Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.11.007
Xiangyu Zheng, Kayla M Nist, Elena Velkoska, Richard D Wainford
Background: The salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) affects ∼50% of hypertensive patients and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The SSBP also affects ∼25% of normotensives, which increases their risk of hypertension. Currently, there are no validated biomarkers for assessing the SSBP.
Objectives: This study sought to identify plasma and urine metabolomic profiles that are unique to salt-sensitive (SS) subjects and to identify potential biomarkers for the assessment of the SSBP.
Methods: Untargeted metabolomic profiling was conducted on plasma and urine samples from salt-sensitive and salt-resistant (SR) participants from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension-Sodium Trial control diet arm with a low-sodium (LS) or high-sodium (HS) content. Study 1 examined paired, within-participant plasma (59 SS and 45 SR) and urine (45 SS and 40 SR) samples after a LS or HS control diet intervention. Study 2 examined plasma and urine samples in participants (45 SS and 40 SR) after a HS control diet intervention. To investigate differences in metabolites, principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analyses were conducted. Differential metabolite expression analysis was conducted to determine statistical significance.
Results: Differential expression analysis revealed 11 and 10 plasma metabolites differed between control-LS and control-HS diets in SS and SR participants, respectively (P < 0.05), with 9 metabolites changing similarly. No differences were observed in urine metabolites between control-LS and control-HS diets. Metabolomic profiling showed that SS and SR participants had 11 plasma and 12 urine metabolites that were differentially expressed on a control-HS diet (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: We identified multiple plasma and urinary metabolites that were associated with the SSBP during a control-HS dietary intervention, which is representative of a typical western diet. The identified metabolites represent potential biomarkers of the SSBP. This trial was registered at www.
{"title":"Plasma and Urinary Metabolomic Profiles Associated with the Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure in the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension-Sodium Trial.","authors":"Xiangyu Zheng, Kayla M Nist, Elena Velkoska, Richard D Wainford","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) affects ∼50% of hypertensive patients and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The SSBP also affects ∼25% of normotensives, which increases their risk of hypertension. Currently, there are no validated biomarkers for assessing the SSBP.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study sought to identify plasma and urine metabolomic profiles that are unique to salt-sensitive (SS) subjects and to identify potential biomarkers for the assessment of the SSBP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Untargeted metabolomic profiling was conducted on plasma and urine samples from salt-sensitive and salt-resistant (SR) participants from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension-Sodium Trial control diet arm with a low-sodium (LS) or high-sodium (HS) content. Study 1 examined paired, within-participant plasma (59 SS and 45 SR) and urine (45 SS and 40 SR) samples after a LS or HS control diet intervention. Study 2 examined plasma and urine samples in participants (45 SS and 40 SR) after a HS control diet intervention. To investigate differences in metabolites, principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analyses were conducted. Differential metabolite expression analysis was conducted to determine statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Differential expression analysis revealed 11 and 10 plasma metabolites differed between control-LS and control-HS diets in SS and SR participants, respectively (P < 0.05), with 9 metabolites changing similarly. No differences were observed in urine metabolites between control-LS and control-HS diets. Metabolomic profiling showed that SS and SR participants had 11 plasma and 12 urine metabolites that were differentially expressed on a control-HS diet (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We identified multiple plasma and urinary metabolites that were associated with the SSBP during a control-HS dietary intervention, which is representative of a typical western diet. The identified metabolites represent potential biomarkers of the SSBP. This trial was registered at www.</p><p><strong>Clinicaltrials: </strong>gov as NCT00000608 (https://www.</p><p><strong>Clinicaltrials: </strong>gov/study/NCT00000608).</p>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"101237"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145513095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101367
Luisa F Castillo , Katarina E Heyden , Abigail R Williamson , Wenxia Ma , Olga V Malysheva , Nathaniel M Vacanti , Anna E Thalacker-Mercer , Martha S Field
Background
Vitamin B-12 is a cofactor in folate-mediated 1-carbon metabolism, which generates nucleotides {thymidylate [deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP)] and purines} and methionine. Depressed de novo thymidylate (dTMP) synthesis leads to uracil accumulation in DNA.
Objectives
This study aimed to determine how B-12 availability affects mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) integrity and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. B-12 deficiency was modeled in young-adult mice. Intramuscular B-12 injection in aged mice assessed the role of B-12 supplementation in age-related changes in skeletal muscle.
Methods
Male methionine synthase knockdown (Mtr+/–) and wild-type littermates (Mtr+/+) were weaned to either an AIN93G-based control diet containing 25 μg/kg vitamin B-12 (Mtr+/+, n = 8; Mtr+/–, n = 9) or a B-12–deficient (−B-12) diet containing 0 μg/kg vitamin B-12 (n = 9 per genotype) for 7 wk. Aged (20–22 mo) male C57BL/6N mice were acclimated to an AIN93G control diet 4 wk, then received either weekly injections of saline [vehicle control (30 μL 0.9% NaCl; n = 5) or B-12 (0.65 μg per 30 μL 0.9% NaCl; n = 6) in each of 2 hindleg muscles (1.25 μg B-12 total)] for 8 wk. Outcomes measured included maximal oxygen consumption rate, uracil in mtDNA (a biomarker of mtDNA integrity), mtDNA copy number, and mitochondrial mass. Data were analyzed using a 2-way analysis of variance in the Mtr+/– mouse model exposed to −B-12 diets and by a Student’s t-test for B-12 supplementation in aged mice.
