This study explored the synthesis of a heterogeneous catalyst derived from staghorn coral where it was utilised to convert palm olein into methyl esters through transesterification process. The prepared catalyst was characterised by various methods, namely Hammett indicator method, benzoic acid titration method, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)-N2 adsorption analysis, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on the results acquired from ATR-FTIR and XRD analyses, it was evident that staghorn coral was converted into calcium oxide (CaO) upon thermal activation at 900°C. The impacts of catalyst loading, reaction time and methanol/oil molar ratio on biodiesel content were investigated to determine the optimum reaction conditions. The methyl esters content of 62.07% was achieved under optimised parameters comprising 6 wt% catalyst loading, reaction time of 4 h and methanol to oil molar ratio of 15:1. All in all, despite the low percentage of biodiesel production, staghorn coral has shown to be a potent catalyst and its catalytic ability could be improved to a whole new level through further modifications.
{"title":"Biodiesel Synthesis through Methanolysis of Palm Olein Using Calcium Oxide Catalyst Derived from Staghorn Coral","authors":"Nabilah Atiqah Zul, Shangeetha Ganesan, M. Hussin","doi":"10.21315/jps2020.31.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2020.31.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored the synthesis of a heterogeneous catalyst derived from staghorn coral where it was utilised to convert palm olein into methyl esters through transesterification process. The prepared catalyst was characterised by various methods, namely Hammett indicator method, benzoic acid titration method, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)-N2 adsorption analysis, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on the results acquired from ATR-FTIR and XRD analyses, it was evident that staghorn coral was converted into calcium oxide (CaO) upon thermal activation at 900°C. The impacts of catalyst loading, reaction time and methanol/oil molar ratio on biodiesel content were investigated to determine the optimum reaction conditions. The methyl esters content of 62.07% was achieved under optimised parameters comprising 6 wt% catalyst loading, reaction time of 4 h and methanol to oil molar ratio of 15:1. All in all, despite the low percentage of biodiesel production, staghorn coral has shown to be a potent catalyst and its catalytic ability could be improved to a whole new level through further modifications.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91078655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-25DOI: 10.21315/jps2019.30.s2.18
B. Carre, M. Hébrant, N. Brosse, Nur Hanis Abd Latif, M. Hussin
Lignin is a biopolymer usable in many ways once it has been separated and delignified from biomass. In this training report, delignification of coconut husk fibres is performed, with the aim of recovering isolated lignin. In order to do so, different processes are carried out (autohydrolysis, dilute acid, organosolv and soda pulping treatments). The obtained lignin is characterised afterwards through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in order to check lignin presence and quality. Analyses show that lignin is indeed obtained in both experiments, though the yield is greater for the treatment with autohydrolysis. However, the global yield is quite low, adjustments of experimental parameters (time, temperature, ratio) shall be carried out.
{"title":"Effect of Different Prehydrolysis Processes on Lignin Extractability of Coconut Husk Fibres","authors":"B. Carre, M. Hébrant, N. Brosse, Nur Hanis Abd Latif, M. Hussin","doi":"10.21315/jps2019.30.s2.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2019.30.s2.18","url":null,"abstract":"Lignin is a biopolymer usable in many ways once it has been separated and delignified from biomass. In this training report, delignification of coconut husk fibres is performed, with the aim of recovering isolated lignin. In order to do so, different processes are carried out (autohydrolysis, dilute acid, organosolv and soda pulping treatments). The obtained lignin is characterised afterwards through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in order to check lignin presence and quality. Analyses show that lignin is indeed obtained in both experiments, though the yield is greater for the treatment with autohydrolysis. However, the global yield is quite low, adjustments of experimental parameters (time, temperature, ratio) shall be carried out.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82576555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-25DOI: 10.21315/jps2019.30.s2.16
Nadirah Zawani Mohd Nesfu, D. Laurain-Mattar, E. Kamarulzaman, H. Wahab, Iffah Izzati Zakaria, M. Hassan, N. Brosse, H. Osman
This research focuses on the in-silico study of ten synthesised indanone derivatives as dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) NS2B/NS3 protease inhibitor using Wilchapong et al. 's homology protein crystal structure. The effort to prevent the infection and cure the disease were escalating as the dengue virus transmission has been classified as an emerging infectious disease. The Lamarckian genetic algorithm was employed in Autodock 4.2 to determine the binding modes and synthesised compounds conformation towards DENV-2 NS2B/NS3 protease homology protein crystal structure. The in-silico study reveals that the compound, 3g and 3h have the highest binding affinity and fit into the allosteric pocket of DENV-2 NS2B/NS3 serine protease with hydrogen bonding, the π-π stacking interaction and hydrophobic interaction.
