Journal of oleo science最新文献

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has no therapeutic target; therefore, treatment is restricted to anticancer agents. However, TNBC is highly drug-resistant, meaning that novel therapeutic drugs for TNBC are required. Fatty acids can both inhibit and promote different cancers. Nervonic acid (NA) is a monovalent unsaturated fatty acid with anti-inflammatory effects, although its effect on cancer is unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of NA on TNBC. BT-549 cells, a TNBC cell line, were exposed to different concentrations of NA (1, 10, 100, and 1000 µM) or a control (dimethylsulfoxide). In addition, 9-week-old, female BALB/cSlc-nu/nu mice had a BT-549 cell transplant into the right side of the fourth mammary fat pad before being administered NA (100 mg/kg) or sterile tap water for 1 week. Increasing NA concentrations reduced the viability of BT-549 cells. At 100 µM, NA increased the expression of single-stranded DNA, a marker of apoptosis; decreased the expression of nuclear factor-κ B, an apoptosis inhibitor; and decreased the expression of Ki-67, a marker of proliferation. Furthermore, 10 µM NA inhibited cell migration and invasion of BT-549 cells via a non-significant increase in the mRNA expression of E-cadherin (CDH1) and significant decreases in the mRNA expression of N-cadherin (CDH2) and the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and 2. In addition, the growth and metastasis to the lungs of mammary gland tumors were significantly lower in NA-treated mice than in control mice. These results suggest that NA has an antitumor effect both in vitro and in vivo; therefore, NA may be a novel therapeutic agent for TNBC.

In this study, the effect of microwave drying on oil content, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, polyphenols and fatty acid profiles of fresh (control) and dried plum kernels was investigated. The oil quantities of plum seeds dried were found between 27.40% (control) and 42.42% (900 W). Total phenolic and flavonoid values of fresh (control) and dried-plum seeds were assessed to be between 9.77 (control) and 41.66 mgGAE/100 g (900 w) to 6.90 (control) and 23.67 mg/100 g (900 W), respectively. Total phenol and flavonoid quantities of the plum seeds dried at 900 W were slightly higher than those of the plum seeds dried at 720 W. L* (brightness) values of plum seeds changed between 55.97 and 59.62. Roasting in the microwave oven at 720 W was decreased the L* values of samples, while L* value of sample roasted at 900 W was closed to control. Gallic and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid values of plum kernel samples were assigned to be between 1.19 (720 W) and 2.01 mg/100 g (900 W) to 0.22 (control) and 7.09 mg/100 g (900 W), respectively. Also, catechin and rutin quantities of plum seeds were established between 0.20 (control) and 7.55 mg/100 g (900 W) to 1.42 (control) and 3.59 mg/100 g (900 W), respectively. In general, the amount of phenolic compounds of plum seeds dried at every two watts showed an increase (except quercetin) compared to the control. Only the amount of quercetin decreased partially in the dried samples. While oleic acid quantities of raw (control) and dried plum kernel oils are reported between 68.28% (720 W) and 71.60% (900 W), linoleic acid amounts of plum kernel oils were found between 20.77% (900 W) and 23.49% (720 W). The quantities of saturated fatty acids in plum kernel oils were found to be quite low compared to the content of unsaturated fatty acids.

Near-infrared wavelength-selective soft actuators have attracted much attention for applications in microsystems in bioliving. It is desirable for the photothermal conversion materials in the actuators to be downsized to the molecular scale. However, in conventional actuator materials using copolymer gels composed of thermosensitive and photothermal conversion molecule-coordinated monomers, the strong cross-linking of molecules in the networks impairs the actuator deformation. In this study, we fabricated soft actuators consisting of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) gels to suppress the cross-linking of the thermosensitive networks. Nd³⁺ and Yb³⁺ were used as wavelength-selective photothermal conversion molecules at 808 and 980 nm. Hydrophobic acrylamide derivatives and sodium acrylate were used as the thermosensitive and lanthanoid-ion-coordinated polymers, respectively. The lanthanoid ion concentrations in the IPN gels were about 0.2 M, which is 6 times larger than those of previous gels. The temperature response of swelling degrees (wt%) of the lanthanoid-ion-coordinated IPN gels were three times larger than that of the previous gels. Sandwich structure actuators consisting of Nd³⁺ and Yb ³⁺ IPN gels bent selectively toward the Nd ³⁺ gel side under 808 nm irradiation and toward the Yb³⁺ gel side under 980 nm irradiation.

