Silicon-zinc oxide (Si-ZnO) junction has been prepared using the chemical bath technique. The zinc oxide layer was examined using different techniques, including X-ray spectroscopy and a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The ZnO film images show that the films are homogeneous with an average grain size of 70 nm, while the X-ray spectrum shows that the layers are amorphous with some crystalline phase peaks appearing between 2θ=20° and 35°, which belong to ZnO. Transmittance, absorbance and extinction coefficient were varied over the visible light wavelength range, and the energy gap of the films was about 2.6 eV. In both forward and reverse bias, the junction revealed diode characteristics. The influence of light on the current intensity was evident and reached about 240 mA compared to the current intensity in the dark state. Also, the current intensity of the diode increased at each applied voltage with the increase in the intensity of the light shining on it.
利用化学浴技术制备了硅-氧化锌（Si-ZnO）结。使用不同的技术，包括 X 射线光谱和紫外可见分光光度计，对氧化锌层进行了检测。氧化锌薄膜图像显示薄膜是均匀的，平均晶粒大小为 70 nm，而 X 射线光谱显示薄膜层是无定形的，在 2θ=20° 和 35° 之间出现了一些属于氧化锌的晶相峰。在可见光波长范围内，透射率、吸光度和消光系数均有变化，薄膜的能隙约为 2.6 eV。在正向和反向偏压下，结都显示出二极管特性。光对电流强度的影响非常明显，与黑暗状态下的电流强度相比，达到约 240 mA。此外，随着照射到二极管上的光强度的增加，二极管在每个施加电压下的电流强度也在增加。
{"title":"Investigate the Electrical and Structural Characteristics of the Si-ZnO Diode","authors":"Ahmed Waled Kasim","doi":"10.21315/jps2024.35.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2024.35.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon-zinc oxide (Si-ZnO) junction has been prepared using the chemical bath technique. The zinc oxide layer was examined using different techniques, including X-ray spectroscopy and a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The ZnO film images show that the films are homogeneous with an average grain size of 70 nm, while the X-ray spectrum shows that the layers are amorphous with some crystalline phase peaks appearing between 2θ=20° and 35°, which belong to ZnO. Transmittance, absorbance and extinction coefficient were varied over the visible light wavelength range, and the energy gap of the films was about 2.6 eV. In both forward and reverse bias, the junction revealed diode characteristics. The influence of light on the current intensity was evident and reached about 240 mA compared to the current intensity in the dark state. Also, the current intensity of the diode increased at each applied voltage with the increase in the intensity of the light shining on it.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141019008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irradiated epoxy thick films are important for optical properties and may be used in many optical applications. This study aims to evaluate the effect of alpha irradiation on the optical and structural properties of epoxy thick films. Epoxy resin films were prepared by mixing epoxy resin (A) with hardener (B) at a mixing ratio of 3:1. Thus, specific thick films with thicknesses of 0.7 mm,0.8 mm and 1 mm were manufactured. Using visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy is one of the most important methods for studying polymers band gaps and electrical properties. The absorbance and transmittance spectra were used to investigate the optical properties of epoxy coatings of different thicknesses over a wavelength range of 300 nm–900 nm. Optical properties, such as absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, real dielectric constant, imaginary dielectric and optical band gap, were measured. The results show that the epoxy thick films have good optical transparency in the low-wavelength region. The results showed that increasing the thickness of the resin films decreased the optical energy gap and refractive index while increasing the absorption and extinction coefficients. In comparison, the effect of irradiation on an epoxy film of thickness 1 mm leads to an increase in the transmittance spectrum and energy gap and a decrease in the optical constants. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the films was examined and showed the types of chemical bonds of the epoxy films before and after irradiation.
