Journal of personality assessment最新文献

Suicide among post-9/11 U.S. military veterans has increased dramatically, with effective identification of veteran suicide risk remaining a national priority. We investigated the utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3) in assessing suicide risk within this population. Participants were 189 post-9/11 veterans, predominantly male (75.1%) and White/Caucasian (77.8%), who completed the MMPI-3 and self-report measures of suicidality. In this cross-sectional study, we compared MMPI-3 profiles of veterans reporting a lifetime history of suicidal ideation only or suicide attempts to those who did not, with a focus on the Suicidal/Death Ideation (SUI) scale and markers of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. One-way ANOVAs revealed large effect sizes for SUI in differentiating veterans who reported no suicidal ideation from those with suicide attempts (d = 3.33) and those with suicidal ideation only (d = 1.81), as well as veterans who reported suicidal ideation only from those who also reported past suicide attempts (d = .88). With a few exceptions, markers of internalizing (e.g., Demoralization [RCd]) significantly differentiated the no suicidal ideation group from the suicidal ideation only (ds = .52-1.12) and suicide attempt groups (ds = .48-1.59), while markers of externalizing (e.g., DISC) differentiated the suicidal ideation only and suicide attempt groups (ds = .50-.60). Analyses also revealed very large correlations between SUI and the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms-II (IDAS-II) Suicidality scale (r = .74), and Self-Harm Inventory (r = .51). The SUI scale incremented the RC scales and other SP scales in predicting IDAS-II Suicidality scores (11%-16% additional variance) and SHI scores (2%-4% additional variance). These findings underscore the clinical utility of the MMPI-3, particularly the SUI scale, in comprehensive suicide risk assessments.

Using data from three Chinese samples (Ns = 611, 403, 299) collected using both monolingual and bilingual designs, we evaluated the psychometric properties and factor structure of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory 3 (FFI-3), the short form of the NEO Personality Inventory 3 (PI-3), for use in Chinese communities. Although the FFI-3 contains only a quarter of the 240 items of the PI-3, exploratory structural equation modeling revealed that it maintained the five-factor structure of the long form and achieved acceptable levels of internal consistency, cross-language validity, and test-retest reliability. The correlation coefficients between the short-form factors and the corresponding long-form factors were all above .86, indicating a strong association between the short and long versions of the scale. Taken together, our findings suggest that the FFI-3 is a viable tool for mapping personality in Chinese communities.

Charles Manson, notorious for his involvement in the gruesome Tate-LaBianca murders of 1969, remains a polarizing figure. His case has divided not only the public but also clinicians and researchers, resulting in a wide array of diagnoses from personality disorders to schizophrenia. To shed light on this longstanding debate, this study employs a novel approach to systematically assess moment-to-moment dyadic interpersonal exchanges between Manson and several interviewers over a 21-year span. Utilizing Continuous Assessment of Interpersonal Dynamics (CAID), we analyzed seven video-recorded interviews of Manson from 1972 to 1993. Unified Structural Equation Modeling revealed a consistent pattern of dominant and cold interpersonal behavior. Manson demonstrated high agency (dominance) and low communion (warmth) across all interactions but also the capacity for strategic interpersonal behaviors and goal-directed communication, contrasting with disorganized patterns typically associated with schizophrenia. Simulation Modeling Analysis revealed a progressive intensification and rigidity of dominant-cold interpersonal patterns over time. Our findings suggest that Manson's interpersonal style aligns more with severe personality pathology, particularly features of malignant narcissism, rather than a primary psychotic disorder. The study offers a new methodology to investigate complex cases of severe psychopathology and highlights the potential of assessing momentary interpersonal processes in forensic and clinical settings.

Multivariate base rates (MBR) of elevations are an emerging psychometric paradigm for enhanced interpretation of multiscale self-report data. The aims of this study were to calculate and compare MBR of scale/subscale elevations on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) and determine the ability of MBR to differentiate between mood disorders (n = 524, k = 3), military-based posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; n = 252, k = 2), and coached PTSD-simulator (n = 160, k = 1) groups. Overall, having at least one standard (T ≥ 70) and skyline elevation on clinical scales and clinical subscales was common across the groups. However, differential abnormal elevation thresholds emerged for each group. For instance, it was unusual (i.e., MBR < 10%) for the mood disorders group to have ≥ 1 (9.7%) and for the genuine PTSD group to have ≥ 3 (9.1%) skyline-elevated clinical scales. For subscales, it was unusual for the mood and PTSD groups to have ≥ 3 (7.6%) and ≥ 7 (8.3%) skyline-elevated clinical subscales, respectively. Conversely, PTSD simulators commonly yielded profiles with standard- and skyline elevations on nearly all clinical scales and subscales. MBR cutoffs identified from receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses yielded robust sensitivity (.650-.806) and specificity (.833-.984) in differentiating genuine PTSD and mood disorder groups from PTSD simulators. MBR are useful in differentiating genuine from simulated psychopathology, consistent with broader scale-based infrequency approaches.

