P. Karthika, R. Rathy, P. Jayanthi, R. Harish, M. Ameena, R. Krishnasree
Introduction: The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has evoked an exigent need to explicate the association between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and oral mucosal lesions. The present systematic review aims to elucidate the recent literature on oral manifestations related to COVID-19 so as to help the dental professionals for better screening and early diagnosis of the disease. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search on PubMed, Science direct, Scopus, and Embase databases was carried out from December 2019 to March 2021 using keywords “Coronavirus,” “COVID-19,” “SARSCoV-2,” “Oral mucosal lesions,” and “Oral manifestation.” Additional information was obtained from Cochrane, World Health Organization, and Medscape. The full text articles of case reports and cross-sectional studies were analyzed and included. The review included 25 articles. Results: Four most common oral manifestations were found: gustatory and olfactory dysfunction, xerostomia, oral mucosal lesions, and salivary gland diseases. Vasculitis, opportunistic infections, drug eruption secondary to administration of Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), stress, immunosuppression, and hyperinflammatory immune response secondary to COVID-19 might be some of the relevant predisposing factors responsible for the onset of oral manifestations in patients with COVID-19. Conclusion: The early detection of oral symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection could help the clinicians to perform a better screening, and in recognizing early manifestations of the disease. However, the oral manifestations might be misdiagnosed due to subsequent challenge of undergoing oral examinations, hence diverse studies should be undertaken by the researchers to gain a better insight into the topic.
{"title":"Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review","authors":"P. Karthika, R. Rathy, P. Jayanthi, R. Harish, M. Ameena, R. Krishnasree","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_91_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_91_21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has evoked an exigent need to explicate the association between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and oral mucosal lesions. The present systematic review aims to elucidate the recent literature on oral manifestations related to COVID-19 so as to help the dental professionals for better screening and early diagnosis of the disease. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search on PubMed, Science direct, Scopus, and Embase databases was carried out from December 2019 to March 2021 using keywords “Coronavirus,” “COVID-19,” “SARSCoV-2,” “Oral mucosal lesions,” and “Oral manifestation.” Additional information was obtained from Cochrane, World Health Organization, and Medscape. The full text articles of case reports and cross-sectional studies were analyzed and included. The review included 25 articles. Results: Four most common oral manifestations were found: gustatory and olfactory dysfunction, xerostomia, oral mucosal lesions, and salivary gland diseases. Vasculitis, opportunistic infections, drug eruption secondary to administration of Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), stress, immunosuppression, and hyperinflammatory immune response secondary to COVID-19 might be some of the relevant predisposing factors responsible for the onset of oral manifestations in patients with COVID-19. Conclusion: The early detection of oral symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection could help the clinicians to perform a better screening, and in recognizing early manifestations of the disease. However, the oral manifestations might be misdiagnosed due to subsequent challenge of undergoing oral examinations, hence diverse studies should be undertaken by the researchers to gain a better insight into the topic.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"73 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47874175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Saliva is a reservoir for biologic indicators and has a diverse microflora, which is critical particularly for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission. Notwithstanding, saliva also could be applied as a noninvasive method to COVID-19 diagnosis and disease evolution monitoring. The objective of this systematic review is to summarize the main findings regarding to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection repercussion in saliva and/or salivary glands, addressing the following questions: What has been published regarding to the presence and implications of COVID-19 in saliva or salivary glands? and What are the researchers’ main results and conclusions?. Materials and Methods: A total of 31 published articles were included (27 research articles and 4 case reports). PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched till August 2020. The terms COVID-19, novel coronavirus, and SARS-CoV-2 were combined with the keywords salivary gland, saliva, sialadenitis, parotid gland, sublingual gland submandibular gland, salivary gland disease, and minor salivary gland using the Boolean operator “AND.” Results: In this study, researchers’ main results and conclusions were exposed in tables. The main subjects of the articles were detection and viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva, the influence of mouthwashes in SARS-CoV-2, and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols. Conclusion: Although deep throat saliva may be used as a diagnostic tool to SAR-CoV-2 diagnosis, researchers found that the viral load in saliva is lower than in respiratory secretions.
