Journal of personality assessment最新文献

The ICD-11 classification of Personality Disorder (PD) relies on global severity of personality dysfunction, while up to five trait domains can be specified as individual expressions (i.e. Negative affectivity, Detachment, Dissociality, Disinhibition, and Anankastia). The 60-item Personality inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD) was developed to measure these domains but has not yet been evaluated in Scandinavian context. Using a representative and socio-demographically stratified sample of the Danish adult population (N = 714), this study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the PiCD and to provide normative data for clinical cutoffs and interpretation of scores. Results support a four-factor model, including a bipolar dimension of Disinhibition versus Anankastia, which is consistent with previous studies. The hierarchical structure from one global factor to the four specific factors also revealed a conceptually coherent pattern across all four levels. The PiCD domain scores show acceptable internal consistency and significant associations with psychosocial functioning (particularly for Negative affectivity and Detachment scores). The findings overall support the PiCD's utility in assessing ICD-11 trait domains and highlight the importance of representative normative data for clinical application in Scandinavian contexts. Normative data, tentative-cutoffs, and a scoring-key for a clinical interpretive report are provided to guide clinical interpretation and decision-making.

To advance culturally sensitive measurement, this study examined the structural universality and specificity of the Chinese Adult Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-CA) in China. Data from Chinese adults (N = 1,638) completing the SCS-CA and Parental Burnout Assessment were analyzed using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM; testing eight competing models), bifactor indexes (assessing total score utility), exploratory graph analysis (EGA; mapping the network structure), and external validity tests. ESEM supported both six- and two-factor models, but the two-factor model (compassionate self-responding vs. uncompassionate self-responding) fit best. Bifactor indexes ruled out the use of a single total score. EGA confirmed a synergistic two-dimensional structure, identifying self-judgment as the central node and common humanity as the key bridge. The uncompassionate self-responding dimension also emerged as a significantly stronger predictor of parental burnout. The results establish a culturally specific, two-dimensional model of self-compassion for China, revealing distinct dynamics between its components and providing a foundation for tailored interventions and future research.

Emerging evidence suggests that nonreligious individuals may desire existential meaning and transcendent connection that extends beyond religious contexts. Personality psychology has long incorporated religion and spirituality, however, existing tools assess the presence of religious beliefs or general spirituality, and there is no validated measure to assess the motivational state that we term spiritual yearning. This study aimed to examine the structure of spiritual yearning and develop reliable measures. Across three studies of nonreligious adults (total N = 1,579), we conducted exploratory bifactor analysis and bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (B-ESEM). Results revealed a strong general factor of spiritual yearning, along with nine group factors reflecting distinct yearnings: moral guidance, divine relationship, afterlife beliefs, communal belonging, transcendent interconnectedness, inner peace, spiritual experiences, authentic self-discovery, and meaningful legacy. Based on these results, we created two scales: a 9-item general yearning measure and a 27-item version incorporating a general scale and nine three-item subscales. All measures showed strong psychometric properties and initial evidence of predictive validity. Correlations indicated that general yearning was meaningfully related to existential concerns such as meaning in life, religious quest orientation, and spiritual struggles, while subscales also revealed theoretically meaningful unique associations with specific domains of spiritual struggle.

The Multidimensional Scale of Emotion Regulation for Adolescents (MSERA) was initially developed to assess adolescents' emotion-regulation strategies in Mexican education contexts. Given the lack of instruments to measure adolescents' emotion-regulation strategies in Chinese educational settings, the current study adapted the English version of the scale to Chinese (C-MSERA) and provided initial validity evidence to support the use of the scale. The scale was translated into simplified Chinese. A sample of 1,798 Chinese adolescents reported their emotion-regulation strategies using the C-MSERA. Factor analysis supported the eight-factor structure of the C-MSERA, and the instrument's concurrent validity and internal consistency were also supported. The findings indicate that C-MSERA produces reliable and valid scores for measuring adolescents' emotion-regulation strategies in Chinese education settings.