The Dispositional Insight Test (DIT) is designed to assess a person's knowledge representations of personality and behavior expressions in different situational contexts. Despite its usefulness for professionals who regularly assess people, the factor structure of the DIT and measurement properties in different national populations have yet to be tested. Here, we report on the dimensionality and cross-cultural equivalence of the full and short Dispositional Insight Test (DIT and DIT-S), a novel measure of an important but understudied concept. Participants were students and their acquaintances in three countries from distinct world regions (n = 817 in the Netherlands, 434 in New Zealand, and 437 in South Africa), who completed the test online. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis for categorical outcomes supported a higher order dimensional structure comprising three factors: trait induction, trait extrapolation, and trait contextualization. Invariance testing showed this structure to be equivalent across the three cultural groups. The DIT exhibited expected correlations with cognitive ability. Future cross-cultural research on the DIT and its correlates is invited.

In this article, we present three studies designed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Regulatory Emotional Self-efficacy Scale at Work (RESE-W). In Study 1 (N = 1735), we tested and confirmed a bifactorial structure comprised of one general and two specific dimensions across the six scale items. In Study 2 (N = 211), we investigated the relations of the RESE-W with emotional dynamics at work by estimating its associations with emotional variability, inertia, granularity, and baseline levels. In Study 3 (N = 294), we examined the scale's convergent and external validity, as well as the incremental predictive value of the RESE-W compared to other measures of emotional regulation abilities. Results supported the validity of the instrument and its utility in predicting individuals' emotional functioning within applied settings.

Object relations (OR) scales were recently developed for the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank by Rucker and Krishnamurthy (2023). This study examined the psychometric properties of these scales with N = 160 psychiatric inpatients by evaluating the factor structure, internal reliability, and criterion validity with instruments measuring object relations features. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated a two-factor model was a better fit than a one-factor model; however, neither were excellent fits. Interrater reliability was excellent for the Self-Representation (r = .95), Other-Representation (r = .96), and Total OR scales (r = .97). Internal consistency reliability for the Total OR scale was acceptable at α = .72, but Self-Representation (α = .67) and Other-Representation (α = .58) subscales were in the clinically suboptimal range. Construct validity analyses demonstrated several conceptually relevant convergences with scales from the Inventory for Personality Organization and Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory, but unconvincing divergences. Group differences in RISB OR scores were observed between inpatients with and without a personality disorder. Altogether, these findings provide mixed psychometric support for the RISB OR scales and raise doubts about their use as standalone instruments. Results suggest a need for continued reevaluation, if not refinement.

A recent Delphi study found expert-consensus that clinical staging (CS) could provide a valid framework in the assessment of personality disorders (PDs) in older adults (Conjaerts et al., 2025). The categorical models used currently to assess PDs are poorly suited for treatment selection, in older adults even more so as age-specific factors were not considered in the development. The aim of this study was to investigate the interrater reliability, sensitivity and specificity of the recently proposed CS model, using the level of personality functioning and the lifetime course of personality pathology as profilers. Clinical vignettes were composed to reflect various stages of PD. 35 international expert clinicians in the field of PDs in older adults were presented three vignettes and asked to assign the PD to a clinical stage. Interrater reliability was good (κ = .86; 95% CI: 0.79-0.94). Overall sensitivity (0.80) and specificity (0.93) rates of the model were good. Sensitivity for stages 2, 3 and 4 was very good (0.92, 0.85, and 0.85, respectively), whereas sensitivity for stage 1 was insufficient (0.60). The overall satisfactory interrater reliability, sensitivity and specificity rates indicate that CS might be a valid and reliable new approach of assessing PDs in older adults.

While prior research has explored the relationship between Object Relations Theory (ORT) and the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD), comprehensive comparisons across diverse clinical populations and methodologies remain limited. This study investigated the predictive accuracy of AMPD and ORT in identifying personality psychopathology using neural network models within a mixed sample of 639 participants (229 non-clinical undergraduates, 410 psychiatric inpatients). Data were collected using Persian translations of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Self-Report (LPFS-SR), the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) (AMPD measures), and the Structured Interview of Personality Organization-Revised (STIPO-R) (ORT measure). Results indicated significant differences in all subscales of both models between clinical and non-clinical groups. Notably, the borderline personality disorder group showed elevated scores on specific STIPO-R subscales and all AMPD constructs except empathy. Neural network models achieved over 65% accuracy in predicting group membership, with AMPD slightly surpassing ORT (66%+ vs. 65%+). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated high sensitivity for both models, with Area Under the Curve (AUC) values ranging from 0.79 to 0.94. These findings underscore the significant utility of both AMPD and ORT for the assessment, early identification, and diagnosis of personality disorders.

Firearm violence, and especially firearm suicide, is a growing public health concern in the United States that requires a multidisciplinary approach to address. We argue that assessment psychologists are particularly well-suited to enhance understanding of firearm owners' individual differences, perceptions, and beliefs. Creating a robust literature at the nexus of personality, assessment, and firearms is vital to the development and implementation of effective firearm injury prevention interventions tailored to the firearm-owning population. In addition to reviewing the current literature and providing a call to action for assessment psychologists, we present a small exploratory study that examines relationships between the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3) Substantive scales, firearm ownership, and beliefs regarding the relationship between suicide and firearms. Our sample included 99 undergraduate students, 22 of which (22.2%) owned firearms. Preliminary findings suggest that firearm owners may be less prone to internalizing distress relative to non-firearm owners, and several internalizing scales were positively associated with the belief that firearms in the home and unsecure firearm storage increase suicide risk. We offer some potential implications of these preliminary findings and make recommendations for ways in which assessment psychologists can contribute to firearm injury prevention research.