唾液是生物指标的储存库，具有多样化的微生物群，这对2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)的传播尤其重要。尽管如此，唾液也可以作为一种无创的方法用于COVID-19的诊断和疾病演变监测。本系统综述的目的是总结关于唾液和/或唾液腺中严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (SARS-CoV-2)感染影响的主要发现，并解决以下问题:关于唾液或唾液腺中COVID-19的存在和影响，已经发表了哪些研究成果?研究人员的主要结果和结论是什么?材料与方法:共纳入已发表文献31篇，其中研究文献27篇，病例报告4篇。PubMed、Embase、Scopus、Web of Science和b谷歌Scholar数据库被检索到2020年8月。将“COVID-19”、“新型冠状病毒”和“SARS-CoV-2”这三个词与“唾液腺”、“唾液”、“涎腺炎”、“腮腺”、“舌下腺”、“下颌下腺”、“唾液腺疾病”和“小唾液腺”等关键词结合起来。结果:在本研究中，研究者的主要结果和结论以表格形式显示。文章的主要主题是唾液中SARS-CoV-2的检测和病毒载量、漱口水对SARS-CoV-2的影响以及气溶胶中SARS-CoV-2的存在。结论:虽然深喉唾液可作为诊断新冠病毒的诊断工具，但研究人员发现唾液中的病毒载量低于呼吸道分泌物中的病毒载量。
{"title":"Saliva as a Potential SARS-CoV-2 Reservoir: What is Already Known? A Systematic Review","authors":"L. Munhoz, D. Haddad, E. Arita","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_83_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_83_21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Saliva is a reservoir for biologic indicators and has a diverse microflora, which is critical particularly for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission. Notwithstanding, saliva also could be applied as a noninvasive method to COVID-19 diagnosis and disease evolution monitoring. The objective of this systematic review is to summarize the main findings regarding to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection repercussion in saliva and/or salivary glands, addressing the following questions: What has been published regarding to the presence and implications of COVID-19 in saliva or salivary glands? and What are the researchers’ main results and conclusions?. Materials and Methods: A total of 31 published articles were included (27 research articles and 4 case reports). PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched till August 2020. The terms COVID-19, novel coronavirus, and SARS-CoV-2 were combined with the keywords salivary gland, saliva, sialadenitis, parotid gland, sublingual gland submandibular gland, salivary gland disease, and minor salivary gland using the Boolean operator “AND.” Results: In this study, researchers’ main results and conclusions were exposed in tables. The main subjects of the articles were detection and viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva, the influence of mouthwashes in SARS-CoV-2, and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols. Conclusion: Although deep throat saliva may be used as a diagnostic tool to SAR-CoV-2 diagnosis, researchers found that the viral load in saliva is lower than in respiratory secretions.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"54 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47082059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4103/jofs.jofs_284_20
K. Devika, T. Sabarinathan, Salvamani Shamala
Introduction: Nature is a valuable source of active ingredients that needs to be explored, especially its utilization in the medical field. Owing to the limited availability of antifungal drugs and also considering their side effects, there is always a constant need for a safe and competent alternative. Wrightia tinctoria, a medicinal tree, has been reported to possess potent antifungal activity against commercially available candida strains [American type culture collection (ATCC) and microbial type culture collection (MTCC)]. This could be beneficial clinically only if its antifungal activity could be proved against candida species isolated from clinical samples as the commercially available candida strains might have lost its pathophysiological characteristics on repeated subcultures. Hence, with this background, we performed this study to determine the antifungal efficacy of the extracts obtained from the leaves of W. tinctoria against the candida species isolated from the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal efficacy of W. tinctoria on candida species isolated from the oral cavity. Materials and Methods: To determine the antifungal activity, acetone, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts of leaves of W. tinctoria were used. The study population consisted of five healthy volunteers above 18 years of age without any harmful habits and five patients at increased risk of candida infection. Saliva samples were collected by oral rinse technique using phosphate buffered saline. Fluconazole was used as a positive control and the antifungal efficacy was determined using disk diffusion method. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine the significant difference between the extracts. Results: The mean zone of inhibition of acetone, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts of leaves of W. tinctoria was 10.8667, 11.0000, 10.1333 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Acetone, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts of W. tinctoria possess antifungal activity against candida species isolated from oral cavity.
