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A Psychometric Evaluation of the Tend-and-Befriend Questionnaire. 亲友问卷的心理测量学评估
IF 2.8 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2024.2413148
Jessica K Hlay, Benjamin N Johnson, Carolyn R Hodges-Simeon, Kenneth N Levy

In response to Cannon's widely accepted fight-or-flight system, Taylor et al. proposed the tend-and-befriend hypothesis to better capture variance in women's stress response behaviors. The Tend-and-Befriend Questionnaire (TBQ) measures self-reported individual differences in the use of fight, flight, tend, and befriend. Several studies have used this scale to evaluate sex differences in these behaviors, yet it has not yet been rigorously evaluated. Using three samples (N = 1094), we first explore the factor structure of the TBQ to produce and validate a revised measure, the TBQ-Short Form (TBQ-SF). Next, we evaluate the claim that women use tend-and-befriend more than men. Results indicated that the TBQ-SF provided both reliable subscales and largely acceptable model fit, yet the factor structure and validity varied across the three samples. While men do report more fighting than women, both men and women report use tending and befriending more than fighting or fleeing. Finally, other variables-namely attachment-capture more variance in TBQ-SF factors than sex. While the TBQ-SF does capture differences in stress reactions (fight, flight, tend/befriend), we suggest that the scale is most reliable in measuring overall stress reactivity. Therefore, future research should aim to construct a better scale specific to tend-and-befriend using alternative methodologies.

针对 Cannon 广为接受的 "战斗或逃跑 "系统,Taylor 等人提出了 "倾向和友谊 "假说,以更好地捕捉女性压力反应行为中的差异。趋向和结交问卷(TBQ)测量的是在使用战斗、逃跑、趋向和结交时自我报告的个体差异。已有多项研究使用该量表来评估这些行为的性别差异,但尚未对其进行严格评估。通过使用三个样本(样本数 = 1094),我们首先探究了 TBQ 的因子结构,制作并验证了修订后的量表 TBQ-简表(TBQ-SF)。接下来,我们对女性比男性更多使用 "招标交友 "这一说法进行了评估。结果表明,TBQ-SF 提供了可靠的子量表和基本可接受的模型拟合度,但三个样本的因子结构和有效性各不相同。虽然男性报告的打架次数多于女性,但男性和女性报告的照顾和结交次数都多于打架或逃离次数。最后,其他变量--即依恋--比性别更能捕捉 TBQ-SF 因子中的变异。虽然 TBQ-SF 确实捕捉到了压力反应(战斗、逃跑、照料/结交)的差异,但我们认为该量表在测量整体压力反应方面最为可靠。因此,未来的研究应着眼于使用其他方法构建一个更好的、专门针对趋向和结交的量表。
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引用次数: 0
The Problem No One is Talking About: Forensic Evaluators' Lack of Familiarity with Dimensional Approaches to Personality and Psychopathology. 无人问津的问题:法医评估人员对人格和精神病理学的维度方法缺乏了解。
IF 2.8 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2024.2420172
Abby L Mulay, Emily D Gottfried, Jared R Ruchensky, Tiffany Russell, Adam P Natoli, Christopher J Hopwood

Historically, forensic evaluators have relied heavily upon various editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders when rendering psycholegal opinions. The field of mental health is increasing moving toward dimensional models of personality and psychopathology in lieu of traditional DSM categorical models, though the domains of forensic psychology and psychiatry have been slow to make this transition. The current study therefore sought to examine forensic evaluators' familiarity with dimensional approaches to personality and psychopathology, namely the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). Forensic psychologists and psychiatrists (N = 54) completed an online survey designed to assess their familiarity with these models, as well as to determine if forensics practitioners are using these models in clinical practice. Participants endorsed greater familiarity with the AMPD, with a large majority of participants indicating they were unfamiliar with the HiTOP model. Few participants endorsed using these models in their clinical forensic practice. Implications for making the transition to dimensional models within forensic evaluation are discussed, as are paths forward for future research.

