Journal of Nutrition最新文献

Background: There is a growing body of evidence on associations between one-carbon metabolism (OCM) and diabetes-related parameters.

Objectives: For this reason, we aimed to examine the associations of plasma choline, betaine, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), glutathione (GSH), serum folate, vitamin B12, dihydrofolate reductase (rs70991108) genotype, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) (rs180113) genotype, methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD1) (rs2236225) genotype, and phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (rs7946 and rs12325817) genotype with fasting glucose level, insulin level, and diabetes-related indices.

Methods: The study group consisted of 421 Polish adults aged 20-40 y. Food intake was assessed using a 3-d food diary. Plasma concentrations of choline, betaine, and TMAO were determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The total plasma GSH level was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Insulin, folate, and vitamin B12 concentrations were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Genotyping was performed with TaqMan probes.

Results: GSH level was negatively associated with insulin (β = -0.11, P < 0.05) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTP) (β = -0.12, P < 0.05), and positively associated with fasting glucose (β = 0.11, P < 0.05). Betaine intake was negatively associated with serum insulin concentration (β = -0.13, P < 0.05) and HOMA-IR (β = -0.12, P < 0.05). Choline intake was negatively associated with insulin (β = -0.17, P < 0.01). Serum folate level was negatively associated with GGTP (β = -0.11; P < 0.05). The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) CC genotype was associated with higher serum insulin levels (β = 0.15; P < 0.01) and higher HOMA-IR (β = 0.15, P < 0.01), whereas the MTHFD1 AA genotype was negatively associated with Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (β = -0.11, P < 0.05).

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that higher GSH level and higher intake of betaine, B₁₂, and choline, as well as the TT genotype of MTHFR and the AA genotype of MTHFD1, are associated with lower diabetes-related parameters among adults.

Background: To date, to our knowledge, no studies have investigated the effects of cardiovascular health on the cardioprotective benefits of fish oil supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The utility of fish oil in reducing risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality in people with diabetes remains unclear and inconsistent.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the potential modifying effect of cardiovascular health (CVH) level, as assessed using the Life's Essential 8 (LE8) score, on the association between regular fish oil supplement use and CVD-relates mortality in middle-aged and older people with T2D.

Methods: Participants with T2D in the UK Biobank were included. CVH level was categorized by the mean LE8 score (55 points). Multivariable-adjusted Cox models were used to evaluate the longitudinal association between regular use of fish oil supplements and CVD Mortality. We performed stratified analysis across different CVH levels and tested for potential interaction between fish oil supplement use and CVH level.

Results: The analysis included 19,003 participants (mean age: 59.9 ± 6.9 y, 36.1% women), of whom 39.6% were regular users of fish oil supplements. During a median follow-up of 13.7 y, regular use of fish oil supplements was significantly associated with lower risk of CVD Mortality among participants with better CVH [ie, LE8 score of ≥55 points; hazard ratio (HR): 0.65; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.84; P = 0.001)], but not among those with poorer CVH (i.e. LE8 score <55 points; HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.83, 1.25; P = 0.867). The interaction between the use of fish oil supplements and CVH level on CVD Mortality was significant (P = 0.018).

Conclusions: Middle-aged and older T2D individuals with a relatively low baseline CVH level may not obtain cardiovascular benefits from fish oil supplements. Our findings highlight the importance of promoting multimodal lifestyle interventions to improve survival outcomes of people with T2D.

Background: There are several types of plant-based diets, with unknown differences across diets on total/plant protein intake and variety of plant protein sources consumed.

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to compare total protein intake, proportion of plant proteins, and main plant protein sources consumed across 4 primarily plant-based diets: vegan, vegetarian, pescovegetarian, and semivegetarian.

Methods: We included observational studies reporting on protein intake and/or protein sources in generally healthy adults that were published between 2002 and 2023. We determined the following: 1) % energy from total and plant protein; 2) the proportion of plant protein relative to total protein intake; and 3) main plant protein sources (median percentage contribution of each source to total plant protein intake; interquartile range) consumed across the 4 diets. The plant protein sources were broadly classified into the following United States Department of Agriculture food groups: grains; nuts and seeds; soy products; and beans, peas, and lentils.

Results: We included 13 studies reporting on protein intake/sources that were conducted in the United States, Europe, and South Korea. Of these, 7 reported on vegan, 11 on vegetarian, 7 on pescovegetarian, and 7 on semivegetarian diets with total protein intake ranging from 10% to 17.4%. Vegan diets had the highest plant protein proportion (range: 77%-98%) and semivegetarian diets the lowest (range: 37%-83%). Plant protein source contribution was the highest from grains (range: 60%-78%). Nuts and seeds were the most consumed in vegetarian diets (7.9%; 2.9%-10.3%) and least in semivegetarian diets (3.7%; 2%-14.8%). Soy products and beans, peas, and lentils were most consumed in vegan diets (17.3%; 16.3%-19.9, and 19.6%; 14.6%-21.3, respectively) and least in semivegetarian (3.7%; 1.3%-13.9%, and 8.5%; 5.2%-10.2%) diets.