This study evaluates the assessment of the well-being of children and preadolescents by examining the psychometric properties of the Stirling Children's Well-Being Scale (SCWBS). Given the growing concerns about children's mental health, accurate and easily administrable measurement tools are urgently needed. This research represents the first in-depth investigation of the SCWBS's factor structure and psychometric characteristics in the largest sample of children under 15 years using multidimensional item response theory. Engaging 1701 children from fourth and sixth grades, we analyzed three SCWBS models: unidimensional, two-factor, and bi-factor models. We also investigated measurement invariance in gender and grade categories, as well as the convergent validity of the scale. The results suggest that, for this age group, the most appropriate approach to evaluate well-being is a unidimensional one, rather than separating it into subjective and psychological well-being. Additionally, we propose a three-point Likert scale for younger participants. Thus, based on our results and previous findings, we hypothesize that the sample under study perceived well-being per se, not specific domains of well-being.

Informed by psychoanalytic, humanistic, and cybernetic perspectives on defensive functioning, the present work established the psychometric structure and initial validation of the 10-item Self-Presentational Defensiveness Scale (SPDS). Across four studies (total N = 1,634), we assessed the item-level observability of the initial 20-item SPDS (Study 1), explored the psychometric structure of the initial SPDS in two separate samples (Studies 2 and 3), and established the psychometric properties of the final 10-item SPDS (Study 4), along with preliminary evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. The SPDS demonstrated (a) item content that was rated as more observable compared to other commonly used measures of defensive functioning, (b) a robust substantive self-presentational defensiveness factor, (c) measurement invariance across gender (i.e., male and female) and measurement type (i.e., self and informant ratings), (d) substantial self-other agreement (i.e., r = .42), and (e) appropriate correlations with theoretically related constructs (e.g., neuroticism). These results demonstrate the reliability and initial validity of the SPDS and suggest that self-presentational defensiveness reflects a lack of personal accountability when confronted with negative self-relevant stimuli.

Although kindness has been a subject of study for psychologists, the lack of consensus in defining and operationalizing this concept poses challenges in conducting reliable comparisons of research findings and frequently leads to inconsistencies in outcomes. The development of a tool that accounts for the multifaceted nature of kindness could facilitate progress in this area. A review of the research suggests that kindness is a complex construct, which can be classified as an attitude consisting of three dimensions: 1) emotional, related to the experience of positive emotions toward other people; 2) cognitive, manifested in beliefs about other people or humanity in general; and 3) behavioral, associated with the undertaking of specific actions aimed at improving the situation of others. A review of research and literature led to the construction of the Kind Attitude Scale (KAS). Study 1 aimed to verify its factor structure. It confirmed the validity of the proposed model, with the three dimensions of kindness. Study 2 further corroborated the three-factor model of kindness by examining the theoretical validity of the KAS. The obtained results confirmed the proposed three-factor model, indicating that the KAS is a reliable, gender-invariant measure and can be utilized in future research on kindness.

The World Health Organization five-item Well-Being Index has been widely used to assess adolescents' well-being. However, its structural properties and measurement invariance at both between- and within-country levels have been underexamined in this population. The present study aimed to fill this gap. Relying on a nationally representative sample of 9,007 school attendees in Luxembourg (M_AGE = 14.7; SD_AGE = 2.4; 48.7% female) and on both classical test theory and item response theory, I assessed the scalability, reliability, monotonicity, factorial structure, convergent validity, and sociodemographic measurement invariance of the WHO-5. Measurement invariance was investigated across groups differing in terms of academic performance, country of birth, language, sex, socioeconomic status, and type of school. The WHO-5 exhibited strong scalability (Loevinger's H = .550) as well as satisfactory reliability (McDonald's ω = .84), monotonicity, factorial validity, and convergent validity. Measurement invariance held across all the examined subgroups. This study suggests that the WHO-5 is a sound, unidimensional measure of well-being that can be used for comparisons across various sociodemographic adolescent groups.