{"title":"Impact of Alpha Rays on the Optoelectronic Properties of Epoxy Resin Thick Films","authors":"Z. Rasheed, L. M. Raoof, M. Alrakabi","doi":"10.21315/jps2024.35.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2024.35.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Irradiated epoxy thick films are important for optical properties and may be used in many optical applications. This study aims to evaluate the effect of alpha irradiation on the optical and structural properties of epoxy thick films. Epoxy resin films were prepared by mixing epoxy resin (A) with hardener (B) at a mixing ratio of 3:1. Thus, specific thick films with thicknesses of 0.7 mm,0.8 mm and 1 mm were manufactured. Using visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy is one of the most important methods for studying polymers band gaps and electrical properties. The absorbance and transmittance spectra were used to investigate the optical properties of epoxy coatings of different thicknesses over a wavelength range of 300 nm–900 nm. Optical properties, such as absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, real dielectric constant, imaginary dielectric and optical band gap, were measured. The results show that the epoxy thick films have good optical transparency in the low-wavelength region. The results showed that increasing the thickness of the resin films decreased the optical energy gap and refractive index while increasing the absorption and extinction coefficients. In comparison, the effect of irradiation on an epoxy film of thickness 1 mm leads to an increase in the transmittance spectrum and energy gap and a decrease in the optical constants. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the films was examined and showed the types of chemical bonds of the epoxy films before and after irradiation.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141021204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The demand for energy has been increasing gradually due to the rapid growth of the global economy. The emission of greenhouses gases (GHGs) especially, carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a major greenhouse gas, has contributed to the global warming issue. Therefore, to reduce emissions and eliminate the serious consequences, membrane separation technology was introduced as an alternative option that has high CO2 separation efficiency. It requires lower energy consumption, lower capital costs and it is commercial and environmentally friendly. Most importantly, it is easy to operate. In this study, the blend cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) membrane was synthesised from the CAB polymers using the wet-phase inversion method with molecular weights of 12,000:30,000:65,000 in the ratio of 1:2:2, respectively. The blend CAB membrane casted at 250 μm (M2) was the best performing membrane among all the membranes due to its relatively high CO2 gas permeance and the highest CO2/N2 selectivity, which were 7,560.80 ± 20 GPU and 1.5319 ± 0.05, respectively. The fabricated CAB membrane was then characterised by using the Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and surface contact angle. It showed strong stretching bands around 1,044.07 cm−1, 1,226.25 cm−1 and 1,744.04 cm−1, which indicated a single bond C-O and carboxyl group (C=O). The higher the hydrophobicity of the membrane, the stronger the affinity for CO2 molecules. In this case, the contact angle of the membrane casted at 150 μm (M1) was 120.460, which was the highest. This newly synthesised CAB membrane is expected to benefit major industries by its cost effective and high energy saving properties. Most importantly, the gas separation efficiencies are better than the current technologies.
{"title":"Blend Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Membrane with Molecular Weight 12,000, 30,000 and 65,000 for CO2/N2 Separation","authors":"Wong Shei Ming, Z. Jawad, Arwa Sulaiman, C. Leng","doi":"10.21315/jps2024.35.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2024.35.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for energy has been increasing gradually due to the rapid growth of the global economy. The emission of greenhouses gases (GHGs) especially, carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a major greenhouse gas, has contributed to the global warming issue. Therefore, to reduce emissions and eliminate the serious consequences, membrane separation technology was introduced as an alternative option that has high CO2 separation efficiency. It requires lower energy consumption, lower capital costs and it is commercial and environmentally friendly. Most importantly, it is easy to operate. In this study, the blend cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) membrane was synthesised from the CAB polymers using the wet-phase inversion method with molecular weights of 12,000:30,000:65,000 in the ratio of 1:2:2, respectively. The blend CAB membrane casted at 250 μm (M2) was the best performing membrane among all the membranes due to its relatively high CO2 gas permeance and the highest CO2/N2 selectivity, which were 7,560.80 ± 20 GPU and 1.5319 ± 0.05, respectively. The fabricated CAB membrane was then characterised by using the Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and surface contact angle. It showed strong stretching bands around 1,044.07 cm−1, 1,226.25 cm−1 and 1,744.04 cm−1, which indicated a single bond C-O and carboxyl group (C=O). The higher the hydrophobicity of the membrane, the stronger the affinity for CO2 molecules. In this case, the contact angle of the membrane casted at 150 μm (M1) was 120.460, which was the highest. This newly synthesised CAB membrane is expected to benefit major industries by its cost effective and high energy saving properties. Most importantly, the gas separation efficiencies are better than the current technologies.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141021592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nonlinear transient heat transfer via conduction–radiation is a dynamic topic of long-standing interest with applications ranging from aeronautical and mechanical engineering to industrial and civil security. To gain a better understanding of the performances of materials having thermal proprieties that change during nonlinear heat transfer, several studies using the finite element method (FEM) have been conducted. Such studies apply nonlinear thermal material characteristics to describe the complete system under different loading conditions in each region by adjusting the temperature values for the other three edges and the thickness parameter with Dirichlet boundary conditions. As a result, while modeling and simulating temperature distributions for such situations, nonlinearities generated by temperature-dependent thermal conductivity must be considered. In this work, we focus on the analysis of coupled transient heat transfer through two metal plates with temperature-dependent thermal characteristics in which the temperature is fixed along the bottom edge and heat is transferred from both the top and bottom faces of the two plates. FEM is employed to solve the nonlinear heat equation and compute the temperature as a function of time for variable thickness. The study examines the effect of modifying the thickness parameter values on the temperature distribution over time for various edge values over 5,000 s.