{"title":"Antifungal Efficacy of Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R.Br on Candida Species Isolated from the Oral Cavity: an Invitro Study","authors":"K. Devika, T. Sabarinathan, Salvamani Shamala","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_284_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_284_20","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Nature is a valuable source of active ingredients that needs to be explored, especially its utilization in the medical field. Owing to the limited availability of antifungal drugs and also considering their side effects, there is always a constant need for a safe and competent alternative. Wrightia tinctoria, a medicinal tree, has been reported to possess potent antifungal activity against commercially available candida strains [American type culture collection (ATCC) and microbial type culture collection (MTCC)]. This could be beneficial clinically only if its antifungal activity could be proved against candida species isolated from clinical samples as the commercially available candida strains might have lost its pathophysiological characteristics on repeated subcultures. Hence, with this background, we performed this study to determine the antifungal efficacy of the extracts obtained from the leaves of W. tinctoria against the candida species isolated from the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal efficacy of W. tinctoria on candida species isolated from the oral cavity. Materials and Methods: To determine the antifungal activity, acetone, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts of leaves of W. tinctoria were used. The study population consisted of five healthy volunteers above 18 years of age without any harmful habits and five patients at increased risk of candida infection. Saliva samples were collected by oral rinse technique using phosphate buffered saline. Fluconazole was used as a positive control and the antifungal efficacy was determined using disk diffusion method. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine the significant difference between the extracts. Results: The mean zone of inhibition of acetone, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts of leaves of W. tinctoria was 10.8667, 11.0000, 10.1333 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Acetone, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts of W. tinctoria possess antifungal activity against candida species isolated from oral cavity.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"67 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41850614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.4103/jofs.jofs_104_19
Z. Delavarian, A. Bolouri, A. Ghazi, Z. Dalirsani, P. Hashemian, T. Nosratzehi
Introduction: Diagnosis of stressful life events and psychiatric disorders plays an important role in the management of patients having somatic complaints of psychogenic origin. The aim of this study is to compare stressful events among patients presenting with complaints of psychogenic or organic origin referred to the Oral and Maxillofacial Pain Clinic of Mashhad Faculty of Dentistry. Materials and Methods: 132 patients with complaints of psychogenic or organic origin were enrolled in our study. Both control and case groups completed the Scl-90 questionnaire, and the case-group patients were further evaluated by interview with a psychiatrist using DSM-IV-TR criteria. Results: In the case group, changes in work responsibilities and in family member’s health were the most common events in females and males, respectively. In the control group, the most common event among females was change in financial status, while for males this was change in work responsibilities. The mean severity of stressful events in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group. According to the Scl-90 questionnaire, most of the control group patients (69.9%) were lacking any psychiatric disorders while most of the case patients (53.8%) were classified as having a tendency towards psychogenic disorders. Conclusion: Dentists come across Patients with psychogenic origin disorders on a daily basis. Thus, diagnosis and efficient management of such disorders becomes critical in populations of both modern and developing countries having persistent worries and stressful lifestyles.
