced an enrichment of beneficial gut bacteria, including Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio.

Conclusions: These findings highlight UB as a promising dietary-derived metabolite for lung cancer prevention and therapy. Our study suggests that UB exerts its antitumor effects in part through the induction of autophagy associated with the AMPK/mTOR pathway and concomitant modulation of the gut microbiota, emphasizing the critical role of food-gut interactions in cancer management.

Background: Anemia remains a significant health problem among Burkinabé adolescents aged 10-19 y. However, population-based information on its correlates remains limited.

Objectives: This study assessed the burden of anemia, iron deficiency (ID), and iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and factors associated with these outcomes among Burkinabé adolescents.

Methods: We used data from 689 boys and 724 girls who participated in the nationally representative (except Sahel region), population-based 2020 Burkina Faso National Micronutrient Survey to conduct hierarchical logistic multivariable regression identifying underlying, immediate, and biological factors associated with adolescent anemia, ID, and IDA, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05.

Results: Anemia prevalence was 31% among boys and 29% among girls. Prevalences of ID and IDA were 20% and 10%, respectively, among boys, and 24% and 12%, respectively, among girls. From the underlying factors assessed, household wealth was associated with all 3 outcomes in boys. Among immediate factors, older age (14-19 y) was associated with all 3 outcomes for girls. ID and recent malaria infection were also associated with higher odds of anemia in both populations, whereas vitamin A deficiency was associated with higher odds of anemia among boys, as well as higher odds of ID and IDA for girls.

Conclusions: Anemia, ID, and IDA etiology among Burkinabé adolescents is multifactorial, with complex relationships involving household and individual characteristics, as well as biological factors. A multisectoral approach to adolescent-focused policies and programs, in addition to direct nutrition interventions, may be effective in reducing anemia, ID, and IDA among adolescents.

Background: Supplementation with recombinant bovine β-lactoglobulin (rBLG), a precision-engineered mimetic of dairy-derived whey, supports similar resistance exercise (RE) training-induced muscle remodeling to whey protein (WHEY). However, the influence of rBLG on recovery indices and muscle protein synthesis rates after damaging exercise is unknown.

Methods: In a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design, 27 healthy adults consuming a controlled diet (∼0.9 g/kg body mass/d of protein) were supplemented thrice daily with 0.3 g/kg body mass of rBLG, WHEY, or isocaloric carbohydrate placebo for 3 d following an acute bout of damaging lower-body RE (8 × 10 maximal, unilateral, eccentric knee extensions). Consumption of deuterated water combined with serial vastus lateralis muscle biopsies permitted the measurement of integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis (iMyoPS) >72 h before (habitual) and after RE. Knee extensor maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), muscle soreness, and plasma concentrations of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also assessed post-RE to characterize muscle recovery.

Results: iMyoPS fractional synthetic rate (%/d) increased following damaging RE (P < 0.001), with no significant differences between groups. Knee extensor MVC decreased, and subjective muscle soreness and plasma LDH concentrations increased following strenuous exercise (P < 0.05 for all) with no significant differences between groups.

Conclusions: At habitual dietary protein intakes ∼0.9 g/kg body mass/d, further rBLG or WHEY supplementation did not influence muscle recovery or iMyoPS rates, suggesting that protein supplementation, at the intakes studied, may have limited efficacy as a tool to enhance muscle recovery and remodeling from damaging exercise.

Background: Extended exposure to hypobaric hypoxia at high altitude induces negative energy balance through elevations in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and decreases in energy intake. It is unknown if an overnight bout of normobaric hypoxic (NH) exposure at sea level induces similar changes in energy balance and associated mechanisms.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of a single overnight exposure to NH on RMR, heart rate (HR) variability (HRV), appetite, and energy intake compared with an overnight exposure to normobaric normoxia (NN) in normal-weight adults.

Methods: In this randomized, single-blind, sham-controlled, crossover study, 20 adults (22.7 ± 1.7 kg/m², 24.5 ± 3.9 y) slept 8 h in a tent maintained at either ∼15% (∼2640 m elevation) or ∼20% oxygen (∼305m elevation). The following morning, HRV was measured inside the tent using electrocardiography; RMR was measured outside the tent using indirect calorimetry; and energy intake and subjective appetite were assessed outside the tent with an ad libitum breakfast buffet and visual analog scales, respectively.

Results: Overnight peripheral oxygen saturation was lower in NH (mean ± SD: 88.2% ± 2.3%) compared with NN (96.2% ± 0.9%; P-condition < 0.0001). Root mean square of successive RR interval difference and high frequency activity, markers of parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity, were lower after NH (47.7 ± 19.5 ms and 524 ± 335 ms², respectively) compared with NN (58.3 ± 22.6 ms, P-condition = 0.034 and 748 ± 476 ms², P-condition = 0.052, respectively). HR was greater in NH (61.3 ± 7.4 bpm) compared with NN (56.2 ± 7.6 bpm; P-condition < 0.0001). RMR was elevated in NH (1.07 ± 0.18 kcal/min) compared with NN (1.04 ± 0.13 kcal/min; P-condition = 0.018). Appetite and energy intake did not differ between conditions (P-condition > 0.05).

Conclusions: One-night exposure to NH reduced PNS activity, increased HR and RMR, and had no impact on energy intake or appetite when compared with NN exposure. This trial is registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ as NCT04151927.