{"title":"Transient Heat Transfer Analysis in Metal Plates with Variable Thickness","authors":"Mohammed Taibi, Younes Abouelhanoune, F. Dimane","doi":"10.21315/jps2024.35.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2024.35.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Nonlinear transient heat transfer via conduction–radiation is a dynamic topic of long-standing interest with applications ranging from aeronautical and mechanical engineering to industrial and civil security. To gain a better understanding of the performances of materials having thermal proprieties that change during nonlinear heat transfer, several studies using the finite element method (FEM) have been conducted. Such studies apply nonlinear thermal material characteristics to describe the complete system under different loading conditions in each region by adjusting the temperature values for the other three edges and the thickness parameter with Dirichlet boundary conditions. As a result, while modeling and simulating temperature distributions for such situations, nonlinearities generated by temperature-dependent thermal conductivity must be considered. In this work, we focus on the analysis of coupled transient heat transfer through two metal plates with temperature-dependent thermal characteristics in which the temperature is fixed along the bottom edge and heat is transferred from both the top and bottom faces of the two plates. FEM is employed to solve the nonlinear heat equation and compute the temperature as a function of time for variable thickness. The study examines the effect of modifying the thickness parameter values on the temperature distribution over time for various edge values over 5,000 s.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141019785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The presence of heavy metals in rivers in the Niger Delta region has become a source of concern due to its associated health challenges. The present study was conducted to assess the risk of heavy metal accumulation in surface sediments obtained from creeks and dredged tributaries of the River Ethiope, Delta State, South-South, Nigeria. Heavy metals in the sediments were extracted using the three-step sequential extraction method of the European Commission Standard Measurement and Testing Program. The heavy metals; magnesium (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and barium (Ba) were quantified by employing inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Assessment of the extent of sediment contamination was carried out by determining the contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cd), modified degree of contamination (mCd), pollution load index (PLI), ecological risk factor (Er), potential ecological risk index (PI) and geo accumulation index (1 geo). Pearson’s correlation coefficient and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to determine the sources and the relationship between pollutants across sediments. The values of heavy metals ranged from 12.5 mg kg–1–116 mg kg–1 and 21.6 mg kg–1–71.1 mg kg–1 in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The trend of heavy metals for risk index (RI) in this study is Cd > Pb > Cr > Co > Zn > Cu > Mn (wet season) and Cu > Cd > Pb > Zn > Cr > Mn > Co = As (dry season). It showed that heavy metal pollution was a result of Cd for extreme contamination, while moderate to high contamination levels were due to Pb and Cu. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis and PCA displayed strong positive loadings for Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd across seasons as a result of high contamination levels in the study sites. The pollution load index revealed that the sediments were polluted by the metals, and the mean and median analyses revealed that the metals datasets were normally distributed, except for Cu with an irregular distribution.