{"title":"Evaluation of Stressful Life Events and Psychiatric Disorders in Patients Presenting with Psychogenic or Organic Origin Complaints Referred to Mashhad Faculty of Dentistry","authors":"Z. Delavarian, A. Bolouri, A. Ghazi, Z. Dalirsani, P. Hashemian, T. Nosratzehi","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_104_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_104_19","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Diagnosis of stressful life events and psychiatric disorders plays an important role in the management of patients having somatic complaints of psychogenic origin. The aim of this study is to compare stressful events among patients presenting with complaints of psychogenic or organic origin referred to the Oral and Maxillofacial Pain Clinic of Mashhad Faculty of Dentistry. Materials and Methods: 132 patients with complaints of psychogenic or organic origin were enrolled in our study. Both control and case groups completed the Scl-90 questionnaire, and the case-group patients were further evaluated by interview with a psychiatrist using DSM-IV-TR criteria. Results: In the case group, changes in work responsibilities and in family member’s health were the most common events in females and males, respectively. In the control group, the most common event among females was change in financial status, while for males this was change in work responsibilities. The mean severity of stressful events in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group. According to the Scl-90 questionnaire, most of the control group patients (69.9%) were lacking any psychiatric disorders while most of the case patients (53.8%) were classified as having a tendency towards psychogenic disorders. Conclusion: Dentists come across Patients with psychogenic origin disorders on a daily basis. Thus, diagnosis and efficient management of such disorders becomes critical in populations of both modern and developing countries having persistent worries and stressful lifestyles.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"84 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47739109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.4103/jofs.jofs_229_20
M. Pushpanjali, A. Sai Sankar, E. Sridevi, K. Sankar, K. Kumar, K. Balaji
Introduction: Pediatric liquid medicaments (PLMs) are the most accepted form of medication prescribed for children to treat different infirmities, however, their harmful effects on a child’s dental health are unaware for most of us. The present in vitro study was aimed to evaluate the erosive potential of two commonly used PLM’S on primary teeth and the remineralizing potential of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste on these erosive lesions. Materials and Methods: Forty deciduous teeth were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 8) in which group I samples were treated with Meftagesic-P, group II with Kofarest-PD, group III with Meftagesic P + CPP-ACP paste, group IV with Kofarest-PD + CPP-ACP paste, and group V samples were immersed in artificial saliva (control). Photomicrographs were taken at 2000× and 5000× magnification using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: SEM photomicrographs elicited erosive changes in the enamel surface of all the samples in both groups I and II, however, the erosive changes in group II samples were more pronounced. The enamel surface of group III and IV samples that were treated with CPP-ACP after exposure to medicaments showed remineralization of erosed areas. Conclusion: Both the PLMs used in the study showed an erosive effect on the primary enamel surface. The severity of erosion increased with the exposure time. However, the application of CPP-ACP paste following the exposure to PLMs showed noticeable remineralization.
儿童液体药物(PLMs)是儿童治疗各种疾病最常用的药物形式，然而，它们对儿童牙齿健康的有害影响我们大多数人都没有意识到。本研究旨在评估两种常用的PLM对乳牙的侵蚀电位，以及酪蛋白磷酸肽-无定形磷酸钙(CPP-ACP)糊剂对这些侵蚀病变的再矿化电位。材料与方法:将40颗乳牙随机分为5组(n = 8)，其中ⅰ组采用mettagesic -P，ⅱ组采用Kofarest-PD，ⅲ组采用mettagesic P + CPP-ACP糊剂，ⅳ组采用Kofarest-PD + CPP-ACP糊剂，ⅴ组采用人工唾液浸泡作为对照。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别在2000倍和5000倍倍率下拍摄显微照片。结果:扫描电镜观察显示，ⅰ组和ⅱ组牙釉质表面均出现糜烂变化，但ⅱ组牙釉质表面糜烂变化更为明显。III组和IV组在药物暴露后用CPP-ACP处理的牙釉质表面出现糜烂区再矿化现象。结论:本研究中使用的两种PLMs均对初级牙釉质表面有侵蚀作用。侵蚀程度随暴露时间的增加而增加。然而，暴露于PLMs后应用CPP-ACP膏体显示明显的再矿化。
{"title":"Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Erosive Potential of Pediatric Liquid Medicaments on Primary Teeth","authors":"M. Pushpanjali, A. Sai Sankar, E. Sridevi, K. Sankar, K. Kumar, K. Balaji","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_229_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_229_20","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Pediatric liquid medicaments (PLMs) are the most accepted form of medication prescribed for children to treat different infirmities, however, their harmful effects on a child’s dental health are unaware for most of us. The present in vitro study was aimed to evaluate the erosive potential of two commonly used PLM’S on primary teeth and the remineralizing potential of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste on these erosive lesions. Materials and Methods: Forty deciduous teeth were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 8) in which group I samples were treated with Meftagesic-P, group II with Kofarest-PD, group III with Meftagesic P + CPP-ACP paste, group IV with Kofarest-PD + CPP-ACP paste, and group V samples were immersed in artificial saliva (control). Photomicrographs were taken at 2000× and 5000× magnification using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: SEM photomicrographs elicited erosive changes in the enamel surface of all the samples in both groups I and II, however, the erosive changes in group II samples were more pronounced. The enamel surface of group III and IV samples that were treated with CPP-ACP after exposure to medicaments showed remineralization of erosed areas. Conclusion: Both the PLMs used in the study showed an erosive effect on the primary enamel surface. The severity of erosion increased with the exposure time. However, the application of CPP-ACP paste following the exposure to PLMs showed noticeable remineralization.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"119 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47081894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katheesa Parveen, M. Bhat, Akhter Husain, A. Kinchanakodi