{"title":"The In-silico Studies of Benzylidene Indanone Derivatives Towards Dengue Virus Type-2 NS2B/NS3 Protease","authors":"Nadirah Zawani Mohd Nesfu, D. Laurain-Mattar, E. Kamarulzaman, H. Wahab, Iffah Izzati Zakaria, M. Hassan, N. Brosse, H. Osman","doi":"10.21315/jps2019.30.s2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2019.30.s2.16","url":null,"abstract":"This research focuses on the in-silico study of ten synthesised indanone derivatives as dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) NS2B/NS3 protease inhibitor using Wilchapong et al. 's homology protein crystal structure. The effort to prevent the infection and cure the disease were escalating as the dengue virus transmission has been classified as an emerging infectious disease. The Lamarckian genetic algorithm was employed in Autodock 4.2 to determine the binding modes and synthesised compounds conformation towards DENV-2 NS2B/NS3 protease homology protein crystal structure. The in-silico study reveals that the compound, 3g and 3h have the highest binding affinity and fit into the allosteric pocket of DENV-2 NS2B/NS3 serine protease with hydrogen bonding, the π-π stacking interaction and hydrophobic interaction.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80444093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-25DOI: 10.21315/jps2019.30.s2.13
Maizatul Najwa Jajuli, M. Hussin, A. A. Rahim, B. Saad, M. Hébrant, Grégoire Herzog
Liquid-liquid extraction is one of the analytical methods that is commonly used for separation of various analytes. Nevertheless, the method is not capable to operate with hydrophobic medical drugs, particularly metformin where the drug is essentially used as an antidiabetic (Type II diabetes). Preliminary studies on extractions of metformin, phenyl biguanide and propranolol were accomplished using electrochemically modulated liquid-liquid extraction (EMLLE) method as a sample preparation method. The principle is based on application of electrically driving force to transfer the desired ions across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). The extraction of three cationic drugs from artificial urine to 1, 2-dichoroethane, is controlled by external polarisation. By using ITIES cells, all of the drugs are found to transfer within the available potential window. The application of different galvani potential differences enables the selective extraction of drugs. Potential window of artificial urine shorter than lithium chloride as aqueous phase. Nevertheless, for both cases, the first drug to be extracted is propranolol which is the most hydrophobic drug and hence a lower potential is needed to transfer this cationic molecule across the interface as followed by phenylbiguanide and metformin.
