Journal of personality assessment最新文献

Covariation among the octant scales of Interpersonal Circumplex (IPC) measures can be accounted for by a general elevation factor and two stylistic factors that can be rotated to reflect dominance and warmth. IPC measures are available to assess different interpersonal surfaces, or different kinds of interpersonal functioning. Administration of multiple IPC measures enables multisurface interpersonal assessment, in which both convergences and divergences across surfaces are considered clinically informative. This approach assumes that IPC measures are capturing qualitatively distinct variations in interpersonal functioning, but this assumption has not been formally tested. We fit CFA models with IPC measures of problems, sensitivities, values, and efficacies that had 12 dimensions (distinct general, dominance, and warmth factors for each surface) or which collapsed either general (9 factor) or stylistic (6 factor) dimensions across surfaces. The results favored the twelve-factor model, indicating that the four IPC measures provide distinct information regarding interpersonal functioning and supporting multisurface interpersonal assessment.

Since the first development of psychology, drawing has been considered a useful tool to understand an individual's development and personality. The graphic method has been regarded as a valuable means of expressing not only personality traits but also a child's emotions and the emotional tone they "invest" in the surrounding environment. However, empirical evaluations have raised substantial doubts about the reliability and validity of this kind of technique, and the lack of studies that provide empirical scoring methods represents a significant limitation in the field. This study aims to develop a tailored evaluation grid for the Drawn Stories Technique to explore which drawing indicators-story outcomes, themes, content, and formal aspects might reflect children's socio-emotional functioning in terms of emotional and social intelligence, as well as clinical levels of anxiety and depression. The Drawn Stories Technique along with four self-report questionnaires assessing trait Emotional Intelligence, Social Intelligence, Anxiety, and Depression, were administered to 228 primary school children in groups during class time. Negative outcomes were positively related to depression scores but not to anxiety scores, while social skills were associated with fewer death-related themes. Children that exhibited clinical levels of depression tended to draw significantly fewer themes related to fables and animals, and more everyday life events. Conversely, children with clinical levels of anxiety showed differences in some formal aspects in their drawings, including fewer empty spaces and more heavy line traits. This study has shown the potential use of graphic techniques with primary school children to obtain potential indicators of maladjustment through an evaluation grid to collect information.

This study (N = 427) examined the predictive and incremental validity of two Dark Triad (DT) measures-the Dirty Dozen (DD) and the Five-Factor Model Antagonistic Triad Measure (FFM ATM)-in relation to self-reported managerial leadership. Prior research shows that unidimensional DT measures like the DD may obscure nuanced trait-outcome relations. In contrast, the FFM ATM disaggregates DT traits into both core personality components (Antagonism, Emotional Stability, Impulsivity, Agency) and traditional DT subscales (e.g., Psychopathy comprises Antagonism, Emotional Stability, and Impulsivity). Results showed that the FFM ATM provided significantly stronger prediction and incremental validity across leadership dimensions. Both its empirically derived core factors and multidimensional DT subscales explained nearly all variance in leadership outcomes and consistently outperformed the DD in predictive accuracy. These findings highlight the value of capturing the multidimensional structure of DT traits when examining their distinct and overlapping relations with leadership. The results support the use of theoretically grounded, empirically robust instruments like the FFM ATM over brief omnibus measures to provide a more precise understanding of how individual differences in DT traits relate to managerial leaderships.

Within the strategy-based approach, research has extensively explored cognitive emotion regulation strategies and their association with psychopathology. The present study aims to focus on behavioral strategies by adapting the Behavioral Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (BERQ). Additionally, to explore the interplay between multiple types of strategies and their interaction with psychopathology, we assessed the links between both adaptive and maladaptive cognitive and behavioral strategies with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, utilizing a network perspective. Using a sample of 518 native Spanish speakers, the results corroborated the factor structure of both the BERQ-SP and the reduced version, demonstrating comparable reliability and validity. In terms of associations with psychopathology, maladaptive strategies exhibited stronger links with symptoms, particularly cognitive ones, which appeared more closely connected to the symptoms within the network. Considering bridge centrality, adaptive strategies such as actively approaching and seeking distraction, and maladaptive strategies such as self-blame and rumination, exhibited a central role in the network, connecting different types of strategies and symptoms. Notably, rumination and seeking distraction showed positive links with both adaptive and maladaptive strategies. These findings highlight the complexity of the interactions between strategies and symptoms, suggesting the need to consider these connections in the context of therapeutic interventions.

Mentalizing is a potentially transdiagnostic construct with important implications for the emotional and interpersonal functioning of individuals with mental health vulnerabilities. The multidimensional and dynamic qualities of mentalizing warrant clinically and contextually relevant assessment grounded in diverse interpersonal situations. We developed the Mentalizing Vignettes Task (MVT), a vignette-based, multiple-choice measure of mentalizing across various relationship domains (e.g., friendship, family, romantic). Study 1 focused on the development, content validation, and item analysis of the MVT-30 with a community sample (n = 120), resulting in a refined 24-item version (MVT-24). Study 2 assessed the internal consistency, convergent validity, known-groups validity, and concurrent validity of the MVT-24 against other measures of mentalizing and related constructs across three groups: borderline personality disorder (n = 37), somatoform disorder (n = 40), and community controls (n = 37). The measure demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.80) and content validity (Scale-CVI = 0.98) with preliminary evidence of convergent and concurrent validity through expected associations with uncertainty in reflective functioning, self-mentalizing, processing emotions, attachment anxiety, and interpersonal functioning. MVT-24 also differentiated the clinical groups from the control, supporting its known-groups validity (Cohen's d = 1.12). The current study introduces a brief, context-sensitive tool for assessing mentalizing, with promising implications for clinical formulation and intervention.