Results
The tibialis anterior (TA) muscle from Mtr+/– mice exhibited 50% lower (P = 0.01) maximal respiratory capacity of the electron transport chain than did TA from Mtr+/+ mice. Exposure to the −B-12 diet lowered the maximal capacity of complex I in mitochondrially rich muscle (soleus and mitochondria-rich portions of quadriceps and gastrocnemius) by 25% (P = 0.02). Uracil in mtDNA in red muscle and gastrocnemius was elevated ∼10 fold with exposure to −B-12 diet (P = 0.04 and P < 0.001, respectively). In aged mice, gastrocnemius complex IV activity was increased 2-fold with intramuscular B-12 supplementation (P = 0.04).
Conclusions
Exposure to a−B-12 diet led to uracil accumulation in mtDNA and impaired maximal oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle. B-12 supplementation improved complex IV maximal capacity in gastrocnemius from aged mice, a model of age-related skeletal muscle decline.
{"title":"Vitamin B12 Supports Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Male Mice","authors":"Luisa F Castillo , Katarina E Heyden , Abigail R Williamson , Wenxia Ma , Olga V Malysheva , Nathaniel M Vacanti , Anna E Thalacker-Mercer , Martha S Field","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Vitamin B-12 is a cofactor in folate-mediated 1-carbon metabolism, which generates nucleotides {thymidylate [deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP)] and purines} and methionine. Depressed de novo thymidylate (dTMP) synthesis leads to uracil accumulation in DNA.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to determine how B-12 availability affects mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) integrity and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. B-12 deficiency was modeled in young-adult mice. Intramuscular B-12 injection in aged mice assessed the role of B-12 supplementation in age-related changes in skeletal muscle.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Male methionine synthase knockdown (<em>Mtr</em><sup><em>+/–</em></sup><em>)</em> and wild-type littermates (<em>Mtr</em><sup><em>+/+</em></sup>) were weaned to either an AIN93G-based control diet containing 25 μg/kg vitamin B-12 (<em>Mtr</em><sup><em>+/+</em></sup>, <em>n</em> = 8; <em>Mtr</em><sup><em>+/–</em></sup>, <em>n</em> = 9) or a B-12–deficient (−B-12) diet containing 0 μg/kg vitamin B-12 (<em>n</em> = 9 per genotype) for 7 wk. Aged (20–22 mo) male C57BL/6N mice were acclimated to an AIN93G control diet 4 wk, then received either weekly injections of saline [vehicle control (30 μL 0.9% NaCl; <em>n</em> = 5) or B-12 (0.65 μg per 30 μL 0.9% NaCl; <em>n</em> = 6) in each of 2 hindleg muscles (1.25 μg B-12 total)] for 8 wk. Outcomes measured included maximal oxygen consumption rate, uracil in mtDNA (a biomarker of mtDNA integrity), mtDNA copy number, and mitochondrial mass. Data were analyzed using a 2-way analysis of variance in the <em>Mtr</em><sup><em>+/–</em></sup> mouse model exposed to −B-12 diets and by a Student’s <em>t</em>-test for B-12 supplementation in aged mice.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The tibialis anterior (TA) muscle from <em>Mtr</em><sup><em>+/–</em></sup> mice exhibited 50% lower (<em>P</em> = 0.01) maximal respiratory capacity of the electron transport chain than did TA from <em>Mtr</em><sup><em>+/+</em></sup> mice. Exposure to the −B-12 diet lowered the maximal capacity of complex I in mitochondrially rich muscle (soleus and mitochondria-rich portions of quadriceps and gastrocnemius) by 25% (<em>P</em> = 0.02). Uracil in mtDNA in red muscle and gastrocnemius was elevated ∼10 fold with exposure to −B-12 diet (<em>P</em> = 0.04 and <em>P</em> < 0.001, respectively). In aged mice, gastrocnemius complex IV activity was increased 2-fold with intramuscular B-12 supplementation (<em>P</em> = 0.04).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Exposure to a−B-12 diet led to uracil accumulation in mtDNA and impaired maximal oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle. B-12 supplementation improved complex IV maximal capacity in gastrocnemius from aged mice, a model of age-related skeletal muscle decline.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101367"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146029722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101315
Aatekah Owais , Karim Bougma , Kimberley P Bouckaert , Estelle Bambara , Souleymane Tirogo , Roelinda Jongstra , Carine Mapango , Nicole D Ford , Maria Elena D Jefferds
Background
Anemia remains a significant health problem among Burkinabé adolescents aged 10–19 y. However, population-based information on its correlates remains limited.
Objectives
This study assessed the burden of anemia, iron deficiency (ID), and iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and factors associated with these outcomes among Burkinabé adolescents.