{"title":"Accumulation and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Dredged Tributaries and Creeks of River Ethiope, South-South, Nigeria","authors":"Eyenubo O.B., Ikpefan J.O., Peretomode V.O., E. F., Osakwe S.A., Avwioro O.G.","doi":"10.21315/jps2023.34.3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2023.34.3.7","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of heavy metals in rivers in the Niger Delta region has become a source of concern due to its associated health challenges. The present study was conducted to assess the risk of heavy metal accumulation in surface sediments obtained from creeks and dredged tributaries of the River Ethiope, Delta State, South-South, Nigeria. Heavy metals in the sediments were extracted using the three-step sequential extraction method of the European Commission Standard Measurement and Testing Program. The heavy metals; magnesium (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and barium (Ba) were quantified by employing inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Assessment of the extent of sediment contamination was carried out by determining the contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cd), modified degree of contamination (mCd), pollution load index (PLI), ecological risk factor (Er), potential ecological risk index (PI) and geo accumulation index (1 geo). Pearson’s correlation coefficient and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to determine the sources and the relationship between pollutants across sediments. The values of heavy metals ranged from 12.5 mg kg–1–116 mg kg–1 and 21.6 mg kg–1–71.1 mg kg–1 in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The trend of heavy metals for risk index (RI) in this study is Cd > Pb > Cr > Co > Zn > Cu > Mn (wet season) and Cu > Cd > Pb > Zn > Cr > Mn > Co = As (dry season). It showed that heavy metal pollution was a result of Cd for extreme contamination, while moderate to high contamination levels were due to Pb and Cu. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis and PCA displayed strong positive loadings for Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd across seasons as a result of high contamination levels in the study sites. The pollution load index revealed that the sediments were polluted by the metals, and the mean and median analyses revealed that the metals datasets were normally distributed, except for Cu with an irregular distribution.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138984041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ivan Vasiliev, Sergey Saliy, Rollan Altynbekov, G. Rysbayeva, Vladimir Echin
The research delves into the significance of continuous emission radars of very high frequency (VHF) range in detecting small unmanned aircraft and marine targets for navigation safety. Recognising the need for improved radars and reduced coordinate measurement errors, the study aims to analyse discrepancies in azimuth and range determination in radars with fixed-phased antenna arrays. By developing effective tools with low computational complexity for target azimuth determination, the research seeks to enhance radar performance. Employing analytical, classification, functional, and statistical methods, the study comprehensively examines the peculiarities and differences of radars. It meticulously analyses coordinate measurement errors and investigates their causes. The impact of these discrepancies on radar performance and their relevance in various applications, particularly maritime navigation, is carefully evaluated. The findings emphasise the critical role of continuous emission radars in ensuring shipping safety and economic efficiency. The recommendations derived from the study offer valuable insights for improving radar effectiveness, addressing operational limitations, and enhancing overall functionality. By tackling coordinate measurement errors and providing accurate azimuth determination tools, this research contributes to advancing continuous emission radar technology and its practical applications. Through its findings and recommendations, the study aims to optimise radar performance, enhance navigation safety, and improve economic efficiency in diverse sectors.