Introduction: Orthodontic wires are one of the main components of fixed appliance treatment. Bio-degradation of the metals in these wires could be a source of genotoxicity in the oral cavity. Materials and Methods: After the ethical committee approval and obtaining patient consent, the oral buccal mucosal smears were collected from buccal mucosa using a metal spatula from 27 patients before bonding, during NiTi, and during SS wire stage. The MN assay test was performed using Papanicolaou staining procedure. The micronuclei were examined and counted using previously reported criteria under an electron microscope before bonding, during NiTi, and during SS wire stage. Result: The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance test with Greenhouse–Geisser correction for comparison. It determined that mean mucosa cells differed statistically significantly between time points. Post hoc tests using the Bonferroni correction showed that there was an increase in MN cells from before bonding brackets to the tooth (mean value 6.15 ± 2.769) to during NiTi wire stage (mean value 344.85 ± 64.73), and a reduced count from NiTi wire stage (mean value 344.85 ± 64.73) to SS wire stage (mean value 160.52 ± 47.52). Conclusion: The orthodontic wires were observed to be genotoxic. The NiTi wire is considered to have more potential to cause genotoxicity when compared to SS wires. This could be because of the Ni element present in a higher percentage in NiTi wire as compared to SS wire, hence, element Ni can be considered to be genotoxic. Whether the effect of these wires on oral buccal mucosal cells is reversible has to be evaluated further.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Genotoxic Effects of Orthodontic NiTi Wires on Oral Mucosal Cells: An In Vivo Study","authors":"Katheesa Parveen, M. Bhat, Akhter Husain, A. Kinchanakodi","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_18_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_18_20","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Orthodontic wires are one of the main components of fixed appliance treatment. Bio-degradation of the metals in these wires could be a source of genotoxicity in the oral cavity. Materials and Methods: After the ethical committee approval and obtaining patient consent, the oral buccal mucosal smears were collected from buccal mucosa using a metal spatula from 27 patients before bonding, during NiTi, and during SS wire stage. The MN assay test was performed using Papanicolaou staining procedure. The micronuclei were examined and counted using previously reported criteria under an electron microscope before bonding, during NiTi, and during SS wire stage. Result: The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance test with Greenhouse–Geisser correction for comparison. It determined that mean mucosa cells differed statistically significantly between time points. Post hoc tests using the Bonferroni correction showed that there was an increase in MN cells from before bonding brackets to the tooth (mean value 6.15 ± 2.769) to during NiTi wire stage (mean value 344.85 ± 64.73), and a reduced count from NiTi wire stage (mean value 344.85 ± 64.73) to SS wire stage (mean value 160.52 ± 47.52). Conclusion: The orthodontic wires were observed to be genotoxic. The NiTi wire is considered to have more potential to cause genotoxicity when compared to SS wires. This could be because of the Ni element present in a higher percentage in NiTi wire as compared to SS wire, hence, element Ni can be considered to be genotoxic. Whether the effect of these wires on oral buccal mucosal cells is reversible has to be evaluated further.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"91 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43082042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.4103/jofs.jofs_272_20
D. Mathew, K. Jassim, B. Sreenivasan, S. Varghese, Mayeesh Radakrishna, T. Radhika
Introduction: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder whose etiopathogenesis is still under investigation. Studies have reported altered serum iron levels in patients with OSMF. Hence, iron has been proposed to play an important role in the incidence and progression of the disease. This study was undertaken to understand the role of iron in the etiopathogenesis of OSMF by estimating haemoglobin and serum iron indices (serum iron, Total iron binding capacity [TIBC], percentage transferrin saturation and serum ferritin) in subjects with OSMF. Materials and Methods: Study group comprised of patients with histopathologically confirmed OSMF (n = 30). Age and sex matched subjects with clinically normal mucosa were selected as control group (n = 15). Hemoglobin, serum ferritin, serum iron, and TIBC were estimated (Siemens Dimension RXL Max Integrated chemistry system™). Statistical analysis used: SPSSv16 was used for statistical analysis. Independent sample t test was performed to compare the values between the study group and control group. ‘p’ value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: There was a significant decrease in the haemoglobin, serum iron percentage transferrin saturation, serum ferritin levels and an increase in TIBC levels in the study (OSMF) group when compared to the control group (P < 0.001). TIBC levels showed a significant (P< 0.001) increase in the study group. Among the study group 44% were in an anemic state as per the hemoglobin values. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that, iron deficiency state is prevalent among patients with OSMF. This deficiency of iron has an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of this disease.