一直以来,法医评估人员在提供精神法律意见时,都非常依赖于不同版本的《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》。尽管法医心理学和精神病学领域的转型进展缓慢,但心理健康领域正逐渐转向人格和精神病理学的维度模型,以取代传统的《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》分类模型。因此,本研究试图考察法医评估人员对人格和精神病理学维度方法的熟悉程度,即《DSM-5 人格障碍替代模型》(AMPD)和《精神病理学层次分类法》(HiTOP)。法医心理学家和精神病学家(N = 54)完成了一项在线调查,旨在评估他们对这些模型的熟悉程度,并确定法医从业人员是否在临床实践中使用了这些模型。参与者表示对 AMPD 比较熟悉,而大多数参与者表示不熟悉 HiTOP 模型。很少有参与者认可在临床法医实践中使用这些模型。本文讨论了在法医评估中过渡到维度模型的意义,以及未来研究的发展方向。
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引用次数: 0
Development of an Inconsistent Responding Scale for the Big Five Inventory-2. 为 "大五量表-2 "开发不一致反应量表。
IF 2.8 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2024.2411557
Jared R Ruchensky, John F Edens, M Brent Donnellan

The Big Five Inventory - 2 (BFI-2) is a commonly used self-report assessment of normal personality trait domains (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Negative Emotionality, Open-Mindedness) and facets. To date, however, no direct measures of response distortion have been developed for it to identify potentially invalid responses. Such distortions (e.g., careless or random responding) can adversely impact data quality. The current study developed and provided initial validation data for an inconsistent responding scale within the BFI-2 to identify careless responders using two large undergraduate samples and a community sample. To create the scale, we first identified highly correlated BFI-2 item pairs in one undergraduate sample (N = 1,461) and then computed a total score by summing the absolute differences of these item pairs. This scale, the Detection of Response Inconsistency Procedure (DRIP), differentiated randomly generated and genuine data and generally correlated as expected with personality domains and other inconsistent responding scales across samples. The DRIP also incrementally predicted random data beyond a composite of items with exceptionally high or low base rates of endorsement from the Comprehensive Infrequency/Frequency Item Repository. We provide recommendations for DRIP cut scores that can detect careless responding while balancing sensitivity and specificity.

大五人格量表-2(BFI-2)是一种常用的自我报告式评估方法,用于评估正常人格特质的领域(外向性、宜人性、自觉性、消极情感性和开放性)和方面。然而,迄今为止,还没有开发出直接测量反应失真的方法来识别潜在的无效反应。这种失真(如粗心或随意回答)会对数据质量产生不利影响。本研究使用两个大型本科生样本和一个社区样本,为 BFI-2 中的不一致回答量表开发并提供了初步验证数据,以识别粗心的回答者。为了创建该量表,我们首先在一个本科生样本(N = 1,461)中确定了高度相关的 BFI-2 项目对,然后通过将这些项目对的绝对差异相加计算出总分。该量表,即 "反应不一致检测程序"(DRIP),可区分随机生成的数据和真实数据,并与各样本中的人格领域和其他不一致反应量表具有预期的普遍相关性。DRIP 还能对随机数据进行增量预测,预测结果超出了 "综合低频/高频项目库 "中基础认可率特别高或特别低的综合项目。我们就 DRIP 切分值提出了建议,这些切分值既能检测粗心应答,又能兼顾灵敏度和特异性。
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引用次数: 0
Detecting Narcissistic Grandiosity in a Job Interview: The Validation of the Narcissism Interview Scale for Employment. 在求职面试中发现自恋型自大狂:就业自恋面试量表的验证》。
IF 2.8 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2024.2409163
Kevin J Eschleman, Chris W Wright, Sharon Pidakala, Sean White, Anna Paulson, Alex Clauson

