Journal of personality assessment最新文献

Since its inception, the European Social Survey (ESS) has recognized the importance of studying human values because of their potential to contribute to our understanding of individuals and societies. All ESS rounds have included a shortened 21-item version of the Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ21) for measuring the 10 values of Schwartz's original theory and the underlying 4 higher-order dimensions. This scale has seen widespread use in value studies, not limited to those based on the ESS. In 2012, Schwartz and colleagues proposed a refinement of the theory that identified 19 narrower values derived from the original 10. This theory has been cited in thousands of studies. The present research explores whether single items of the PVQ21 can be used to properly measure the 19 values of Schwartz's refined theory. A sample of 645 Italian adults (56.1% females, M_age=34.66) completed the PVQ21 and the PVQ-RR, an instrument developed to measure the refined values. We examined the correspondence between each PVQ21 item and the refined values on both theoretical and empirical grounds. Results suggested that the PVQ21 allows researchers to effectively capture most refined values. We discuss findings regarding their implications, possibilities, and limitations for measuring the refined values in the ESS.

The interpersonal theory of suicide (ITS) conceptualizes thwarted belongingness (TB) and perceived burdensomeness (PB) as sufficient and proximal suicide ideation (SI) risk factors. The Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) is used to assess TB and PB; however, it does not capture all aspects of these constructs. The MMPI-3 M3-TB and M3-PB proxy scales may measure additional facets. In this study, college students (N = 139) screened for elevated depressive symptoms completed MMPI-2-RF-EX (from which the MMPI-3 was scored), INQ and SI assessments at baseline, and then SI assessments over six weeks. Results indicated M3-TB and M3-PB showed convergent validity with significant concordant correlations with INQ-TB and INQ-PB. M3-TB and M3-PB did not demonstrate discriminant validity, as tests of differences between concordant (e.g., M3-TB with INQ-TB) and discordant correlations (e.g., M3-TB with INQ-PB) were not significant. All ITS variables were significantly associated with retrospective and prospective SI. Prospective findings, but not retrospective findings, were more consistently significant when adjusting for the SUI scale. Including ITS variable interaction terms (i.e., M3-TBxM3-PB and INQ-TBxINQ-PB) did not improve the prediction of SI outcomes. Findings are broadly congruent with other ITS research findings: TB and PB prospectively predict SI, and the TBxPB interaction does not improve prediction.

Numerous versions exist of the Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA), which is used to assess normative markers of development in the 18-29 age range. However, their comparative psychometric properties have not been adequately explored, and samples including non-college-going emerging adults are rare. In Study 1, confirmatory factor analyses using survey data from 429 college-going and non-college-going emerging adults (52% female, 44% non-white) showed the IDEA-Short Form (IDEA-SF) to be the most psychometrically and conceptually sound version, demonstrating good fit for the five-factor model proposed by Arnett's (2004) theory of emerging adulthood; initial evidence for concurrent validity of the IDEA-SF scores was also presented. Study 2 (N = 765, 40% non-college-going) tested and found evidence for internal reliability and convergent validity as well as measurement invariance across college-going and non-college-going emerging adults for the IDEA-SF, though evidence for discriminant validity was mixed. Study 3 (N = 817) used data from the openly-available EAMMI3 dataset to examine concurrent and discriminant validity evidence for the IDEA-SF scores with multiple measures of well-being and adult development, respectively; preliminary, albeit weak, evidence of both forms of external validity was found. Suggestions for future research employing and improving the IDEA-SF and clinical implications for mental health clinicians working with emerging adults are discussed.

This study evaluated the factorial structure and invariance of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness-v2 (MAIA-2). We also investigated incremental validity of the MAIA-2 factors for predicting eating pathology beyond appetite-based interoception. US-based online respondents (N = 1294; M_age=48.7 ± 18.4; 63% cis women; 78% White) were sampled. We conducted hierarchical stepwise regressions, dominance analysis, and multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses across age, gender, and eating disorder symptoms. An 8-factor, 24-item Brief MAIA-2 (BMAIA-2) model showed optimal fit. Using strict criteria ($\Delta$ CFI > 0.002), configural, metric, and scalar invariance were supported. After controlling for appetite-based interoception, higher scores on body listening, noticing, and emotional awareness unexpectedly predicted worse eating pathology, while higher scores on not worrying, not distracting, and trusting predicted less eating pathology, as hypothesized. Dominance analysis showed no subscales contributed >2% unique variance to global disordered eating beyond appetite-based interoception. For loss of control eating, however, not worrying was the dominant BMAIA-2 predictor, explaining 5% unique variance beyond appetite-based interoception. Research supported the relevance of multiple interoceptive sensibility dimensions captured by the BMAIA-2 to understanding eating-based pathology. Future studies should consider assessing its incremental validity using behavioral tasks and autonomic biomarkers of interoception to better understand the complex interplay among interoceptive skills and eating behavior.