Conclusions: Vegan diets has the highest plant protein proportion and a variety of plant protein sources, while semivegetarian diets has the lowest plant protein proportion and mainly relied on grains as a plant protein source.

Background: High intake of whole grains has consistently been associated with reduced risk of obesity, coronary artery disease, and type 2 diabetes. Dietary interventions have shown beneficial metabolic effects of whole grains, but the metabolic response varies with different types of cereals.

Objectives: We evaluate the metabolic effects of substituting refined wheat with wholegrain rye foods within a complex diet, examining the day-long postprandial response of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), ghrelin, glucose, and inflammatory biomarkers in individuals with overweight and obesity.

Methods: Twenty-nine healthy adults with body mass index of 32 ± 9 kg/m² were randomly assigned to 3 intervention days, separated by 1-wk washout. Participants adhered to a hypocaloric diet rich in wholegrain rye for 1 intervention and refined wheat for the second intervention and were randomly assigned to either diet for the third intervention with continuous blood sampling.

Results: No differences in GIP, GLP-1, or ghrelin levels were found between the diets when measured throughout the whole intervention day. GIP total area under the curve after the rye-based lunch was 31% (P < 0.05) lower compared with the wheat-based lunch, and ghrelin concentrations were 29% (P < 0.05) lower after the rye-based dinner. Baseline Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance-adjusted model showed 61% (P = 0.015) lower whole-day GLP-1 and 40% (P = 0.03) lower GIP after the rye-based diet. Day-long glucose incremental area under the curve was 30% (P < 0.001) lower after the rye-based diet, and glycemic variability was measured as SD reduced (-0.13 mmol/L, P = 0.04). The rye-based diet compared with refined wheat induced higher glycoprotein N-acetylation A, as measured by z-scores (0.36, P = 0.014).

Conclusions: Overall, no day-long differences in gut hormone levels were observed, but the wholegrain rye-based compared with refined wheat-based dinner showed lower postprandial ghrelin concentrations. The rye-based diet improved day-long glycemic control in individuals with overweight and obesity. Observations of diet-induced inflammation after whole-grain rye intake warrant further investigation.

Trial registration number: This study was registered at Clinical Trials Registry of clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05004584): https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05004584?locStr=Gothenburg,%20Sweden&country=Sweden&state=V%C3%A4stra%20G%C3%B6taland%20County&city=Gothenburg&distance=50&term=appetite&aggFilters=status:com&rank=1.

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of blindness in infants, affecting 32% of hospitalized preterm infants. Oxidative stress, a primary pathogenic factor in ROP, triggers abnormal neovascularization of retinal vessels. Lutein, an antioxidant and the main component of macular pigment, is found in low levels in preterm infants and may help ameliorate ROP. However, its low bioavailability limits its application as a nutritional intervention.

Objectives: The study aimed to assess the effect of a lutein emulsion stabilized by a food-grade biopolymer on lutein bioavailability in neonatal rats with ROP and examine the effects of both unemulsified lutein and lutein emulsion on the disease.

Methods: Neonatal rats were subcutaneously administered KRN 633 (10 mg/kg body weight) on postnatal days 7 and 8 (P7 and P8) to induce ROP. Neonatal rats that did not receive the treatment served as the control. From P9 to P21, both ROP and non-ROP rats were divided into 3 groups and given daily doses of olive oil, unemulsified lutein (2 mg/kg body weight lutein), or lutein emulsion (2 mg/kg body weight lutein). On P22, serum and tissues were collected. Lutein concentrations were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography, and retinal morphology was assessed using immunohistochemistry.

Results: Rats treated with lutein emulsion had significantly higher serum and tissue lutein concentrations than those receiving unemulsified lutein. Morphological assessments showed that ROP rats had more tortuous arteries, increased capillary density, enlarged vessels, reduced astrocyte density, and decreased neuronal cells. Both unemulsified lutein and lutein emulsion alleviated these abnormalities, with lutein emulsion showing superior efficacy in restoring neuronal cell levels to normal in the peripheral retina.

Conclusions: Lutein, in both unemulsified and emulsified forms, effectively inhibited ROP progression in neonatal rats. The biopolymer-based lutein emulsion showed promise as a delivery system to enhance lutein bioavailability and mitigate ROP in preterm infants.

Background: The carbon isotope ratio (CIR) is a candidate biomarker for sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake in the United States. However, research specific to youth, who differ in their physiology and dietary patterns compared with adults, is lacking.

Objectives: We evaluated longitudinal associations of SSB intakes across childhood/adolescence with serum CIR. We also explored the relationship between other dietary intakes and serum CIR.