Although employee selection is typically oriented toward the assessment of knowledge, skills, and abilities to identify employees who will complement such an environment, it is perhaps equally important to distinguish employees with the potential to disrupt it. Workers high in narcissistic grandiosity tend to abuse their power and control for personal gain, engage in abusive behaviors toward others, and disobey organizational policies. Across four studies, we sought to develop the Narcissism Interview Scale for Employment (NISE) to assess narcissistic grandiosity. Study 1 created interview questions that elicited responses with narcissistic grandiosity content, structured as both behavioral/situational and work-specific. Study 2 identified the best performing items and developed rating materials. Study 3 demonstrated the NISE is associated with traditional survey assessments of narcissistic grandiosity and predicted interpersonal aggression. Study 4 demonstrated that applicants are likely to perceive the NISE at least as favorably as other popular interview questions. Overall, the results showed that the NISE may be incorporated into the interview process to assess applicant narcissistic grandiosity tendencies, but additional research is needed to further establish the construct validity of the instrument, clarify applicant reactions to its use, and assess its predictive utility across a variety of work contexts.

尽管员工选拔通常以知识、技能和能力评估为导向,以确定哪些员工可以补充这种环境,但区分哪些员工有可能破坏这种环境也许同样重要。自恋自大程度高的员工往往会滥用权力和控制权谋取私利,对他人实施虐待行为,并不服从组织政策。在四项研究中,我们试图开发 "就业自恋访谈量表"(NISE)来评估自恋型自大倾向。研究 1 设计了一些访谈问题,通过行为/情境和工作两方面的结构来诱发具有自恋自大内容的回答。研究 2 确定了表现最佳的项目,并编制了评分材料。研究 3 表明,NISE 与传统的自恋自大调查评估和人际攻击预测相关。研究 4 表明,应聘者对 NISE 的看法可能至少与其他流行面试问题一样好。总之,研究结果表明,NISE 可以被纳入面试过程,以评估应聘者的自恋自大倾向,但还需要进行更多的研究,以进一步确定该工具的建构效度,澄清应聘者对其使用的反应,并评估其在各种工作环境中的预测效用。
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引用次数: 0
The DOES Scale: Measuring Sensory Processing Sensitivity as a Trait Constellation. DOES 量表:将感官处理敏感性作为一种特质进行测量。
IF 2.8 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2024.2405536
Danièle Anne Gubler, Tobias Janelt, Marcus Roth, Katja Schlegel, Jasmin Guggisberg, Stefan Johannes Troche

Based on Aron's (2020) DOES model, we developed the DOES Scale to measure Sensory Processing Sensitivity (SPS) with four dimensions: Depth of Processing, Overstimulation, Emotional Reactivity, and Sensing the Subtle. Using interview data from the study by Roth et al. (2023), we created a 20-item questionnaire (5 items per dimension) in German and English. In three studies with 1,365 subjects from Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and the UK, we evaluated the psychometric properties of the scale using confirmatory factor analysis and examined construct validity with the established Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS) and different personality measures. The results confirmed each subscale's unidimensionality and good psychometric properties. Considering the four subscales together indicated that they could be best described as correlated factors rather than in terms of a second-order factor. Convergent validity was confirmed, especially for Overstimulation in its association with the HSPS total score and its subscales EOE and LST. Regarding discriminant validity, the Sensing the Subtle dimension exhibited clear distinctiveness, while the other three subscales overlapped with neuroticism, extraversion, empathy, and rumination, aligning with theoretical expectations. The DOES Scale emerges as a reliable, valid tool for assessing SPS, recommending its four dimensions be interpreted as a trait constellation.