{"title":"Serum Iron Indices in Patients with Oral Submucous Fibrosis- A Comparative Study","authors":"D. Mathew, K. Jassim, B. Sreenivasan, S. Varghese, Mayeesh Radakrishna, T. Radhika","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_272_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_272_20","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder whose etiopathogenesis is still under investigation. Studies have reported altered serum iron levels in patients with OSMF. Hence, iron has been proposed to play an important role in the incidence and progression of the disease. This study was undertaken to understand the role of iron in the etiopathogenesis of OSMF by estimating haemoglobin and serum iron indices (serum iron, Total iron binding capacity [TIBC], percentage transferrin saturation and serum ferritin) in subjects with OSMF. Materials and Methods: Study group comprised of patients with histopathologically confirmed OSMF (n = 30). Age and sex matched subjects with clinically normal mucosa were selected as control group (n = 15). Hemoglobin, serum ferritin, serum iron, and TIBC were estimated (Siemens Dimension RXL Max Integrated chemistry system™). Statistical analysis used: SPSSv16 was used for statistical analysis. Independent sample t test was performed to compare the values between the study group and control group. ‘p’ value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: There was a significant decrease in the haemoglobin, serum iron percentage transferrin saturation, serum ferritin levels and an increase in TIBC levels in the study (OSMF) group when compared to the control group (P < 0.001). TIBC levels showed a significant (P< 0.001) increase in the study group. Among the study group 44% were in an anemic state as per the hemoglobin values. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that, iron deficiency state is prevalent among patients with OSMF. This deficiency of iron has an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of this disease.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"107 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42819870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Sharma, S. Gokulraj, A. Bharadwaj, K. Jagadeesh, A. Parihar, Shruthi S Hegde
Introduction: Increased consumption of tobacco can lead to various oral mucosal lesions. The study was done to assess the oral mucosal lesions among tobacco users. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 5240 subjects who found to have a history of tobacco usage. Subjects with presence of oral mucosal lesions were subjected to vital tissue staining with toluidine blue dye (TB). Factors such as socio-economic status, occupation, type of tobacco usage, education status and type of lesions were recorded. Results: Hyperkeratosis was seen in 562 patients followed by smoker’s melanosis in 360, leukoplakia in 252 patients, squamous cell carcinoma in 190 patients, smoker’s palate in 130 patients, erythroplakia in 96, lichen planus in 80 and OSMF in 70 patients. Cases were due to Cigarette/bidi, were due to gutkha usage, 252 (14.4%) due to hookah, hukli and 214 (12.2%) due to zarda/pan masala. Oral mucosal lesions were significantly higher in patients with the habit of smoking cigarette/beedi 974 (55.9%) compared to those patients that were chewing gutkha 300(17.2%) or panmasala 214 (12.2%) (P < 0.05). There was significantly maximum lesions seen in buccal mucosa (812) followed by the retromolar pad area in 302, floor of mouth in 199, palate in 176, gingiva in 128, tongue in 90 and lip in 33 cases (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Authors found that most common oral mucosal lesion was hyperkeratosis followed by leukoplakia and smokers melanosis. Most common type of tobacco use was cigarette/bidi and gutkha.