{"title":"Preliminary Assays on Electrochemically Modulated Liquid-liquid Extraction of Metformin","authors":"Maizatul Najwa Jajuli, M. Hussin, A. A. Rahim, B. Saad, M. Hébrant, Grégoire Herzog","doi":"10.21315/jps2019.30.s2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2019.30.s2.13","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid-liquid extraction is one of the analytical methods that is commonly used for separation of various analytes. Nevertheless, the method is not capable to operate with hydrophobic medical drugs, particularly metformin where the drug is essentially used as an antidiabetic (Type II diabetes). Preliminary studies on extractions of metformin, phenyl biguanide and propranolol were accomplished using electrochemically modulated liquid-liquid extraction (EMLLE) method as a sample preparation method. The principle is based on application of electrically driving force to transfer the desired ions across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). The extraction of three cationic drugs from artificial urine to 1, 2-dichoroethane, is controlled by external polarisation. By using ITIES cells, all of the drugs are found to transfer within the available potential window. The application of different galvani potential differences enables the selective extraction of drugs. Potential window of artificial urine shorter than lithium chloride as aqueous phase. Nevertheless, for both cases, the first drug to be extracted is propranolol which is the most hydrophobic drug and hence a lower potential is needed to transfer this cationic molecule across the interface as followed by phenylbiguanide and metformin.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78238358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Saleh, Ghani Wan Azlina Wan Ab Karim, K. L. Soh
: The coal bottom ash (CBA) sourced from thermal power plant was chemically treated using hydrochloric acid (HCl), namely CBA-HCl, and used as an adsorbent for palm oil mill effluent (POME) decolourisation. The treated CBA-HCl was characterised for surface property via Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), surface chemistry via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and surface morphology via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Its effectiveness for adsorption of POME colour was investigated via batch experiments as a function of pH, initial POME concentration, adsorbent dosage and contact time. The adsorption increased with increasing contact time until an equilibrium state was achieved within 18 h to 24 h. The maximum POME colour removal, 81.15% was achieved at pH 6 utilising 14% (w/v) adsorbent dosage for 24 h. The colour adsorption isotherm and kinetics of the CBA-HCl was well-fitted with Freundlich and pseudo-second order models with correlation coefficient, R 2 = 0.9991 and R 2 = 0.9996, respectively. Based on the results, CBA can be a potential adsorbent in removing POME colour before being discharged into a watercourse.
{"title":"Treated Coal Bottom Ash for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Decolourisation","authors":"S. Saleh, Ghani Wan Azlina Wan Ab Karim, K. L. Soh","doi":"10.21315/jps2019.30.3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2019.30.3.7","url":null,"abstract":": The coal bottom ash (CBA) sourced from thermal power plant was chemically treated using hydrochloric acid (HCl), namely CBA-HCl, and used as an adsorbent for palm oil mill effluent (POME) decolourisation. The treated CBA-HCl was characterised for surface property via Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), surface chemistry via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and surface morphology via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Its effectiveness for adsorption of POME colour was investigated via batch experiments as a function of pH, initial POME concentration, adsorbent dosage and contact time. The adsorption increased with increasing contact time until an equilibrium state was achieved within 18 h to 24 h. The maximum POME colour removal, 81.15% was achieved at pH 6 utilising 14% (w/v) adsorbent dosage for 24 h. The colour adsorption isotherm and kinetics of the CBA-HCl was well-fitted with Freundlich and pseudo-second order models with correlation coefficient, R 2 = 0.9991 and R 2 = 0.9996, respectively. Based on the results, CBA can be a potential adsorbent in removing POME colour before being discharged into a watercourse.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89615083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-15DOI: 10.21315/jps2019.30.2.11
Nurul Fatihah Nik Sin, K. Ibrahim, N. Zainal
Growing interest in homoepitaxial growth of nitride-based devices has driven considerable efforts towards producing bulk gallium nitride single crystal as a substrate for the devices. Therefore, the process of producing the bulk gallium nitride crystal substrate should be simple and yet cost-effective to reduce the production cost of the devices. To date, several methods of growing bulk gallium nitride crystal have been proposed. Sodium flux method is one of the most promising ways since it requires a moderate growth temperature and growth pressure, as well as being simple and costeffective. This paper will briefly review the progress made to advance the growth of bulk gallium nitride single crystal by sodium flux method, including discussing challenges and proposing possible improvements in future.