Methods
We used data from 689 boys and 724 girls who participated in the nationally representative (except Sahel region), population-based 2020 Burkina Faso National Micronutrient Survey to conduct hierarchical logistic multivariable regression identifying underlying, immediate, and biological factors associated with adolescent anemia, ID, and IDA, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05.
Results
Anemia prevalence was 31% among boys and 29% among girls. Prevalences of ID and IDA were 20% and 10%, respectively, among boys, and 24% and 12%, respectively, among girls. From the underlying factors assessed, household wealth was associated with all 3 outcomes in boys. Among immediate factors, older age (14–19 y) was associated with all 3 outcomes for girls. ID and recent malaria infection were also associated with higher odds of anemia in both populations, whereas vitamin A deficiency was associated with higher odds of anemia among boys, as well as higher odds of ID and IDA for girls.
Conclusions
Anemia, ID, and IDA etiology among Burkinabé adolescents is multifactorial, with complex relationships involving household and individual characteristics, as well as biological factors. A multisectoral approach to adolescent-focused policies and programs, in addition to direct nutrition interventions, may be effective in reducing anemia, ID, and IDA among adolescents.
{"title":"Factors Associated with Anemia, Iron Deficiency, and Iron Deficiency Anemia among Adolescents Aged 10–19 Years: Analysis of the 2020 Burkina Faso National Micronutrient Survey","authors":"Aatekah Owais , Karim Bougma , Kimberley P Bouckaert , Estelle Bambara , Souleymane Tirogo , Roelinda Jongstra , Carine Mapango , Nicole D Ford , Maria Elena D Jefferds","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Anemia remains a significant health problem among Burkinabé adolescents aged 10–19 y. However, population-based information on its correlates remains limited.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study assessed the burden of anemia, iron deficiency (ID), and iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and factors associated with these outcomes among Burkinabé adolescents.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used data from 689 boys and 724 girls who participated in the nationally representative (except Sahel region), population-based 2020 Burkina Faso National Micronutrient Survey to conduct hierarchical logistic multivariable regression identifying underlying, immediate, and biological factors associated with adolescent anemia, ID, and IDA, with statistical significance set at <em>P</em> < 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Anemia prevalence was 31% among boys and 29% among girls. Prevalences of ID and IDA were 20% and 10%, respectively, among boys, and 24% and 12%, respectively, among girls. From the underlying factors assessed, household wealth was associated with all 3 outcomes in boys. Among immediate factors, older age (14–19 y) was associated with all 3 outcomes for girls. ID and recent malaria infection were also associated with higher odds of anemia in both populations, whereas vitamin A deficiency was associated with higher odds of anemia among boys, as well as higher odds of ID and IDA for girls.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Anemia, ID, and IDA etiology among Burkinabé adolescents is multifactorial, with complex relationships involving household and individual characteristics, as well as biological factors. A multisectoral approach to adolescent-focused policies and programs, in addition to direct nutrition interventions, may be effective in reducing anemia, ID, and IDA among adolescents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101315"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145917809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-23DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101277
Liadhan McAnena, Mary Ward, Adrian McCann, Kristina Pentieva, Leane Hoey, Ryan Barlow, Harry R Jarrett, Maeve A Kerr, J J Strain, Catherine Hughes, Albert Flynn, Janette Walton, Yvonne Lamers, Parveen Bhatti, Crystal D Karakochuk, Kyly C Whitfield, Michelle Murphy, Pere Cavallé-Busquets, Lorna J Cox, Ann Prentice, Damon A Parkington, Tabasum Makhdoomi, Sengchanh Kounnavong, Guy-Marino Hinnouho, Nelly Birungi, Tim J Green, Helene McNulty
Background: Riboflavin, as flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, is essential for numerous metabolic pathways. However, the prevalence of riboflavin deficiency worldwide remains unclear, because status biomarkers are very rarely measured in human studies.
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate riboflavin status in females of reproductive age and children from several regions of the world, representing both high-income countries and low/middle-income countries (HICs and LMICs).
Methods: We measured riboflavin status in population-representative samples from Ireland, United Kingdom, Cambodia, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, and in cohort samples from HICs (Northern Ireland, Spain, Canada) and LMICs (Malaysia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Cambodia, Uganda) using the functional assay, erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRac), with higher values indicating lower status and EGRac ≥ 1.40 indicative of deficiency.
Results: In Irish (n = 251) and British (n = 163) populations, among unsupplemented females of 18-45 y, median (95% confidence interval) EGRac values were 1.39 (1.36, 1.42) and 1.40 (1.36, 1.49), and 48% and 50%, respectively, had riboflavin deficiency. In Irish females, biomarker status declined progressively(P < 0.002) with decreasing quintiles of dietary riboflavin intakes, from >2.1 in Q1 to <1.1 mg/d in Q5.. Females in LMICs had much higher rates of riboflavin deficiency: Malaysia (72%); Cambodia (82%); and Uganda (90%). In British children (n = 307), riboflavin status declined markedly with age, with median EGRac values of 1.25 (1.20, 1.28) at age 1-5 y compared with 1.40 (1.35, 1.44) at 15-17 y. In children from LMICs, 39%-75% had riboflavin deficiency, and in Ugandan children aged 5-17 y, median EGRac was 1.77 (1.39, 2.15), corresponding with clinical deficiency signs observed in this cohort.
