Journal of personality assessment最新文献

Our research seeks to contribute to the existing literature on emotion measurement and research by proposing a new anger metric that addresses limitations of previous scales. This metric shows promise in meeting modern standards and drawing from traditional methods, potentially impacting the study of emotions. Additionally, our study explores cross-cultural congruence in assessing anger between English and German speakers, revealing differences in state and trait anger assessment. We offer theoretical perspectives on these cultural variances and emphasize the importance of considering language nuances in cross-cultural emotion assessment. Furthermore, our research delves into the relationship between anger and other emotions within an affective space, suggesting support for the notion that emotions are composite constructs consisting of valence and activation. We also discuss alternative theoretical perspectives on emotion construction to enhance our understanding. Additionally, our study examines the intricate relationship between anger and different forms of aggression, highlighting the association between anger and various aggressive behaviors in work settings. Our findings underscore the influence of personal traits and situational factors on experiences of anger and aggression, offering insights into the relationships between emotional states, traits, and behavior.

The Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP) is a concept map developed to consolidate research on psychopathy. Recently, the CAPP - Self Report form (CAPP-SR) was developed, but its psychometric properties have not been extensively or independently investigated. The current study evaluated the internal consistency, factorial structure, and construct validity of the CAPP-SR in a large sample of undergraduate and community participants. No organizational structure was superior, but a theoretically supported three factor solution representing behavioral, affective, and interpersonal traits appeared to be the optimal solution. The CAPP-SR demonstrated overlap with other preexisting psychopathy measures and the three-factor solution evinced relatively good convergent and discriminant associations with external criteria. The CAPP-SR seems to measure a similar construct to psychopathy measures, though it remains unclear whether the new measure captures meaningful information neglected by other models or outperforms them in prediction of important outcomes.

Although many studies have attempted to validate grit scales because of the construct's popularity, most have considered the shorter rather than the longer Original Grit Scale (Grit-O). We examined the Grit-O's construct validity, longitudinal measurement invariance, incremental validity for academic performance, and longitudinal predictive validity for subjective well-being among young Chinese. We used a cross-sectional sample of 3,322 college students and a longitudinal sample of 1,884 college students, tested twice over 10 months. The first-order factor model fit the data better than other models and showed partial configural and metric measurement invariance over time. Grit and its two facets longitudinally predicted subjective well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, happiness, positive affect, negative affect, and depression) but had negligible incremental validity for two semesters' grades after controlling for conscientiousness. So, while the Grit-O could be a useful construct for young adults, its predictive value overlaps with a better-established construct, conscientiousness.

In this study, we pilot tested Therapeutic Assessment (TA) in a university counseling center using a replicated single-case design to generate hypotheses on the effectiveness and applicability for this setting and population. We aimed to see whether TA could be an effective brief intervention to address students' presenting mental health concerns. Further, we explored whether different types of presenting concerns were associated with differential symptomatic improvement during the intervention. An independent clinician interviewed participants before the baseline period to develop individualized rating scales pertaining to their presenting concerns. Eight consecutive students accessing the counseling center enrolled in the study and rated their presenting problems across baseline, intervention, and follow-up periods. The intervention involved five TA sessions. The results suggested that TA is associated with statistically significant reductions in clients' symptoms in the context of a university counseling center. Idiographic trajectory analysis of participant data who experienced significant and insignificant change was used to test whether changes were associated with the onset of TA. The findings suggest TA might be more effective for certain presenting concerns than for others. The implications for the implementation of TA in university counseling centers is discussed.

The emotional responses of psychotherapists to their patients, known as countertransference, can yield valuable insights into the patient's psychological functioning. Albeit from a different perspective, the Rorschach test also provides information about the patient's psychological processes. In particular, the Rorschach human movement response (M) has been shown to be a useful measure of higher-level psychological functioning. In an attempt to bridge these two largely different perspectives, the aim of this study was to explore the association between M responses in the Rorschach protocols of psychotherapy patients and emotional responses exhibited by their therapists. To this end, a convenience sample of 149 outpatients were administered the Rorschach according to the Comprehensive System, and their therapists completed the Therapist Response Questionnaire. Through a series of regression models, controlling for response style, response complexity, and degree of psychopathology, M demonstrated a significant association with the therapists' emotional responses. A lower number of M responses was associated with the therapists' feelings of disengagement, and a higher number of M responses was associated with the therapists' feelings of being more involved with the patient. Taken together, these results suggest a potential relationship between the number of M responses the respondent gives in the Rorschach and the subsequent development of the therapeutic alliance between the respondent and their therapist.