根据 Aron(2020 年)的 DOES 模型,我们开发了 DOES 量表,从四个维度来测量感觉处理敏感度(SPS):处理深度、过度刺激、情绪反应和微妙感觉。利用 Roth 等人(2023 年)研究中的访谈数据,我们用德语和英语制作了一份包含 20 个项目的问卷(每个维度 5 个项目)。在对来自瑞士、德国、奥地利和英国的 1,365 名受试者进行的三项研究中,我们使用确认性因子分析评估了量表的心理测量特性,并与已建立的高敏感性人格量表(HSPS)和不同的人格测量方法一起检验了建构效度。结果证实了每个子量表的单维性和良好的心理测量特性。将四个子量表放在一起考虑表明,最好将它们描述为相关因子,而不是二阶因子。收敛效度得到了证实,尤其是过度刺激与 HSPS 总分及其子量表 EOE 和 LST 之间的关联。在判别效度方面,"感觉微妙 "维度表现出明显的独特性,而其他三个分量表则与神经质、外向性、移情和反刍重叠,符合理论预期。DOES 量表是评估 SPS 的可靠、有效的工具,建议将其四个维度解释为一个特质组合。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing Affective Dimensions of the Interpersonal Circumplex: Development and Validation of the Interpersonal Emotion Inventory 评估人际关系复合体的情感维度:人际情感量表的开发与验证
IF 3.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2024.2400266
Mark S. Horner, Kenneth D. Locke, Timothy L. Hulsey
Interpersonal emotions are feelings distinctively associated with real or imagined interpersonal situations. We propose that interpersonal emotions can be organized within the same circumplex used ...
人际情绪是与真实或想象的人际情境明显相关的感觉。我们提出,人际情绪可以用与人际情境相同的圆环来组织......
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting the English Short Measure for Adult Playfulness (SMAP): An Investigation of Reliability, Validity, and Cross-Cultural Comparisons. 重新审视英语成人游戏性简短测量法(SMAP):可靠性、有效性和跨文化比较调查。
IF 3.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2024.2390004
Chloe Lau,Kay Brauer,Lena Quilty,Francesca Chiesi,Donald Saklofske,René T Proyer
Adult playfulness describes the personality of the quick initiation and strong intensity of enjoyable experiences coupled with the frequency of engaging in playful behaviors. In addition to examining the reliability and validity of the Short Measure for Adult Playfulness (SMAP), we compared the psychometric properties of the SMAP across (a) 4- and 7-point answer formats; (b) German and English language versions; and (c) gender. The SMAP and criterion validity measures were distributed across three independent samples from Canada (Ntotal = 1,177) and a German sample (N = 660). Results supported a unidimensional solution with strong factor loadings for all items (>.50 across all samples) and high test-retest reliability (r = .67, BF10>100). In item response theory analyses, high discrimination parameters were found across the latent continuum. Although both the four-point and seven-point Likert scale versions showed robust item properties, the seven-point Likert scale version yielded more precise measurement of higher playfulness (θ > 1.50). No significant differential item functioning was located across gender or language. Finally, results supported external construct validity via associations with broad personality traits, humor, and orientations to happiness. The present investigation provides support for the reliability and validity of the English SMAP for concise adult playfulness measurement.