Methods: Data were from participants in two longitudinal, pediatric cohorts in Colorado: Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among CHildren (EPOCH) study (visits at median 10 and 16 y, n = 150) and Healthy Start Study (visits at median 5 and 9 y, n = 166). Serum CIR was measured using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Diet was assessed by food-frequency questionnaires (EPOCH) or 24-h diet recalls (Healthy Start). We assessed associations of longitudinal dietary intakes (log2-transformed, standardized) with serum CIR using linear mixed models adjusted for age, sex, and energy intake, and associations of change values between visits using linear regression models.

Results: In linear mixed models, higher SSB intake across visits was associated with higher serum CIR in both cohorts [β (95% confidence interval (CI)): 0.11 (0.06, 0.15) in EPOCH and 0.14 (0.07, 0.21) in Healthy Start]. Higher meat intake and a higher dietary animal protein ratio were also positively associated with serum CIR in both cohorts [β (95% CI): 0.08 (0.05, 0.12) and 0.18 (0.13, 0.23) in EPOCH; 0.08 (0.01, 0.16) and 0.28 (0.21, 0.35) in Healthy Start]. In change analyses, there were positive associations for changes in the dietary animal protein ratio between visits with changes in serum CIR in both cohorts, but not for changes in SSB intake.

Conclusions: Our findings support serum CIR as a potential biomarker of SSB intake in youth cross-sectionally; however, there was not a strong link between change values over longer-term follow-up. Meat/animal protein intake was also consistently and, at times, more strongly associated with serum CIR.

Riboflavin, commonly known as vitamin B₂, is an essential micronutrient critical for the function of flavoproteins, which utilize flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide as cofactors in energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, redox regulation, and protein folding. Nutritional riboflavin deficiency (RD) has previously been observed in humans and animals, leading to adverse outcomes such as growth retardation, increased mortality, and liver damage, which may be attributed to apoptosis. Although such deficiencies are now uncommon because of improved living standards, certain high-risk groups (e.g. those with chronic diseases, the elderly, and pregnant) have increased riboflavin demands, making them vulnerable to physiological RD associated with apoptosis. Understanding the pathways through which RD induces apoptosis, including mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and reactive oxygen species, is essential for grasping its broader health impacts. Additionally, this deficiency disrupts fatty acid metabolism, potentially resulting in lipotoxic apoptosis. Despite its significance, RD-induced apoptosis remains underexplored in the literature. Therefore, this review will discuss the roles of redox imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and lipotoxicity in apoptosis regulation because of RD, aiming to highlight its importance for improving riboflavin nutrition and overall health.

Background: Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the first line of defense in protecting the intestinal epithelium against pathogenic bacteria, regulating gut microbiota composition, and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Early weaning strategies may disrupt SIgA levels in piglet intestines, causing a decline in immune response and early weaning stress. However, the specific microbial mechanisms modulating SIgA in early-weaned piglets are not well understood.

Objectives: We hypothesized that Akkermansia muciniphila increases intestinal SIgA production in the early-weaned piglets.

Methods: Fecal SIgA levels, SIgA-coated bacteria abundance, and fecal metagenomes were compared between 6 Huanjiang miniature (HM) and 6 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire (DLY) early-weaned piglets to identify bacterial species involved in SIgA modulation. Four bacterial species were investigated using 5 groups (Control, A. muciniphila, L. amylovorus, L. crispatus, and L. acidophilus) of male specific pathogen-free C57BL/6J mice, weaned 3 wk postbirth (n = 8/group). Subsequently, 10-d-old Landrace×Yorkshire (LY) piglets were randomly assigned to 3 groups (Control, 10⁹A. muciniphila, and 10⁸A. muciniphila) (n = 10/group) to evaluate the effect of orally administered A. muciniphila on intestinal SIgA production and microbial composition.

Results: HM early-weaned piglets showed significantly higher SIgA levels [7.59 μg/mg, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.2, 12, P = 0.002] and SIgA-coated bacteria abundance (8.64%, 95% CI: 3.2, 14, P = 0.014) than DLY piglets. In the mouse model, the administration of A. muciniphila significantly increased SIgA levels (3.50 μg/mg, 95% CI: 0.59, 6.4, P = 0.018), SIgA-coated bacteria abundance (9.06%, 95% CI: 4, 14, P = 0.018), and IgA⁺ plasma cell counts (6.1%, 95% CI: 4.3, 8, P = 0.005). In the pig experiments, the oral administration of A. muciniphila to LY piglets significantly enhanced intestinal SIgA concentrations (4.22 μg/mg, 95% CI: 0.37, 8.5, P = 0.034) and altered the SIgA-coated bacterial landscape.

Conclusions: Early intervention with A. muciniphila in nursing piglets can increases intestinal SIgA production and alter the reactivity toward commensal bacteria upon early weaning.