{"title":"Growth of Bulk Gallium Nitride Single Crystal by Sodium Flux Method: A Brief\u0000 Review","authors":"Nurul Fatihah Nik Sin, K. Ibrahim, N. Zainal","doi":"10.21315/jps2019.30.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2019.30.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Growing interest in homoepitaxial growth of nitride-based devices has driven considerable efforts towards producing bulk gallium nitride single crystal as a substrate for the devices. Therefore, the process of producing the bulk gallium nitride crystal substrate should be simple and yet cost-effective to reduce the production cost of the devices. To date, several methods of growing bulk gallium nitride crystal have been proposed. Sodium flux method is one of the most promising ways since it requires a moderate growth temperature and growth pressure, as well as being simple and costeffective. This paper will briefly review the progress made to advance the growth of bulk gallium nitride single crystal by sodium flux method, including discussing challenges and proposing possible improvements in future.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80861494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pradnya Kosbe, P. Patil, M. Manickam, Gurunathan Ramamurthy, India Rane Brake Lining Ltd.
A suitable selection of a filler material enhances the mechanical and tribological characteristics of brake friction material. There are various types of fillers like organic, inorganic, metallic and natural fibres. Among these various types, metallic fillers are very important as they consist of different functional characteristics of brake friction material. Hence in this work, four friction composites are shown with identical parent composition (65 wt%) and varying steel powder from 0 wt% to 12 wt%, and barite from 35 wt% to 23 wt%, respectively in each composition, i.e., S0, S1, S2 and S3. All these four composites are characterised for physical and mechanical properties according to Indian Standards (IS). The coefficient of friction is investigated using a pin on disc tribometer. Finally, the correlation between physical properties and coefficient of friction is determined. It is concluded that inclusion of steel powder improved almost all the physical and mechanical properties. It is also observed that density, void content and hardness influence the coefficient of friction level.
{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Steel Powder\u0000 Filled Disc Brake Friction Materials","authors":"Pradnya Kosbe, P. Patil, M. Manickam, Gurunathan Ramamurthy, India Rane Brake Lining Ltd.","doi":"10.21315/jps2019.30.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2019.30.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"A suitable selection of a filler material enhances the mechanical and tribological characteristics of brake friction material. There are various types of fillers like organic, inorganic, metallic and natural fibres. Among these various types, metallic fillers are very important as they consist of different functional characteristics of brake friction material. Hence in this work, four friction composites are shown with identical parent composition (65 wt%) and varying steel powder from 0 wt% to 12 wt%, and barite from 35 wt% to 23 wt%, respectively in each composition, i.e., S0, S1, S2 and S3. All these four composites are characterised for physical and mechanical properties according to Indian Standards (IS). The coefficient of friction is investigated using a pin on disc tribometer. Finally, the correlation between physical properties and coefficient of friction is determined. It is concluded that inclusion of steel powder improved almost all the physical and mechanical properties. It is also observed that density, void content and hardness influence the coefficient of friction level.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78648014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
First-principles electronic structure calculations were employed for the electronic, magnetic and structural properties of rutile CrO2. This material is a ferromagnetic half-metal with a semiconducting gap of 1.85 eV. The sharing of a single electron by Cr-3dyz and dxz orbitals is responsible for the metallic behaviour of CrO2 for the majority spin channel. For the application of on-site Coulomb interaction U up to 4 eV, the electrons in the valence band polarise towards the Fermi level (EF), while the electrons in the conduction band polarise away from EF. The enhanced shifting of conduction bands of the spin minority channel is responsible for the augmentation of the semiconducting spin gap. This system undergoes a metal-insulator transition (MIT) upon the application of U = 5 eV. Due to the presence of electron correlation, the electron in the dxy orbital shifts well below EF, while bonding components of dyz and dxz orbitals are occupied by the remaining single electron. Nevertheless, anti-bonding components of these two states remain unoccupied. Consequently, a band gap of Eg ~ 0.2 eV is opened near EF. The double exchange interactions between the partially occupied Cr-t2g states and p-d hybridisations are responsible for the ferromagnetic behaviour of CrO2 in both halfmetallic and insulating phases.