Conclusions: Riboflavin deficiency is highly prevalent in females and children across many regions worldwide. Given the wide-ranging adverse health consequences of deficiency, population-based strategies to improve riboflavin status in both LMICs and HICs are urgently needed.
{"title":"Riboflavin Deficiency Is Highly Prevalent in Females and Children across High and Low/Middle Income Countries Worldwide.","authors":"Liadhan McAnena, Mary Ward, Adrian McCann, Kristina Pentieva, Leane Hoey, Ryan Barlow, Harry R Jarrett, Maeve A Kerr, J J Strain, Catherine Hughes, Albert Flynn, Janette Walton, Yvonne Lamers, Parveen Bhatti, Crystal D Karakochuk, Kyly C Whitfield, Michelle Murphy, Pere Cavallé-Busquets, Lorna J Cox, Ann Prentice, Damon A Parkington, Tabasum Makhdoomi, Sengchanh Kounnavong, Guy-Marino Hinnouho, Nelly Birungi, Tim J Green, Helene McNulty","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Riboflavin, as flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, is essential for numerous metabolic pathways. However, the prevalence of riboflavin deficiency worldwide remains unclear, because status biomarkers are very rarely measured in human studies.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to investigate riboflavin status in females of reproductive age and children from several regions of the world, representing both high-income countries and low/middle-income countries (HICs and LMICs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We measured riboflavin status in population-representative samples from Ireland, United Kingdom, Cambodia, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, and in cohort samples from HICs (Northern Ireland, Spain, Canada) and LMICs (Malaysia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Cambodia, Uganda) using the functional assay, erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRac), with higher values indicating lower status and EGRac ≥ 1.40 indicative of deficiency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In Irish (n = 251) and British (n = 163) populations, among unsupplemented females of 18-45 y, median (95% confidence interval) EGRac values were 1.39 (1.36, 1.42) and 1.40 (1.36, 1.49), and 48% and 50%, respectively, had riboflavin deficiency. In Irish females, biomarker status declined progressively(P < 0.002) with decreasing quintiles of dietary riboflavin intakes, from >2.1 in Q1 to <1.1 mg/d in Q5.. Females in LMICs had much higher rates of riboflavin deficiency: Malaysia (72%); Cambodia (82%); and Uganda (90%). In British children (n = 307), riboflavin status declined markedly with age, with median EGRac values of 1.25 (1.20, 1.28) at age 1-5 y compared with 1.40 (1.35, 1.44) at 15-17 y. In children from LMICs, 39%-75% had riboflavin deficiency, and in Ugandan children aged 5-17 y, median EGRac was 1.77 (1.39, 2.15), corresponding with clinical deficiency signs observed in this cohort.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Riboflavin deficiency is highly prevalent in females and children across many regions worldwide. Given the wide-ranging adverse health consequences of deficiency, population-based strategies to improve riboflavin status in both LMICs and HICs are urgently needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"101277"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147284040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101376
Larissa Leandro da Cruz , Chelsey Fiecke , Brittany Reed , Audrey Martinez , Adrienne Keck , Anni Fuenmayor , Sarah Sobik , Amy C Rowell , Mary B Moore , Milan Bimali , D Keith Williams , Aline Andres
Background
Although ∼12% of infants in the United States are fed soy protein-based infant formulas (SF), data on the long-term health effects compared with cow's milk-based infant formulas (MF) and human milk (HM) remain limited.
Objectives
This study aims to assess whether SF feeding during infancy influences adolescent growth, adiposity, dietary intake, metabolic health, or pubertal development compared with MF or HM feeding during infancy.
Methods
In the Beginnings follow-up study, 190 participants (SF = 52, HM = 76, MF = 62) were assessed at age 14 y for anthropometry, body composition, dietary intake, cardiometabolic biomarkers, pubertal stage, and reproductive organ volumes and characteristics. Statistical analyses were performed using R (version 4.4.2), and included generalized linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, mother’s education, and birth characteristics.
Results
At 14.10 ± 0.26 (13.47–14.96) y, adjusted models showed that adolescents who were fed SF as infants had similar body weight, BMI-for-age z-score, fat mass index, abdominal adiposity (visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue areas), and waist circumference compared with participants fed MF and HM as infants. Energy intake, macronutrient intakes, and diet quality (Healthy Eating Index-2020) were comparable across groups, except for a lower fat intake (%kcal) for participants fed SF and HM as infants compared with MF. There were no significant differences between the groups in blood pressure, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, inflammatory biomarkers, pubertal stage, age of menarche and reproductive organ sizes and characteristics at age 14 y. The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors was significantly higher in participants who were fed MF (8.1%) compared with SF (3.8%) and HM (0.0%) as infants.