{"title":"Issue of VHF Continuous Emission Radars Coordinate Measurement Discrepancy","authors":"Ivan Vasiliev, Sergey Saliy, Rollan Altynbekov, G. Rysbayeva, Vladimir Echin","doi":"10.21315/jps2023.34.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2023.34.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"The research delves into the significance of continuous emission radars of very high frequency (VHF) range in detecting small unmanned aircraft and marine targets for navigation safety. Recognising the need for improved radars and reduced coordinate measurement errors, the study aims to analyse discrepancies in azimuth and range determination in radars with fixed-phased antenna arrays. By developing effective tools with low computational complexity for target azimuth determination, the research seeks to enhance radar performance. Employing analytical, classification, functional, and statistical methods, the study comprehensively examines the peculiarities and differences of radars. It meticulously analyses coordinate measurement errors and investigates their causes. The impact of these discrepancies on radar performance and their relevance in various applications, particularly maritime navigation, is carefully evaluated. The findings emphasise the critical role of continuous emission radars in ensuring shipping safety and economic efficiency. The recommendations derived from the study offer valuable insights for improving radar effectiveness, addressing operational limitations, and enhancing overall functionality. By tackling coordinate measurement errors and providing accurate azimuth determination tools, this research contributes to advancing continuous emission radar technology and its practical applications. Through its findings and recommendations, the study aims to optimise radar performance, enhance navigation safety, and improve economic efficiency in diverse sectors.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138984199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anand Kumar Pandey, Raghvendra Pratap Singh, A. H. Jawhari, Ritu Singh
Single crystals of untreated and copper (Cu2+) metal ion-doped L-alanine aluminium nitrate (LAAN), a room-temperature slow evaporation organic nonlinear optical material. Single crystals were studied for structural, spectral, optical, hardness, secondorder non-linear optical, electrical [(alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC)], and photoconductivity properties as they grew. Crystallinity, monoclinic structure with space collection P21, and lattice specifications were deliberate using single crystal X-ray diffraction investigation. The existence of functional clusters is revealed by the spectral properties, and the means of vibration of various molecular clusters existing in LAAN were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The low cut-off wavelength and transmittance properties were determined using optical analysis. The band gap energy of LAAN and Cu-doped LAAN crystals was estimated to be 3.40 eV and 2.70 eV, respectively, using the Tauc plot. It was revealed that pure crystals had a lower dielectric constant than crystals that had been doped with copper. After doping with rising temperatures, AC conductivity started to rise. With the use of the Kurtz and Perry approach, the effectiveness of the grown crystal’s second harmonic generation was computed, Cu-doped LAAN was discovered to be 3.3 times more prominent than potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and 2.2 times more prominent than pure LAAN crystals. The nonlinear optical characteristics of LAAN crystals have therefore been improved by copper doping. It is most suited for use in electro-optic applications like laser technology, telecommunications and optical signal processing because of its negative photoconductivity.
{"title":"Enhanced Characterisation Studies and Synthesis of Undoped and Copper Doped-Organic Nonlinear Optical Single Crystal: L-Alanine Aluminium Nitrate","authors":"Anand Kumar Pandey, Raghvendra Pratap Singh, A. H. Jawhari, Ritu Singh","doi":"10.21315/jps2023.34.3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2023.34.3.8","url":null,"abstract":"Single crystals of untreated and copper (Cu2+) metal ion-doped L-alanine aluminium nitrate (LAAN), a room-temperature slow evaporation organic nonlinear optical material. Single crystals were studied for structural, spectral, optical, hardness, secondorder non-linear optical, electrical [(alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC)], and photoconductivity properties as they grew. Crystallinity, monoclinic structure with space collection P21, and lattice specifications were deliberate using single crystal X-ray diffraction investigation. The existence of functional clusters is revealed by the spectral properties, and the means of vibration of various molecular clusters existing in LAAN were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The low cut-off wavelength and transmittance properties were determined using optical analysis. The band gap energy of LAAN and Cu-doped LAAN crystals was estimated to be 3.40 eV and 2.70 eV, respectively, using the Tauc plot. It was revealed that pure crystals had a lower dielectric constant than crystals that had been doped with copper. After doping with rising temperatures, AC conductivity started to rise. With the use of the Kurtz and Perry approach, the effectiveness of the grown crystal’s second harmonic generation was computed, Cu-doped LAAN was discovered to be 3.3 times more prominent than potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and 2.2 times more prominent than pure LAAN crystals. The nonlinear optical characteristics of LAAN crystals have therefore been improved by copper doping. It is most suited for use in electro-optic applications like laser technology, telecommunications and optical signal processing because of its negative photoconductivity.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138984216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cellulose was successfully extracted from wastepaper with a pre-treatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The cellulose was then used to fabricate two types of hydrogels: cellulose/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and cellulose/CMC/glycerol. Epichlorohydrin, an ECH solution was used as a cross-linker for the fabrication of both types of hydrogels. NaOH/urea/ultrapure water (NU) solutions were used to dissolve all the materials needed for the formation of hydrogels. The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) showed the presence of hydroxyl group (O-H), hydrocarbon group (C-H) and carbonyl group (C=O) stretching. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed different porosities for both types of hydrogels, while the equilibrium swelling, swellingeq of cellulose/CMC/ PVA hydrogels were better compared to the cellulose/CMC/glycerol hydrogels. The highest swellingeq was found for the cellulose/CMC/PVA hydrogel (3/3/4 ratio), CCP334 with 6.33 g/g, while the lowest swellingeq (g/g) was obtained from the cellulose/CMC/ glycerol hydrogel (3/2/5 ratio), CCG325 with 1.49 g/g.