{"title":"Assessment of Oral Mucosal Lesions Among Tobacco Users – A Cross-Sectional Survey","authors":"G. Sharma, S. Gokulraj, A. Bharadwaj, K. Jagadeesh, A. Parihar, Shruthi S Hegde","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_43_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_43_20","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Increased consumption of tobacco can lead to various oral mucosal lesions. The study was done to assess the oral mucosal lesions among tobacco users. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 5240 subjects who found to have a history of tobacco usage. Subjects with presence of oral mucosal lesions were subjected to vital tissue staining with toluidine blue dye (TB). Factors such as socio-economic status, occupation, type of tobacco usage, education status and type of lesions were recorded. Results: Hyperkeratosis was seen in 562 patients followed by smoker’s melanosis in 360, leukoplakia in 252 patients, squamous cell carcinoma in 190 patients, smoker’s palate in 130 patients, erythroplakia in 96, lichen planus in 80 and OSMF in 70 patients. Cases were due to Cigarette/bidi, were due to gutkha usage, 252 (14.4%) due to hookah, hukli and 214 (12.2%) due to zarda/pan masala. Oral mucosal lesions were significantly higher in patients with the habit of smoking cigarette/beedi 974 (55.9%) compared to those patients that were chewing gutkha 300(17.2%) or panmasala 214 (12.2%) (P < 0.05). There was significantly maximum lesions seen in buccal mucosa (812) followed by the retromolar pad area in 302, floor of mouth in 199, palate in 176, gingiva in 128, tongue in 90 and lip in 33 cases (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Authors found that most common oral mucosal lesion was hyperkeratosis followed by leukoplakia and smokers melanosis. Most common type of tobacco use was cigarette/bidi and gutkha.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"80 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46315332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.4103/jofs.jofs_279_20
K. Vidya
{"title":"Update on SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Treatment Protocol and Vaccines in Perspective","authors":"K. Vidya","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_279_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_279_20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"65 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47586028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.4103/jofs.jofs_220_20
Asha Dinesan, Rathy Ravindran
Introduction: Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the skin, nails, and the mucous membrane and oral mucosal involvement may frequently precedes skin manifestation. It is hypothesized that free radicals and reactive oxygen species has a strong relationship in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. F2-isoprostane are a group of bioactive prostaglandins and they are isomers of PGF2α is a most accurate approach to assess oxidant injury in vivo. The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of 8-isoprostane in saliva of patients with erosive and nonerosive oral lichen planus in comparison with healthy controls. Materials and Methods: The study participants were selected by convenience sampling from department of oral medicine and dermatology department of our institution. In this case control study, 36 patients with oral lichen planus and 36 control subjects were included. The lichen planus group is again subdivided into erosive and nonerosive lichen planus group. Unstimulated saliva was collected by passive drool method. The salivary 8–isoprostane level was measured by using 8-isoprostane ELISA kit. The statistical tests used were Chi square test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation. Results: The mean values of the salivary 8-isoprostane level an increase in the oral lichen planus group when compared with control group and is statistically significant (P ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: The present study showed that oxidative stress was increased in patients with oral lichen planus, reflected by higher concentration of salivary 8 isoprostane being higher in erosive lichen planus than nonerosive lichen planus.
{"title":"Evaluation of Salivary 8-Isoprostane in Oral Lichen Planus: Case Control Study","authors":"Asha Dinesan, Rathy Ravindran","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_220_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_220_20","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the skin, nails, and the mucous membrane and oral mucosal involvement may frequently precedes skin manifestation. It is hypothesized that free radicals and reactive oxygen species has a strong relationship in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. F2-isoprostane are a group of bioactive prostaglandins and they are isomers of PGF2α is a most accurate approach to assess oxidant injury in vivo. The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of 8-isoprostane in saliva of patients with erosive and nonerosive oral lichen planus in comparison with healthy controls. Materials and Methods: The study participants were selected by convenience sampling from department of oral medicine and dermatology department of our institution. In this case control study, 36 patients with oral lichen planus and 36 control subjects were included. The lichen planus group is again subdivided into erosive and nonerosive lichen planus group. Unstimulated saliva was collected by passive drool method. The salivary 8–isoprostane level was measured by using 8-isoprostane ELISA kit. The statistical tests used were Chi square test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation. Results: The mean values of the salivary 8-isoprostane level an increase in the oral lichen planus group when compared with control group and is statistically significant (P ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: The present study showed that oxidative stress was increased in patients with oral lichen planus, reflected by higher concentration of salivary 8 isoprostane being higher in erosive lichen planus than nonerosive lichen planus.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"113 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48819418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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