Conclusions
SF feeding during infancy was associated with similar growth, body composition, cardiometabolic health and puberty outcomes at age 14 y as MF and HM feeding. In adjusted models, HM feeding was protective against adolescent adiposity compared with MF feeding.
This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03108014.
{"title":"Soy Protein-Based Infant Formula Feeding Association with Adolescent Growth, Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Health, and Pubertal Development in Comparison with Cow's Milk-Based Infant Formula and Human Milk Feeding","authors":"Larissa Leandro da Cruz , Chelsey Fiecke , Brittany Reed , Audrey Martinez , Adrienne Keck , Anni Fuenmayor , Sarah Sobik , Amy C Rowell , Mary B Moore , Milan Bimali , D Keith Williams , Aline Andres","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Although ∼12% of infants in the United States are fed soy protein-based infant formulas (SF), data on the long-term health effects compared with cow's milk-based infant formulas (MF) and human milk (HM) remain limited.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aims to assess whether SF feeding during infancy influences adolescent growth, adiposity, dietary intake, metabolic health, or pubertal development compared with MF or HM feeding during infancy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In the Beginnings follow-up study<em>,</em> 190 participants (SF = 52, HM = 76, MF = 62) were assessed at age 14 y for anthropometry, body composition, dietary intake, cardiometabolic biomarkers, pubertal stage, and reproductive organ volumes and characteristics. Statistical analyses were performed using R (version 4.4.2), and included generalized linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, mother’s education, and birth characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At 14.10 ± 0.26 (13.47–14.96) y, adjusted models showed that adolescents who were fed SF as infants had similar body weight, BMI-for-age <em>z</em>-score, fat mass index, abdominal adiposity (visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue areas), and waist circumference compared with participants fed MF and HM as infants. Energy intake, macronutrient intakes, and diet quality (Healthy Eating Index-2020) were comparable across groups, except for a lower fat intake (%kcal) for participants fed SF and HM as infants compared with MF. There were no significant differences between the groups in blood pressure, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, inflammatory biomarkers, pubertal stage, age of menarche and reproductive organ sizes and characteristics at age 14 y. The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors was significantly higher in participants who were fed MF (8.1%) compared with SF (3.8%) and HM (0.0%) as infants.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>SF feeding during infancy was associated with similar growth, body composition, cardiometabolic health and puberty outcomes at age 14 y as MF and HM feeding. In adjusted models, HM feeding was protective against adolescent adiposity compared with MF feeding.</div><div>This study was registered at <span><span>www.clinicaltrials.gov</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> as NCT03108014.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146043564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101363
Joyeta Ghosh , Tinni Chaudhuri , Jose Arturo Molina Mora , Jyoti Taneja , Ravi Kant
Background
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among postmenopausal women in rural India, where healthcare resources remain limited.
Objectives
This study aimed to leverage artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) approaches to predict CVD risk in rural elderly women, identify key clinical predictors, and assess model performance using interpretable AI tools.
Methods
This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in Singur Block (West Bengal) and Amdanga Block (North 24 Parganas District) between March 2014 and August 2018. Data from 458 rural postmenopausal women were analyzed. The outcome variable was the presence or absence of elevated cardiovascular disease risk, defined using composite International Diabetes Federation and American Heart Association criteria. Predictors included waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and vitamin D concentrations. Seven ML models [Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Ensemble (Voting Classifier), Extra Trees, Support Vector Machine, Neural Network, and Logistic Regression] were developed and compared. Model evaluation employed 5-fold cross-validation with metrics including accuracy, AUC, precision, recall, and F1 score.
Results
Among the 458 participants, 171 (37.3%) exhibited elevated CVD risk. The Random Forest model achieved an accuracy of 98.91% (95% CI: 97.8%, 99.6%), whereas eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) demonstrated comparable performance with an AUC of 0.998 (95% CI: 0.993, 1.000), precision of 97.2%, and recall of 98.3%. Feature-importance analysis revealed waist circumference, blood pressure, and fasting glucose as the strongest predictors, with HDL cholesterol and vitamin D contributing modestly but significantly.
Conclusions
ML models—particularly Random Forest and XGBoost—demonstrated high accuracy and interpretability in predicting CVD risk among rural postmenopausal women. These findings highlight the potential of AI-driven, low-cost predictive tools for early CVD risk detection and personalized preventive healthcare in resource-limited rural settings.