In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), an Alternative Model of Personality Disorder (AMPD) was proposed that considers the severity of impairment in personality functioning (Criterion A) and elevations in five pathological personality traits (Criterion B) as the primary diagnostic criteria. The present study examined whether self-report measures of personality impairment are longer, more complex, difficult, and require more introspection than items from measures of pathological personality traits. Participants from two undergraduate university research pools (N = 460) completed two measures of personality impairment and one measure of pathological personality traits. For all measures, participants rated item difficulty and introspection needed to answer each item. Additionally, the study compared the readability statistics of each measure automatically calculated by Microsoft Word. Results indicated that personality trait measures were significantly easier to read than personality impairment measures, and that answering personality trait items required less perceived introspection compared to personality impairment items; however, no significant differences were found in the perceived difficulty of items across measures. These results provide the first empirical examination of differences between personality trait and impairment measures in terms of readability statistics and participant perceptions of difficulty of items and required introspection.

According to the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Concept, the grandiose self-concept is regulated through two primary strategies: self-enhancement (agentic narcissism) and self-protection (antagonistic narcissism). These strategies can be assessed using the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire (NARQ), which showed adequate reliability and construct validity. However, like all self-report measures, the NARQ is vulnerable to self/other deception biases and introspective limits, rendering it not properly suited for capturing the automatic components of narcissistic self-concept. To address these limitations, both associative (Implicit Association Test; IAT) and propositional (Relational Responding Task; RRT) implicit measures were employed to assess agentic narcissism, and their reliability, convergent, concurrent, and incremental validity were tested across two studies. In Study 1 (N = 317), the Grandiosity IAT and RRT demonstrated adequate internal consistency, with the former showing higher α and ω coefficients. While convergent validity was low, the measures exhibited the expected correlation patterns with narcissism and self-esteem scales, supporting their concurrent validity (slightly stronger for the RRT). In study 2 (N = 222), the Implicit Propositional (but not the Associative) Agentic Narcissism showed a significant additive contribution in predicting self-enhancement over and above Explicit Agentic Narcissism, supporting the RRT (but not the IAT) incremental validity.

This invited commentary evaluates the impact of Lakhani and colleagues who reported on two studies aimed at developing and evaluating a new tool for the assessment of mentalizing capacity. The commentary places the work of Lakhani et al. in the context of routine clinical care and discusses additional approaches to the assessment of mentalizing that may be considered. The commentary furthermore highlights the importance of the assessment of mentalizing in the context of other, more descriptive approaches to personality assessment.

Anticipated regret represents expectations of experiencing regret due to action or inaction. Despite its relevance to negative affective states, such as worry, there remains no published multiitem self-report measure of general proneness toward anticipated regret. This study provides data on psychometric properties of the developed Anticipated Regret Scale (ARS). A sample of 811 respondents was used to examine structural validity, internal consistency, convergent validity, concurrent validity, and incremental concurrently validity. Using a split-sample of the total sample for an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), a 1-factor solution provided good fit to the data. The ARS evidenced good internal consistency, while correlating significantly more strongly with a measure of postdecisional regret and pessimism relative to positive affect. The ARS shared positive associations with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and depression symptom severity, while evidencing incremental concurrent validity in relation to GAD, but not depression, symptom severity. Predictive validity was examined in a subsample of the total sample (n = 175), with the ARS predicting regressed change in worry severity from baseline to post-provocation following a worry provocation that occurred, on average, 30 days after completion of the ARS. Study results provide initial support for the ARS.

The Levels of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS) is a valuable tool for measuring the common factors and severity of personality pathology. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the LPFS-Brief Form 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0) among 539 college students, using the Symptom Checklist-10 (SCL-10), Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form (PID-5-BF), Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory-15 (CBF-PI-15), Suicide Behavior Screening Questionnaire (SBSQ), and Five-Factor Borderline Inventory-Short Form (FFBI-SF) to examine criterion-related validity. Another sample of 3,284 students completed the LPFS-BF 2.0 for network analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit (CFI = 0.997, TLI = 0.996, RMSEA = 0.0491). LPFS-BF 2.0 showed significant positive correlations with SCL-10, SBSQ total score and subdimension (r = 0.219-0.688, p < .01), PID-5 total score and subdimension, and CBF-PI-15 total score, neuroticism and extroversion (r = 0.589-0.729, p < .01). There was a significant positive correlation between FFBI-SF score and subdimension (0.457-0.796, p < .01). Network analysis indicated LPF12 (difficulty in interpersonal cooperation) as the most central item. The results provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the Chinese LPFS-BF 2.0, making it effective for assessing personality functioning. In particular, the network findings highlight the central role of interpersonal dysfunction in personality functioning and may inform future clinical assessment and intervention strategies.