{"title":"First-principles Electronic Study of Metal-insulator Transition in the Rutile CrO2\u0000 at Room Temperature","authors":"S. Biswas","doi":"10.21315/jps2019.30.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2019.30.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"First-principles electronic structure calculations were employed for the electronic, magnetic and structural properties of rutile CrO2. This material is a ferromagnetic half-metal with a semiconducting gap of 1.85 eV. The sharing of a single electron by Cr-3dyz and dxz orbitals is responsible for the metallic behaviour of CrO2 for the majority spin channel. For the application of on-site Coulomb interaction U up to 4 eV, the electrons in the valence band polarise towards the Fermi level (EF), while the electrons in the conduction band polarise away from EF. The enhanced shifting of conduction bands of the spin minority channel is responsible for the augmentation of the semiconducting spin gap. This system undergoes a metal-insulator transition (MIT) upon the application of U = 5 eV. Due to the presence of electron correlation, the electron in the dxy orbital shifts well below EF, while bonding components of dyz and dxz orbitals are occupied by the remaining single electron. Nevertheless, anti-bonding components of these two states remain unoccupied. Consequently, a band gap of Eg ~ 0.2 eV is opened near EF. The double exchange interactions between the partially occupied Cr-t2g states and p-d hybridisations are responsible for the ferromagnetic behaviour of CrO2 in both halfmetallic and insulating phases.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91209358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nur Fatin Silmi Mohd Azani, Caryn Tan Hui Chuin, N. Abdullah, S. Sharifuddin, M. Hussin
The aim of this research is to investigate and identify the absorption capacity of activated carbon derived from a rubber seed shell (RSS). An RSS was prepared through the conduction of a chemical activation process primarily using potassium hydroxide at a ratio of 1:1 followed by carbonisation at 400°C with N2 under a steady flow rate of 1 ml min–1 for 3 h. The produced RSS activated carbon (RSSAC) was characterised using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopyenergy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The SEM image obtained revealed the presence of a highly porous RSSAC surface, with an average pore diameter of 3.35 nm, indicating a mesoporous structure. EDX analysis depicted that C and K were major elements found in RSSAC with a compound percentage of 99.73% and 0.27%, respectively. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to investigate the adsorption properties of RSSAC towards the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye. The optimum dosage of RSSAC was determined to be 5.0 g per 100 ml. Effect of contact time revealed that the highest percentage removal of MB (99.62%) by RSSAC was obtained at a concentration of 100 mg l–1 during a time period of 1 h. In comparison, the effect of pH study affirmed that RSSAC achieved an average removal of 99% of MB in both acidic and basic media at 100 mg l–1. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process abides by the pseudosecond-order kinetic model. Based on the findings by utilising multiple approaches Activated Carbon from Rubber Seed 2 as mentioned, it can be proposed that RSSAC is a viable alternative to act as a green alternative adsorbent.
本研究的目的是研究和鉴定橡胶种子壳(RSS)活性炭的吸附能力。以氢氧化钾为主要原料，以1:1的比例通过化学活化过程制备RSS，然后在400°C用N2在1 ml min-1的稳定流速下碳化3小时。所制备的RSS活性炭(RSSAC)使用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、扫描电子显微镜、能量色散x射线(SEM-EDX)光谱、brunauer - emet - teller (BET)分析和热重分析(TGA)进行表征。SEM图像显示，RSSAC表面存在高孔结构，平均孔径为3.35 nm，为中孔结构。EDX分析显示，C和K是RSSAC的主要元素，复合比例分别为99.73%和0.27%。采用批吸附法研究了RSSAC对亚甲基蓝染料的吸附性能。RSSAC的最佳投加量为5.0 g / 100 ml。接触时间的影响表明，在100 mg - 1的浓度下，RSSAC对MB的去除率最高(99.62%)，时间为1 h。相比之下，pH的影响研究证实，在100 mg - 1的酸性和碱性培养基中，RSSAC对MB的平均去除率为99%。动力学研究表明，吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型。基于上述多种方法对橡胶籽2活性炭的研究结果，可以提出RSSAC是一种可行的绿色替代吸附剂。