{"title":"Harnessing Clinical and Biochemical Data for Personalized Cardiovascular Risk Prediction: a Machine Learning Approach Toward Precision Nutrition","authors":"Joyeta Ghosh , Tinni Chaudhuri , Jose Arturo Molina Mora , Jyoti Taneja , Ravi Kant","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among postmenopausal women in rural India, where healthcare resources remain limited.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to leverage artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) approaches to predict CVD risk in rural elderly women, identify key clinical predictors, and assess model performance using interpretable AI tools.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in Singur Block (West Bengal) and Amdanga Block (North 24 Parganas District) between March 2014 and August 2018. Data from 458 rural postmenopausal women were analyzed. The outcome variable was the presence or absence of elevated cardiovascular disease risk, defined using composite International Diabetes Federation and American Heart Association criteria. Predictors included waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and vitamin D concentrations. Seven ML models [Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Ensemble (Voting Classifier), Extra Trees, Support Vector Machine, Neural Network, and Logistic Regression] were developed and compared. Model evaluation employed 5-fold cross-validation with metrics including accuracy, AUC, precision, recall, and F1 score.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among the 458 participants, 171 (37.3%) exhibited elevated CVD risk. The Random Forest model achieved an accuracy of 98.91% (95% CI: 97.8%, 99.6%), whereas eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) demonstrated comparable performance with an AUC of 0.998 (95% CI: 0.993, 1.000), precision of 97.2%, and recall of 98.3%. Feature-importance analysis revealed waist circumference, blood pressure, and fasting glucose as the strongest predictors, with HDL cholesterol and vitamin D contributing modestly but significantly.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>ML models—particularly Random Forest and XGBoost—demonstrated high accuracy and interpretability in predicting CVD risk among rural postmenopausal women. These findings highlight the potential of AI-driven, low-cost predictive tools for early CVD risk detection and personalized preventive healthcare in resource-limited rural settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101363"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145989710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101347
Yujie Li , Weiyu Li , Jianlou Song , Qiang Jiang , Wenbin Li , Zhiqiang Wang , Xiaoli Dong , Minhao Zhang , Jianmin Yuan , Yuming Guo , Zengpeng Lv
Background
The efficacy of low-protein diets, an effective approach to the high-quality protein feed shortage, relies on precisely meeting the amino acid requirements of broilers.
Objective
This study aimed to determine the arginine requirement of WOD188 broilers fed low-protein diets and to assess the effects of arginine on growth performance, intestinal function, and nitrogen metabolism.
Methods
Experiment 1: WOD188 broilers (29-d-old, male, n = 300) were randomly assigned to a normal-protein diet or 4 low-protein diets with standardized ileal digestible arginine-to-lysine ratios (SID Arg:Lys) of 96%, 107%, 118%, and 128% (6 cages/treatment, 10 broilers/cage). After 13 d, growth performance was recorded and regarded as the primary outcome for evaluating the arginine requirement. Samples of blood, breast muscle, intestine, and chyme were collected for the analysis of serum parameters, meat quality, intestinal morphology, gene/protein expression, and intestinal microbiota. Experiment 2: A total of 90 broilers (35–37-d-old) were fed the same 5 diets and collected excreta to measure nitrogen content. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and regression modeling.
Results
A dynamic requirement model for SID arginine intake (Y) was established as Y = 1.703 × BW0.70 + 0.750 × body weight gain (BWG). The optimal growth performance and peak nitrogen utilization efficiency were achieved at SID Arg:Lys 107%–115%. Low-protein diets with arginine supplementation decreased meat pH, fecal nitrogen content, serum total protein (TP) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations (P < 0.05), while increasing intestinal villus height and NO concentrations (P < 0.05). It also upregulated intestinal CAT-2 mRNA expression, barrier-related protein (ZO-1/ Occludin) expression, and decreased interleukin 10 inflammatory factor concentrations (P < 0.05). The low-protein diet significantly reduced bacterial α-diversity (ACE and Chao1 index, P < 0.05), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size analysis further identified Lactobacillus as key biomarkers LDA score > 2.0, false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P < 0.05).
Conclusions
This study established the dynamic arginine requirement model of WOD188 broilers fed the low-protein diet. Dietary arginine enhanced growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality, while improving intestinal microbiota composition, barrier, and transport function, ultimately elevating nitrogen utilization efficiency.