In this brief article, we update the training of newer versions of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Rorschach and compare to a 2015 assessment training survey of American Psychological Association accredited clinical psychology doctoral programs. The survey sample sizes for 2015, 2021, and 2022 were 83, 81, and 88, respectively. By 2015, of the programs teaching any adult MMPI version, almost all (94%) were still teaching the MMPI-2, and 68% had started teaching the MMPI-2-RF. In 2021 and 2022, respectively, almost all programs (96% and 94%) had started teaching the MMPI-2-RF or MMPI-3, although most were still teaching the MMPI-2 (77% and 66%). By 2015, of the programs teaching the Rorschach, 85% were still teaching the Comprehensive System (CS) and 60% had started teaching the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS). In 2021 and 2022, respectively, most programs had started teaching R-PAS (77% and 77%) although many (65% and 50%) were still teaching the CS. Therefore, doctoral programs are indeed switching to newer versions of the MMPI and Rorschach, although more slowly than one might expect. We recommend that APA provide more guidance in selecting test versions for training programs, practitioners, and researchers.

Anxiety and depression are the two most common psychiatric problems of adolescence. The Personality Assessment Inventory, Adolescent Version (PAI-A) is a broadband instrument designed to assist in the detection and differential diagnosis of common psychiatric disorders in adolescents, and it includes a Depression scale (DEP) to detect the presence of major depressive episodes and an Anxiety scale (ANX) designed to detect clinically significant anxiety. However, there is limited research on this measure. The current study examined both the convergent and discriminant validities of the PAI-A Anxiety and Depression scales by observing their relationships to other self-report measures (e.g., PAI-A scales, MMPI-A), observer ratings (e.g., HPRS), and performance-based measures (e.g., Rorschach CS). The sample consisted of 352 records of the psychological assessments of adolescent inpatients between the ages of 13 to 17; the sample was about equally male (51.6%) and female with a mean age of 15.5 years. The sample was ethnically diverse with 48.7% of individuals identifying as Caucasian, 12.9% Black, 16% Hispanic, 2.6% Asian, 3.2% Other, and 16.6% unknown. There is strong evidence for convergent validity for the PAI-A ANX and DEP scales with r's ranging from .11 to .78. There is moderate evidence for discriminant validity for these scales. Results demonstrated that PAI-A scales correlated strongest with self-report, followed by therapist rating scale, and then performance-based measures. Various strengths of the PAI-A for the assessment of anxiety and depression are discussed.

The present study was undertaken to determine if the findings of Ales et al. (2020) could be replicated and extended, especially in light of the replication crisis in psychology and the social sciences. Ales et al. (2020) found that measures from the engagement and cognitive processing domain of the Rorschach performance assessment system (R-PAS) were associated with Eye Tracking variables that reflect cognitive engagement and effort. Notably, Complexity was associated with the number of fixations participants made while scanning the blots and Vg% was inversely associated with a participant's average fixation durations. The present study utilized a non-clinical sample of 60 adult participants. The basic findings of Ales et al. (2020) were replicated. In addition, we found that Complexity and Vg% are associated with additional Eye Tracking variables not utilized in the original study. The current findings bolster and extend the interpretation of Ales et al. (2020), indicating that higher levels of Complexity are also associated with scanning more regions of the blot overall, albeit at a slower rate. Similar effect size values were observed in the two different cultural contexts. Higher levels of Vg% are associated with measures indicating shallower and more superficial search strategies, consistent with the interpretation of Vg% as indicative of a vague, impressionistic, and unsophisticated cognitive style.

Traditionally, narcissistic characteristics are considered relatively stable, although clinical accounts and recent research show that additional narcissistic states are variable and fluctuate in actuality. Narcissism research tends to focus on cross-sectional, group-based, trait approaches. Momentary ecological assessments allow one to discover individuals' true colors by observing narcissistic experiences while they unfold in real-time and real-world settings. Within momentary ecological assessments, inspecting single cases enables insight into individual dynamics and presentations. Consequently, this research collected grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic trait and state data 10 times a day for 6 days. Based on the highest trait scores, two individual cases are presented per category: predominantly grandiose narcissistic, predominantly vulnerable narcissistic, and combined narcissistic. Overall, the descriptions provide evidence for the dynamics within and between grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic states. Further, broad patterns for each narcissistic dimension were uncovered, in which the grandiose subdimension experienced mainly grandiosity, and the vulnerable and combined subdimensions experienced both grandiosity and vulnerability. Out of the three, the combined subdimension experienced the highest instability and levels of daily vulnerability. However, each individual case showed unique fluctuation patterns that highlight the importance of personalized, real-life assessments in research and clinical care.

Given the differences in emotion regulation across cultures, it is paramount to ensure that measures of emotion regulation measure the same construct and that conceptualizations of emotion regulation are valid across cultures. Therefore, the present study assessed the measurement invariance (alongside other psychometric properties) of three popular emotion regulation questionnaires, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and the Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory (PERCI), across 434 Singaporeans and 489 Australians. Our study showed that all three questionnaires were measurement invariant, had excellent internal consistency, and relatively good concurrent validity with psychopathology and alexithymia across our Singaporean and Australian sample, justifying their use in comparing Asian and Western cultures. Our findings suggest that measures of emotion regulation have utility across both individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Our findings supports the use of these measures in cross-cultural research and provides support for the utility for personality assessments across cultures.