In schema therapy early adaptive schemas (EASs) and early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) have been found to be independent but related constructs. The Young Positive Schema Questionnaire (YPSQ) was developed and validated in English to measure EASs. The present study investigated psychometric properties of the Dutch translation in a representative sample of 650 non-clinical Dutch individuals. Internal consistencies for all scales were assessed to be acceptable to good. The 14-factor model showed an adequate to good fit to the data. Considering the construct validity, the YPSQ-NL scales showed significant positive correlations with the Big 5 personality traits, life-satisfaction, self-esteem and positive affect, and significant negative correlations with negative affect. Incremental validity of EASs over and above EMSs was shown for these same measures, except positive affect. Construct validity with the Young Schema Questionnaire-S3 (YSQ-S3) showed significant negative correlations between the YPSQ-NL scales and YSQ-S3 negative related constructs, except for Healthy Self-interest/Self-care and Self-sacrifice. Directions for future studies, e.g. in clinical samples, are discussed.

The aim of the study was to introduce a concise measure for assessing the impostor phenomenon. We reduced the Perceived Fraudulence Scale (PFS) in a sample of 1,001 Polish-speaking adults through the use of exploratory (n = 500) and confirmatory (n = 501) factor analysis to 12 items, composed of three subscales: self-deprecation, external ability attribution, and inauthenticity. This brief scale showed scalar measurement invariance between men and women, and between students and working professionals. Item Response Theory (IRT) analyses further supported individual items' properties. The measure also demonstrated good internal consistency and validity. Impostor phenomenon correlated negatively with self-esteem, emotional stability (i.e., low neuroticism), extraversion, conscientiousness, and intellect (i.e., openness to experience). In addition, women scored higher than men on overall impostor phenomenon which was driven only by the self-deprecation aspect. Students scored higher than working professionals on both the general score and all three subscales. The initial psychometric properties suggest that the Brief Impostor Phenomenon Scale (BIPS) is a valid and reliable short measure, supporting its further use in research. These results also add to the currently underdeveloped body of research on the impostor phenomenon in a non-English speaking cultural setting.

Central to schema theory is the idea that schemas can be grouped into domains. The organization of these schemas into domains has clinical importance, but debate persists in the literature. This study uses the Young Positive Schema Questionnaire (YPSQ) to explore the higher-order structure of adaptive schemas, paralleling the literature on maladaptive schema domains. After validating a Dutch version of the YPSQ in a large Flemish emerging adult sample, a four-domain model was compared to a five-domain model. Confirmatory factor analysis validated the 14 adaptive schemas of the YPSQ. Measurement invariance across gender and age groups was confirmed. Discriminant validity (through associations with maladaptive schemas and psychopathology), convergent validity (through associations with well-being measures), and incremental validity (explained variance above and beyond maladaptive schemas) were demonstrated. Both the hypothesized four-domain and five-domain models showed acceptable fit in structural equation modeling, with statistical comparisons favoring the slightly better fit of the four-domain model, as expected. Implications for schema theory and clinical practice are discussed.

Resilience is an important ability that helps adolescents resist stress from everyday life. While resilience has been measured in many ways, no measures have been developed specifically for the adolescent population. This study analyzed three popular resilience questionnaires, evaluated their psychometric properties using item response theory and explored their applicability. Graded response model (GRM) was used to compare the psychometric properties of the three questionnaires. The results of the item response theory analysis showed that the CD-RISC-10 provided more average item information (AII) than the CD-RISC and the ER89 in the interval -4 < θ < +2.9 SD. At more than +2.9 SD, CD-RISC has higher AII. We also tested the external validity of the three questionnaires by calculating the correlation of the three questionnaires with the total and dimension scores of the Adolescent Psychological Adaptability Scale (APAS). The correlation coefficient ranged between 0.30 and 0.58. The results also suggest that the CD-RISC-10 can more accurately screen participants across a wide range of resilience levels. The CD-RISC is also suitable for measuring very high levels of resilience.

The current study examines a standardized training protocol for Continuous Assessment of Interpersonal Dynamics (CAID) in a sample of undergraduates. Currently, laboratories utilize CAID without a standardized training protocol or benchmarks for accuracy, reducing the ease of implementing this paradigm in new labs and reducing the reliability of data across different laboratories. This study tested a short training protocol by randomly assigning participants to a 2-h or 4-h training session and examining accuracy and agreement of coders over time in training. The second aim was to understand whether individual differences impacted coding proficiency. Multilevel models were used to understand the impact of each training session and individual differences on coding proficiency. Results suggested that 1) aggregate-level coding proficiency is achieved within 2 h of training, but coders are better at capturing dynamic aspects of interpersonal behavior after 4 h of training, and 2) interpersonal problems and sensitives do not impact coding proficiency. The implications for these results and methods for training reliable and accurate CAID coders is discussed, and the training protocol and materials are available online for interested researchers.