{"title":"Effects of Plasticiser on the Morphology and Swelling Properties of Cellulose-based Hydrogels Derived from Wastepaper","authors":"Bebe Norlita Mohamed, Suk-Fun Chin, M. E. Wasli","doi":"10.21315/jps2023.34.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2023.34.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"Cellulose was successfully extracted from wastepaper with a pre-treatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The cellulose was then used to fabricate two types of hydrogels: cellulose/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and cellulose/CMC/glycerol. Epichlorohydrin, an ECH solution was used as a cross-linker for the fabrication of both types of hydrogels. NaOH/urea/ultrapure water (NU) solutions were used to dissolve all the materials needed for the formation of hydrogels. The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) showed the presence of hydroxyl group (O-H), hydrocarbon group (C-H) and carbonyl group (C=O) stretching. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed different porosities for both types of hydrogels, while the equilibrium swelling, swellingeq of cellulose/CMC/ PVA hydrogels were better compared to the cellulose/CMC/glycerol hydrogels. The highest swellingeq was found for the cellulose/CMC/PVA hydrogel (3/3/4 ratio), CCP334 with 6.33 g/g, while the lowest swellingeq (g/g) was obtained from the cellulose/CMC/ glycerol hydrogel (3/2/5 ratio), CCG325 with 1.49 g/g.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138984153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dounia Ousmane Ahmat, Z. Jawad, Vahid Khosravi, S. Yeap
This research aimed to examine how varying the acidity levels during the chemical oxidative polymerisation (COP) of aniline affects the colour, yield, morphology, and surface functionalities of polyaniline (PANI). In the COP method, aniline monomer was first dissolved in hydrochloric acid (HCl) medium; the solution was then drop added with ammonium persulfate to initiate the polymerisation process. To answer the research objective, the medium acidity was manipulated using different concentrations of HCl (i.e., 0 M, 0.01 M, 0.1 M, 1 M and 10 M). The as-synthesised PANIs were then purified and characterised for their physicochemical properties. The findings revealed that reducing the medium pH from 2.35 (in distilled water) to 0.80 (in 10 M HCl) resulted in a colour change from light brownish to dark green, indicating the formation of emeraldine PANI. Furthermore, it was observed that the amount of PANI yield is inversely related to the medium pH. A decrease in medium pH from 2.35 to 0.80 remarkably increased the PANI yield by 3.2 times. Regarding morphological structure, higher medium acidity produced PANI with well-defined globule shapes, while lower HCl concentrations resulted in a mixed morphology including globules, tubes, and plate-like structures. In addition, it was found that the diameter of globule-like PANI has increased from ~266.67 nm to ~508.33 nm, when the HCl concentration was changed from 0 M to 10 M. Apparently, increasing the acidity of the COP medium promotes enlargement of the PANI size. Despite that, there is not much change in the surface functional groups of the formed PANI. Overall, this study offers insights into manipulating PANI properties by adjusting the medium acidity during the COP process. While the impacts of medium acidity on yield, morphology, and functionalities of PANI were revealed, further investigation is required to evaluate the effect on electrical properties.