Marine organisms contain unique lipid-soluble components. Therefore, we focused on the health benefits of these lipid-soluble components and conducted molecular nutritional studies. Fucoxanthin (Fx) is a typical marine carotenoid, found in brown seaweeds, such as Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame) and Saccharina japonica (Makonbu), and we demonstrated its anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects in animal models. As the molecular mechanism for anti-diabetic effect, dietary Fx has found to activate insulin signaling pathways and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT 4) in the skeletal muscles of diabetic/obese KK-A^y mice. Notably, Fx promoted GLUT4 translocation in the soleus muscle, up-regulated GLUT4 expression in the EDL muscle, and prevented and improved hyperglycemia through effective glucose uptake depending on the muscle types. On the other hand, n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 DPA), an n-3 poly unsaturated fatty acid found in salmon and trout, is converted to EPA and DHA in cultured cells. The intracellular conversion of n-3 DPA differed different among cells derived from macrophages, liver, and intestines. n-3 DPA markedly down-regulates the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors in activated macrophages. The suppressive effect of n-3 DPA on IL-6 mRNA expression was similar to that of DHA, but stronger than that of EPA. In addition, we demonstrated that n-3 PUFA-binding phosphatidylglycerol (PG) exhibited anti-inflammatory effects against activated macrophages, and that the effect was stronger than that of n-3 PUFA-phosphatidylcholine (PC). Furthermore, n-3 PUFA-PG significantly increased the intracellular EPA and DHA content compared to n-3 PUFA-PC treatment and induced Nrf2 activation. n-3 PUFA-PG, which enhances intracellular PUFAs, is contained in several microalgae such as Phaeodactylum tricornutum. It can also be enzymatically prepared and is expected to be used as a new functional lipid.

Fish oil contains not only major fatty acids with double bonds at the n-3, n-6, n-7, and n-9 positions but also those with a double bond at the n-1 position, such as 6,9,12,15-hexadecatetraenoic acid (C16:4 n-1; HDTA). However, intracellular bioconversion and metabolic fate of n-1 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess the intracellular bioconversion and metabolic fate of HDTA and its metabolite, 8,11,14,17- octadecatetraenoic acid (C18:4 n-1; ODTA), using HepG2 cells. Based on the results of cell viability and cytotoxicity assays for HDTA and ODTA, the concentration of each fatty acid supplemented in the experiments was set at 10 μM. HepG2 cell culture with HDTA revealed C20:4 n-1 as a new HDTA metabolite, along with previously reported ODTA. Our findings suggest that the HDTA taken up by HepG2 cells undergoes elongation to form ODTA and C20:4 n-1. Following supplementation with HDTA, ODTA, and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3; EPA), fatty acids disappeared from the culture medium within 24 h. Notably, the total relative level of HDTA and its metabolites, including ODTA and C20:4 n-1 in HDTA- and ODTA-supplemented cells were significantly lower than the total relative level of EPA and its metabolites, including 7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n-3), C24:6 n-3, and 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3) in the EPA-supplemented cells. Except for a portion that was intracellularly elongated, most HDTA was taken up by HepG2 cells and may undergo rapid fatty acid β-oxidation. However, RNA-sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed no significant changes in fatty acid β-oxidation-related gene expression levels in HDTA-supplemented cells. Collectively, these results provide novel insights into the intracellular bioconversion mechanisms and metabolic fate of HDTA and ODTA in HepG2 cells, suggesting that the metabolic fate of n-1 PUFA is distinct from that of common PUFA.

Given the global challenge of drug-resistant pathogens, essential oils would be new pharmacological supplements for antibacterial action with low toxicity and low or no resistance. This study investigated the physical properties, chemical profile and antimicrobial activity of native essential oils to develop antibiotic alternatives. Specifically, essential oils were extracted from Dendranthema indicum, Orixa japonica, Chamaecyparis pisifera var. filifera, Peucedanum japonicum, and Pinus strobus using hydrodistillation. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia was assessed by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The essential oils from D. indicum with blue colour showed lower b* values (3.21±0.78) than other species (14.94±0.51-15.84±0.78). D. indicum oil showed the highest values in relative density (0.920±0.000g/mL) and refractive index (1.493±0.000nD²⁰) among the other oils. These results might be attributed to the major component of camphor in oils, known for its high density and refractive index. C. pisifera had the highest oil yield (4.01±0.17% DW) among the other species (0.36 ± 0.13-0.78±0.18% DW). Both C. pisifera and P. japonicum oils were rich in monoterpenes (81.09-91.06%), such as 3-carene (34.28%) and β-pinene (47.37%). Yet, the other oils were abundant in sesquiterpenes (13.82-36.45%). For example, the major components of D. indicum oils were germacrene-D (16.56%), followed by caryophyllene (9.20%). D. indicum and O. japonica oils were particularly effective in inhibiting both bacterial growths (MIC:0.5-1.5% and MBC:4-8%), whereas the other essential oils might require higher concentrations for bactericidal effects (MIC:1-3% and MBC:3- ≥ 12%). The strong antibacterial effect of D. indicum and O. japonica oils might be attributed to the major components of camphor (23.05%) and linalool (10.92%), respectively. Therefore, D. indicum and O. japonica essential oils would exhibit strong antibacterial activity, highlighting a potential antimicrobial agent in food and health industrial resources.