{"title":"Characterisation and Kinetic Studies on Activated Carbon Derived from Rubber Seed\u0000 Shell for the Removal of Methylene Blue in Aqueous Solutions","authors":"Nur Fatin Silmi Mohd Azani, Caryn Tan Hui Chuin, N. Abdullah, S. Sharifuddin, M. Hussin","doi":"10.21315/jps2019.30.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2019.30.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research is to investigate and identify the absorption capacity of activated carbon derived from a rubber seed shell (RSS). An RSS was prepared through the conduction of a chemical activation process primarily using potassium hydroxide at a ratio of 1:1 followed by carbonisation at 400°C with N2 under a steady flow rate of 1 ml min–1 for 3 h. The produced RSS activated carbon (RSSAC) was characterised using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopyenergy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The SEM image obtained revealed the presence of a highly porous RSSAC surface, with an average pore diameter of 3.35 nm, indicating a mesoporous structure. EDX analysis depicted that C and K were major elements found in RSSAC with a compound percentage of 99.73% and 0.27%, respectively. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to investigate the adsorption properties of RSSAC towards the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye. The optimum dosage of RSSAC was determined to be 5.0 g per 100 ml. Effect of contact time revealed that the highest percentage removal of MB (99.62%) by RSSAC was obtained at a concentration of 100 mg l–1 during a time period of 1 h. In comparison, the effect of pH study affirmed that RSSAC achieved an average removal of 99% of MB in both acidic and basic media at 100 mg l–1. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process abides by the pseudosecond-order kinetic model. Based on the findings by utilising multiple approaches Activated Carbon from Rubber Seed 2 as mentioned, it can be proposed that RSSAC is a viable alternative to act as a green alternative adsorbent.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76855657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-15DOI: 10.21315/jps2019.30.2.10
N. Petchwattana, W. Channuan, P. Naknaen, B. Narupai
This study aims to produce the poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/teak wood composite filament for 3D printing application. Prior to the production of the wood plastic composite (WPC) filaments, PLA was modified to remedy the problem of brittleness and low-melt viscosity by core-shell rubber (CSR) particles and acrylic processing aid (APA). Two different particle sizes of teak wood flour (WF) were added to the modified-PLA (mPLA). Silane coupling agent was further added to improve the interfacial adhesion between the hydrophilic WF and hydrophobic mPLA matrix. Experimental results indicated that all formulations could be fabricated as 3D printing filaments. However, the filaments were successfully printed only for the mPLA with 74 μm WF. For 125 μm, the printer nozzle was clogged up with the agglomerated WF. WPC filaments had higher water uptake than those mPLA and neat PLA, but it significantly decreased with the silane compatibilisation. SEM result also confirmed the improvement of the interfacial bonding between mPLA and WF, which facilitated better fibre-matrix stress transfer and improved the overall mechanical strength.
{"title":"3D Printing Filaments Prepared from Modified Poly(Lactic Acid)/Teak Wood Flour\u0000 Composites: An Investigation on the Particle Size Effects and Silane Coupling Agent\u0000 Compatibilisation","authors":"N. Petchwattana, W. Channuan, P. Naknaen, B. Narupai","doi":"10.21315/jps2019.30.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2019.30.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to produce the poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/teak wood composite filament for 3D printing application. Prior to the production of the wood plastic composite (WPC) filaments, PLA was modified to remedy the problem of brittleness and low-melt viscosity by core-shell rubber (CSR) particles and acrylic processing aid (APA). Two different particle sizes of teak wood flour (WF) were added to the modified-PLA (mPLA). Silane coupling agent was further added to improve the interfacial adhesion between the hydrophilic WF and hydrophobic mPLA matrix. Experimental results indicated that all formulations could be fabricated as 3D printing filaments. However, the filaments were successfully printed only for the mPLA with 74 μm WF. For 125 μm, the printer nozzle was clogged up with the agglomerated WF. WPC filaments had higher water uptake than those mPLA and neat PLA, but it significantly decreased with the silane compatibilisation. SEM result also confirmed the improvement of the interfacial bonding between mPLA and WF, which facilitated better fibre-matrix stress transfer and improved the overall mechanical strength.","PeriodicalId":16757,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82170617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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