本研究旨在探讨苯胺化学氧化聚合（COP）过程中不同的酸度如何影响聚苯胺（PANI）的颜色、产率、形态和表面功能。在 COP 方法中，苯胺单体首先溶解在盐酸（HCl）介质中，然后滴加过硫酸铵以启动聚合过程。为实现研究目标，使用不同浓度的盐酸（即 0 M、0.01 M、0.1 M、1 M 和 10 M）来调节介质酸度。然后对合成的 PANIs 进行纯化，并对其理化性质进行表征。研究结果表明，将介质 pH 值从 2.35（蒸馏水）降低到 0.80（10 M HCl）后，颜色从浅棕色变为深绿色，表明形成了翡翠色 PANI。此外，还观察到 PANI 的产量与培养基的 pH 值成反比。培养基 pH 值从 2.35 降低到 0.80，PANI 产量显著增加了 3.2 倍。在形态结构方面，较高的培养基酸度产生的 PANI 具有清晰的球状形状，而较低的盐酸浓度则产生混合形态，包括球状、管状和板状结构。此外，还发现当盐酸浓度从 0 M 变为 10 M 时，球状 PANI 的直径从 ~266.67 nm 增大到 ~508.33 nm。显然，增加 COP 培养基的酸度会促进 PANI 尺寸的增大。尽管如此，所形成的 PANI 的表面官能团变化不大。总之，这项研究为在 COP 过程中通过调整介质酸度来操纵 PANI 性能提供了启示。虽然研究揭示了介质酸度对 PANI 产量、形态和功能的影响，但还需要进一步研究以评估其对电性能的影响。
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D. N. K. Putra Negara, T. G. Tirta Nindhia, Cok Istri Putri Kusuma Kencanawati, I. G. A. K. Suriadi, I. Widiyarta, I. Lokantara, I. N. Budiarsa
Biomass can be utilised in place of non-renewable raw resources like coal and petroleum residue in the production of activated carbon. Each biomass, however, requires different manufacturing process parameters to obtain the desired activated carbon characteristics due to their different chemical compositions. This study aims to examine the effects of carbonisation heating rates (8°C/min, 10°C/min and 12°C/min) on the characteristics of teak sawdust-derived activated carbon. Furthermore, finding the proper carbonisation heating rate to provide the optimum characteristics is the originality of this study. Activation was carried out at a temperature of 600°C, and simultaneously, 200 mL/min of nitrogen was doped. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and adsorption isotherm tests were performed as part of the characterisation. The results revealed that activated carbon carbonised at a rate of 10°C/min produced the best properties. This activated carbon contained 10.8% moisture, 15.26% volatile, 1.73% ash and 72.43% fixed carbon. The majority of the structure is mesopore, with an average pore diameter of 2.43 nm, a pore volume of 0.369 cm3 /g and a specific surface area of 409.698 m2 /g. Its ability to adsorb nitrogen was 239.102 cm3 /g. The successful production of activated carbon from biomass waste derived from teak sawdust offers hope for untapped sawdust waste and has the potential to be used in a number of applications that need adsorption mechanisms.
{"title":"The Effect of Carbonisation Heating Rates on the Properties of N-Doped Teak Sawdust Waste Activated Carbon","authors":"D. N. K. Putra Negara, T. G. Tirta Nindhia, Cok Istri Putri Kusuma Kencanawati, I. G. A. K. Suriadi, I. Widiyarta, I. Lokantara, I. N. Budiarsa","doi":"10.21315/jps2023.34.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2023.34.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass can be utilised in place of non-renewable raw resources like coal and petroleum residue in the production of activated carbon. Each biomass, however, requires different manufacturing process parameters to obtain the desired activated carbon characteristics due to their different chemical compositions. This study aims to examine the effects of carbonisation heating rates (8°C/min, 10°C/min and 12°C/min) on the characteristics of teak sawdust-derived activated carbon. Furthermore, finding the proper carbonisation heating rate to provide the optimum characteristics is the originality of this study. Activation was carried out at a temperature of 600°C, and simultaneously, 200 mL/min of nitrogen was doped. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and adsorption isotherm tests were performed as part of the characterisation. The results revealed that activated carbon carbonised at a rate of 10°C/min produced the best properties. This activated carbon contained 10.8% moisture, 15.26% volatile, 1.73% ash and 72.43% fixed carbon. The majority of the structure is mesopore, with an average pore diameter of 2.43 nm, a pore volume of 0.369 cm3 /g and a specific surface area of 409.698 m2 /g. Its ability to adsorb nitrogen was 239.102 cm3 /g. The successful production of activated carbon from biomass waste derived from teak sawdust offers hope for untapped sawdust waste and has the potential to be used in a number of applications that need adsorption mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138983886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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