This study evaluated the incorporation of linoleic acid (LA) into canola oil (CO) through enzymatic interesterification reactions aided by microwave irradiation and catalyzed by TL IM lipase enzyme (sn-1,3). To optimize the process and identify the best reaction conditions, an experimental design utilizing a central composite experiment was implemented to analyze the effects of time (1.5-3.5 h), the reactant ratio LA:CO (0.3:1) and temperature (50-75°C). The linoleic acid (LA) extract was obtained from grapeseeds through extraction and purification techniques. Under optimal conditions (73°C, 48 min and an LA:CO ratio of 1.2), a 69.80% incorporation of linoleic acid was achieved. Moreover, the reactant ratio emerged as the most crucial factor shaping the outcome of the reaction, underscoring its vital role in achieving optimal results. The quality analysis of the crude oil, obtained as a reaction product, revealed a variation in the saponification index (177.5 ± 0.7 mg KOH/g), with respect to the starting substrates, indicating modifications in its composition. This value is higher than the saponification index reported for canola oil (172.82 ± 1.92 mg KOH/g) but lower than that of grapeseed oil (184.56 ± 0.45 mg KOH/g). This variation may be attributed to differences in fatty acid composition; specifically, the crude oil contains a lower proportion of long-chain fatty acids compared to canola oil. This study emphasizes the potential of grapeseeds as a sustainable source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Additionally, the use of microwave irradiation has proven to be a viable alternative to traditional methods by reducing reaction times, minimizing energy consumption and increasing yield percentages. These advancements support green chemistry, the circular economy and the creation of value-added products that can benefit various industries.

We report that when liposomes are added to a solution of a hydrophobic water-soluble polymer, i.e., hydrophobically-modified hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HM-HPMC), a liposome cross-linked gel (LCG) is formed due to the anchoring effect of the hydrophobic groups. In this study, we investigated LCG films made of HM-HPMC cross-linked with liposomes and evaluated the internal structure and drug release properties of the resulting films. The investigation of the LCG films indicated that only LCG formulations consisting of liposomes, HM-HPMC, and either 5% or 10% glycerol (GL) were capable of forming films with moderate strength and flexibility. These results suggested that both the three-dimensional network structure of LCG and the plasticizing effect of GL are necessary for film formulation. Structural evaluations of the resulting films were performed by small-angle X-ray scattering measurements and electron microscopy observations. These analyses revealed many structures presumably derived from liposomes in the film formulations, suggesting that the liposome structure is preserved in LCG films. The evaluation of drug release properties of the resulting films was performed by calculating drug release rates from film formulations containing 1% calcein (CAL, Mw 622.53) and fluorescently labeled dextran (FD4, Mw 4,000; FD40, Mw 40,000) as model drugs. The drug release rates from the film formulations containing CAL, FD4 and FD40 were in the order of CAL ≈ FD4 > FD40. The higher molecular weight of the drug may make the drug more difficult to diffuse through the film formulation due to the three-dimensional network structure of the LCG. These results indicated LCG can form film formulations containing water-soluble polymeric drugs with moderate strength and flexibility.

The chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Vachellia tortilis, collected from Tunisia, at the three developmental stages, was analysed by GC/MS. Seventy-five compounds were identified. GC-MS analysis showed qualitative and quantitative variation during Vachellia tortilis seed maturation. The essential oil was dominated by a large amount of apocarotenes (38.6-47.1%) and non-terpene derivatives (34.7-49.6%). The major components of the oil were (E)-geranylacetone (15.6-25.3%), guaiacylacetone (4.7-12.9%), p-menth-4-en-3-one (3.1-10.9%), cis-2-methyl-3-oxo-cyclohexane-butanal (4.5-8.7%), (E)-β-ionone (5.4-8.2%) and hexahydrofarnesylacetone (2.4-5.6%). The highest antioxidant activity was exhibited by essential oils at intermediate stage. Essential oils at immature and intermediate stages showed higher antimicrobial activity than those at mature stage. The present findings allowed us to choose the optimal harvesting period to have the maximum effectiveness of the essential oil in terms of biological activities.