成人游戏性描述的是快速启动和强烈享受体验的个性,以及参与游戏行为的频率。除了研究成人游戏性简短测量法(SMAP)的信度和效度外,我们还比较了SMAP在以下方面的心理测量特性:(a) 4分和7分答案格式;(b) 德语和英语版本;(c) 性别。SMAP 和标准效度测量结果分布于三个独立样本,分别来自加拿大(总人数 = 1,177 人)和一个德国样本(总人数 = 660 人)。结果表明,SMAP 是一个单维度的解决方案,所有项目的因子载荷都很高(在所有样本中都大于 0.50),测试-再测可靠性也很高(r = 0.67,BF10>100)。在项目反应理论分析中,发现整个潜在连续体具有较高的区分度参数。尽管四分和七分李克特量表版本都显示出了稳健的项目属性,但七分李克特量表版本能更精确地测量较高的游戏性(θ > 1.50)。不同性别和语言的项目功能没有明显差异。最后,研究结果通过与广泛的人格特质、幽默感和快乐取向的关联支持了外部建构效度。本调查为英语 SMAP 用于简明成人游戏性测量的可靠性和有效性提供了支持。
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引用次数: 0
Psychometric Properties and Normative Data of the Spanish UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale in Adolescents. 西班牙UPPS-P青少年冲动行为量表的心理特性和标准数据。
IF 3.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2024.2399184
Esteve Montasell-Jordana,Eva Penelo,Laura Blanco-Hinojo,Jesús Pujol,Joël Billieux,Joan Deus
Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct linked to a broad spectrum of psychopathological and neuropsychological disorders. The UPPS-P model has emerged as a valuable tool for assessing impulsivity from a multi-dimensional perspective. Despite its relevance, few studies have examined the psychometric properties of the UPPS-P scale scores in a large, representative sample of adolescents. This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish UPPS-P in adolescents and to establish normative data for this population in Spain. To this end, 9024 students aged 11-19 from 66 different Spanish high schools were included. The fit for the expected 5-factor model, assessed through confirmatory factor analysis, was inadequate (CFI and TLI ≤ .85, RMSEA = .063), but becomes satisfactory when employing the more flexible ESEM approach (CFI and TLI ≥ .94, RMSEA = .038), which was invariant across gender and age. Internal consistency reliability was satisfactory (ω = .83 to .94). Convergent validity with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11-A total score was good (r = .53 to .60). We provide population norms of the UPPS-P, which may help practitioners to interpret the UPPS-P scores of adolescents from the general population in Spain. Subsequent research should explore implications for both clinical and non-clinical settings.
冲动是一种多维结构,与多种精神病理学和神经心理学疾病有关。UPPS-P 模型已成为从多维角度评估冲动性的重要工具。尽管UPPS-P模型具有相关性,但很少有研究对UPPS-P量表分数的心理测量特性进行大规模、有代表性的青少年样本研究。本研究旨在评估西班牙UPPS-P量表在青少年中的心理测量特性,并为西班牙的这一人群建立常模数据。为此,研究对象包括来自西班牙 66 所不同高中的 9024 名 11-19 岁学生。通过确认性因素分析评估,预期的 5 因子模型的拟合度不足(CFI 和 TLI ≤ .85,RMSEA = .063),但采用更灵活的 ESEM 方法后,拟合度令人满意(CFI 和 TLI ≥ .94,RMSEA = .038),且在不同性别和年龄之间保持不变。内部一致性信度令人满意(ω = .83 至 .94)。与巴拉特冲动量表-11-A总分的收敛效度良好(r = .53至.60)。我们提供了UPPS-P的人群标准,这可能有助于从业人员解释西班牙普通人群中青少年的UPPS-P得分。后续研究应探讨其对临床和非临床环境的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting the Structure of the Chinese Version of the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy and Its Relationships with Schizotypy and Paranoia Using Network Approaches. 用网络方法重新审视认知和情感移情问卷中文版的结构及其与分裂型人格和偏执狂的关系。
IF 2.8 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2024.2397819
Xiaoqi Sun, Dan Liang, Yunxia Wu