{"title":"Arginine Requirements for WOD188 Broilers on a Low-Protein Diet: Insights from Growth Performance and Intestine Health","authors":"Yujie Li , Weiyu Li , Jianlou Song , Qiang Jiang , Wenbin Li , Zhiqiang Wang , Xiaoli Dong , Minhao Zhang , Jianmin Yuan , Yuming Guo , Zengpeng Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The efficacy of low-protein diets, an effective approach to the high-quality protein feed shortage, relies on precisely meeting the amino acid requirements of broilers.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to determine the arginine requirement of WOD188 broilers fed low-protein diets and to assess the effects of arginine on growth performance, intestinal function, and nitrogen metabolism.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Experiment 1: WOD188 broilers (29-d-old, male, <em>n</em> = 300) were randomly assigned to a normal-protein diet or 4 low-protein diets with standardized ileal digestible arginine-to-lysine ratios (SID Arg:Lys) of 96%, 107%, 118%, and 128% (6 cages/treatment, 10 broilers/cage). After 13 d, growth performance was recorded and regarded as the primary outcome for evaluating the arginine requirement. Samples of blood, breast muscle, intestine, and chyme were collected for the analysis of serum parameters, meat quality, intestinal morphology, gene/protein expression, and intestinal microbiota. Experiment 2: A total of 90 broilers (35–37-d-old) were fed the same 5 diets and collected excreta to measure nitrogen content. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and regression modeling.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A dynamic requirement model for SID arginine intake (Y) was established as Y = 1.703 × BW<sup>0.70</sup> + 0.750 × body weight gain (BWG). The optimal growth performance and peak nitrogen utilization efficiency were achieved at SID Arg:Lys 107%–115%. Low-protein diets with arginine supplementation decreased meat pH, fecal nitrogen content, serum total protein (TP) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations (<em>P</em> < 0.05), while increasing intestinal villus height and NO concentrations (<em>P</em> < 0.05). It also upregulated intestinal <em>CAT-2</em> mRNA expression, barrier-related protein (ZO-1/ Occludin) expression, and decreased interleukin 10 inflammatory factor concentrations (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The low-protein diet significantly reduced bacterial α-diversity (ACE and Chao1 index, <em>P</em> < 0.05), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size analysis further identified <em>Lactobacillus</em> as key biomarkers LDA score > 2.0, false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted <em>P</em> < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study established the dynamic arginine requirement model of WOD188 broilers fed the low-protein diet. Dietary arginine enhanced growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality, while improving intestinal microbiota composition, barrier, and transport function, ultimately elevating nitrogen utilization efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101347"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145948932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101349
Robin P da Silva , Brandon J Eudy
Background
Dysregulated one-carbon metabolism occurs in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and in models of liver fibrosis, but two fibrosis models display opposing methylation cycle profiles, which has been a point of confusion. Broader changes in one-carbon related metabolism and the consequent impact on transcriptional events have not been fully explored.
Objective
The objective of this study was to identify common metabolic and transcriptional profiles in methionine and choline deficient (MCD) and glycine N-methyltransferase knockout (GNMTKO) mice to help us understand molecular mechanisms that contribute to hepatic fibrosis.
Methods
Eight-wk-old male GNMTKO (C57BL6J background) and control mice were fed AIN-76 based diet (24% casein, 60% sucrose/starch, and 5% fat) for 8 wk (n = 5–6). Ten-wk-old male C57BL6J mice were fed amino acid-defined diet (based on AIN-76) with or without sufficient methionine and choline (65% sucrose/starch, 15% defined amino acid, and 10% fat) for 5 wk (n = 6). We characterized the expression of folate metabolic enzymes, measured the amino acid content in plasma and liver, performed targeted metabolomics and RNA sequencing in liver to compare metabolite and transcriptional profiles.
Results
We measured an 11-fold increase (P = 0.0067) in MTHFD1L1 and 2.8-fold (P = 0.013) MTHFS expression in liver of GNMTKO mice, matching results from our previous study in MCD mice. Liver mitochondria from GNMTKO mice had a 2-fold (P = 0.0423) higher capacity for oxidation of one-carbon units. We find common regulation of xenobiotic/metabolic sensors, growth, immune, and inflammatory pathways in our transcriptomic analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test with Welch’s correction, and RNA sequencing data were analyzed using the method of Benjamini-Hochberg.
Conclusions
We identify a common dysregulation in folate metabolism in two widely used rodent models of liver fibrosis and highlight the consequent metabolic disturbances. Analysis of hepatic transcriptional profiles of MCD and GNMTKO mice reveals novel association of the transcriptional regulators STAT5b, AhR, and ARNT with liver fibrosis.
{"title":"The Hepatic Transcriptomes of Two Mouse Models of Liver Fibrosis Reveal Shared Molecular Patterns Associated with a Common Dysregulation of Folate Metabolism","authors":"Robin P da Silva , Brandon J Eudy","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dysregulated one-carbon metabolism occurs in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and in models of liver fibrosis, but two fibrosis models display opposing methylation cycle profiles, which has been a point of confusion. Broader changes in one-carbon related metabolism and the consequent impact on transcriptional events have not been fully explored.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objective of this study was to identify common metabolic and transcriptional profiles in methionine and choline deficient (MCD) and glycine N-methyltransferase knockout (GNMTKO) mice to help us understand molecular mechanisms that contribute to hepatic fibrosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Eight-wk-old male GNMTKO (C57BL6J background) and control mice were fed AIN-76 based diet (24% casein, 60% sucrose/starch, and 5% fat) for 8 wk (<em>n</em> = 5–6). Ten-wk-old male C57BL6J mice were fed amino acid-defined diet (based on AIN-76) with or without sufficient methionine and choline (65% sucrose/starch, 15% defined amino acid, and 10% fat) for 5 wk (<em>n</em> = 6). We characterized the expression of folate metabolic enzymes, measured the amino acid content in plasma and liver, performed targeted metabolomics and RNA sequencing in liver to compare metabolite and transcriptional profiles.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We measured an 11-fold increase (<em>P</em> = 0.0067) in MTHFD1L1 and 2.8-fold (<em>P</em> = 0.013) MTHFS expression in liver of GNMTKO mice, matching results from our previous study in MCD mice. Liver mitochondria from GNMTKO mice had a 2-fold (<em>P</em> = 0.0423) higher capacity for oxidation of one-carbon units. We find common regulation of xenobiotic/metabolic sensors, growth, immune, and inflammatory pathways in our transcriptomic analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test with Welch’s correction, and RNA sequencing data were analyzed using the method of Benjamini-Hochberg.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>We identify a common dysregulation in folate metabolism in two widely used rodent models of liver fibrosis and highlight the consequent metabolic disturbances. Analysis of hepatic transcriptional profiles of MCD and GNMTKO mice reveals novel association of the transcriptional regulators STAT5b, AhR, and ARNT with liver fibrosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101349"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145948958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101374
Manal M Almoraie , Jeremy PE Spencer , Carol Wagstaff , Kim G Jackson
Background
Postprandial elevation of triacylglycerol (TAG) is associated with endothelial dysfunction and represents an important independent cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor in women. Although daily intakes of pomegranate seed oil (PSO, 80% conjugated α-linolenic acids) reduce fasting lipids, little is known about the acute effects on postprandial CVD risk markers.