Empathy is predominantly assessed with self-report questionnaires. However, their structural validities were not well-supported. This study aimed to re-explore and refine the factor structure of the Chinese version of the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) and investigate the pathways linked between dimensions of empathy and schizotypy. Data from a valid sample of 1,360 community-dwelling adults (aged 18-35) were subjected to the exploratory graph analysis (EGA) and bootstrap EGA for factor retention. A goodness-of-fit evaluation was conducted using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Lastly, a Gaussian graphical model with sum scores of the resultant empathy dimensions, positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy, and paranoia as nodes was estimated. Results supported a three-factor structure for the revised 20-item QCAE, demonstrating a good model fit. The new Online simulation subscale was associated with reduced disorganized schizotypy, whereas the new Perspective-taking subscale was associated with decreased disorganized schizotypy and increased positive schizotypy. The composite Affective empathy subscale was associated with decreased negative schizotypy and increased positive and disorganized schizotypy and paranoia. Overall, the revised QCAE demonstrated good structural validity, measuring three separable and internally cohesive factors of empathy. Each factor possessed unique and differential relationships with schizotypy dimensions that merit research and clinical attention.

移情主要通过自我报告问卷进行评估。然而,这些问卷的结构效度并没有得到很好的支持。本研究旨在重新探索和完善中文版认知与情感移情问卷(QCAE)的因子结构,并研究移情维度与精神分裂症之间的关联路径。我们对来自 1,360 名社区成年人(年龄在 18-35 岁之间)的有效样本数据进行了探索性图形分析(EGA)和自引导 EGA 分析,以保留因子。使用确证因子分析(CFA)对拟合度进行了评估。最后,我们估算了一个高斯图模型,该模型以共情维度、积极、消极和无序精神分裂症以及偏执狂的总分为节点。结果表明,修订后的 20 项 QCAE 具有三因素结构,模型拟合良好。新的 "在线模拟 "子量表与无组织精神分裂症的减少有关,而新的 "视角把握 "子量表与无组织精神分裂症的减少和积极精神分裂症的增加有关。综合情感移情子量表与消极精神分裂症的减少以及积极和无序精神分裂症和偏执狂的增加有关。总体而言,修订后的 QCAE 显示出良好的结构效度,测量了三个可分离且具有内部凝聚力的移情因子。每个因子都与精神分裂症的各个维度有着独特而不同的关系,值得研究和临床关注。
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引用次数: 0
Measuring the Four Higher-Order Values in Schwartz's Theory: Validation of a 17-Item Inventory. 测量施瓦茨理论中的四种高阶价值观:17 项量表的验证。
IF 2.8 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2024.2311193
Clemens M Lechner, Constanze Beierlein, Eldad Davidov, Shalom H Schwartz

Schwartz's theory of basic human values is the dominant framework for assessing values. One of its strengths is that it allows for different levels of analysis. The 10 basic values can be reliably assigned to four higher-order dimensions: Openness to Change, Conservation, Self-Transcendence, and Self-Enhancement. In this paper, we examined the psychometric properties of the Higher-Order-Value Scale-17 (HOVS17), an inventory that economically assesses these higher-order values. We analyzed data from the GESIS Panel, an ongoing large-scale probability-based panel study that fields HOVS17 annually since 2013 and for which HOVS17 was originally developed. We found HOVS17 to have satisfactory psychometric properties. The 17 items were located in the two-dimensional multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) space as hypothesized. All four subscales were unidimensional, showed good fit when modeled as reflective latent variables, and had acceptable reliabilities as well as one-year test-retest stabilities (.65 to .69). The subscales correlated in theoretically plausible ways with a wide range of correlates and criteria, such as personality traits and well-being. This demonstrates that HOVS17 provides a sound basis for studying the development, precursors, and consequences of the higher-order values in the GESIS Panel and in future surveys that adopt HOVS17. We also discuss suggestions for further improvements of the inventory.

施瓦茨的人类基本价值观理论是评估价值观的主要框架。其优点之一是可以进行不同层次的分析。10 种基本价值观可以可靠地归入四个高阶维度:这四个高阶维度分别是:开放求变、保护环境、自我超越和自我完善。在本文中,我们研究了高阶价值观量表-17(HOVS17)的心理测量特性,该量表可以经济地评估这些高阶价值观。我们分析了 GESIS 小组的数据,该小组是一项正在进行的基于概率的大规模小组研究,自 2013 年以来每年都会对 HOVS17 进行测试,HOVS17 最初就是为该小组开发的。我们发现 HOVS17 具有令人满意的心理测量特性。17 个项目均位于假设的二维多维尺度(MDS)空间内。所有四个分量表都是单维的,在作为反映潜变量建模时显示出良好的拟合性,并且具有可接受的信度和一年测试-再测稳定性(0.65 至 0.69)。子量表与一系列相关因素和标准(如人格特质和幸福感)之间的相关性在理论上是可信的。这表明 HOVS17 为研究 GESIS 小组和未来采用 HOVS17 的调查中高阶价值观的发展、前兆和后果提供了坚实的基础。我们还讨论了进一步改进该问卷的建议。
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Journal of personality assessment
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