Objectives
This study compared the impact of a PSO-rich meal with those of a control meal on postprandial TAG (primary outcome measure), lipids, glucose, insulin, microvascular function, and cell adhesion molecule responses in postmenopausal women.
Methods
In a single-blind, randomized controlled postprandial crossover study, 16 postmenopausal women aged ≤65 y were assigned to consume either a PSO-rich or a control meal on 2 separate occasions, 4 to 6 wk apart. A high-fat mixed meal (50 g fat) was provided at breakfast (0 min), and blood samples collected until 480 min postprandially to assess CVD risk markers. Specific time points were selected for blood pressure (BP) (0, 120, 240, 360 and 480 min) and microvascular reactivity (0, 180, 300, and 420 min). Postprandial data were analyzed using linear mixed models.
Results
Compared with the control meal, the PSO-rich meal significantly reduced the postprandial TAG response but glucose, insulin, apolipoprotein B, and non-esterified fatty acid responses were similar. The AUC and incremental AUC (iAUC) for the postprandial acetylcholine (endothelium-dependent vasodilation) induced reactivity response were greater (P ≤ 0.04), and systolic BP lower after the PSO-rich meal than the control meal. Additionally, the iAUC for the pulse wave velocity and AUC/iAUC for the soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 responses were lower, whereas plasma nitrite concentrations were higher after the PSO-rich than control meal (P ≤ 0.037).
Conclusions
A PSO-rich meal significantly reduced the postprandial TAG response and enhanced endothelial function compared with a control meal, suggesting a potential cardioprotective effect in postmenopausal women.
This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT06042673 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06042673).
{"title":"Acute Effects of a High-Fat Meal Enriched with Pomegranate Seed Oil on Postprandial Lipemia and Endothelial Function in Postmenopausal Women: a Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial","authors":"Manal M Almoraie , Jeremy PE Spencer , Carol Wagstaff , Kim G Jackson","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Postprandial elevation of triacylglycerol (TAG) is associated with endothelial dysfunction and represents an important independent cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor in women. Although daily intakes of pomegranate seed oil (PSO, 80% conjugated α-linolenic acids) reduce fasting lipids, little is known about the acute effects on postprandial CVD risk markers.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study compared the impact of a PSO-rich meal with those of a control meal on postprandial TAG (primary outcome measure), lipids, glucose, insulin, microvascular function, and cell adhesion molecule responses in postmenopausal women.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In a single-blind, randomized controlled postprandial crossover study, 16 postmenopausal women aged ≤65 y were assigned to consume either a PSO-rich or a control meal on 2 separate occasions, 4 to 6 wk apart. A high-fat mixed meal (50 g fat) was provided at breakfast (0 min), and blood samples collected until 480 min postprandially to assess CVD risk markers. Specific time points were selected for blood pressure (BP) (0, 120, 240, 360 and 480 min) and microvascular reactivity (0, 180, 300, and 420 min). Postprandial data were analyzed using linear mixed models.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with the control meal, the PSO-rich meal significantly reduced the postprandial TAG response but glucose, insulin, apolipoprotein B, and non-esterified fatty acid responses were similar. The AUC and incremental AUC (iAUC) for the postprandial acetylcholine (endothelium-dependent vasodilation) induced reactivity response were greater (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.04), and systolic BP lower after the PSO-rich meal than the control meal. Additionally, the iAUC for the pulse wave velocity and AUC/iAUC for the soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 responses were lower, whereas plasma nitrite concentrations were higher after the PSO-rich than control meal (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.037).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A PSO-rich meal significantly reduced the postprandial TAG response and enhanced endothelial function compared with a control meal, suggesting a potential cardioprotective effect in postmenopausal women.</div><div>This study was registered at <span><span>clinicaltrials.gov</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> as NCT06042673 (<span><span>https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06042673</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"156 3","pages":"Article 101374"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146043541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101304
Hania Szajewska
{"title":"Infant-Type Bifidobacterium Probiotics in Term Infants: The Need for Strain-Specific and Context-Specific Evidence.","authors":"Hania Szajewska","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101304","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"101304"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145878530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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