Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-9029.19.7.240
A. Ehigie, Abdulrasak Ma, Adeleke Ge, Ehigie Ol
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) which belongs to the family Solanaceae is one of the most important vegetable grown and consumed worldwide. Rhodanese activity distribution in the stem, leaf, green unripe fruit, yellow ripening fruit, and red ripe fruit tomato plant parts of tomato plant were compared. The yellow ripening fruit had the highest activity followed by the leaf then the stem then green unripe fruit, while the least activity was shown by the red ripe fruit. The activity difference between the red ripe fruit and those of the stem, leaf and yellow ripening fruit was statistically significant. Also, the activity difference between yellow ripening fruit and red ripe fruit was statistically significant. The purified rhodanese from the almond nuts had a specific activity of 4.45 RU/mg with yield of 0.2%. A Km value of 46.34 mM with Vmax 2.10 RU/ml/min were obtained from KCN while a Km value of 26.34 mM with Vmax of 1.52 RU/ml/min was obtained from N
番茄(Solanum lycopersicum Mill.)属于茄科，是全球种植和消费最重要的蔬菜之一。比较了Rhodanese活性在番茄植株茎、叶、绿色未熟果、黄色成熟果和红色成熟果番茄植株各部位的分布。黄熟果实活性最高，叶次之，茎次之，绿熟果实次之，红熟果实活性最低。红熟果实与茎、叶、黄熟果实活性差异有统计学意义。黄色成熟果实与红色成熟果实的活性差异有统计学意义。纯化后的罗丹斯比活性为4.45 RU/mg，产率为0.2%。KCN的Km值为46.34 mM, Vmax为2.10 RU/ml/min; N的Km值为26.34 mM, Vmax为1.52 RU/ml/min
{"title":"Comparison of Rhodanese Activity and Distribution in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) Plant Parts and its Physicochemical Characterization","authors":"A. Ehigie, Abdulrasak Ma, Adeleke Ge, Ehigie Ol","doi":"10.35248/2329-9029.19.7.240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-9029.19.7.240","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) which belongs to the family Solanaceae is one of the most important vegetable grown and consumed worldwide. Rhodanese activity distribution in the stem, leaf, green unripe fruit, yellow ripening fruit, and red ripe fruit tomato plant parts of tomato plant were compared. The yellow ripening fruit had the highest activity followed by the leaf then the stem then green unripe fruit, while the least activity was shown by the red ripe fruit. The activity difference between the red ripe fruit and those of the stem, leaf and yellow ripening fruit was statistically significant. Also, the activity difference between yellow ripening fruit and red ripe fruit was statistically significant. The purified rhodanese from the almond nuts had a specific activity of 4.45 RU/mg with yield of 0.2%. A Km value of 46.34 mM with Vmax 2.10 RU/ml/min were obtained from KCN while a Km value of 26.34 mM with Vmax of 1.52 RU/ml/min was obtained from N","PeriodicalId":16778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Biochemistry & Physiology","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72760596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-9029.19.7.242
Ojeniyi Fd, A. Ehigie, Ehigie Ol
Cyanide remediation potential of plants is due to their ability to synthesize cyanogenic glucosides. Naturally, cyanogenic plants not only synthesize organic cyanides but are also imbue with efficient degradation potentiality. Example of such plants is Chromolaena odorata which is widely known to be effectively used as a therapy against several ailments. Recently, the plant has been employed in the remediation of cyanide from contaminated sites. Cyanide intoxication mediate pathologic effects on different tissues that precede alterations in biochemical parameters. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of sublethal cyanide exposure and ameliorative effects of sodium thiosulphate and ethanol Extract of Chromolaena odorata (ECO) administered singly and in combination on some enzyme activities in rats. Thirty five male rats were divided into seven groups. All test groups received potassium cyanide (KCN) at 7 mg/kg body weight; Control group:received distilled water daily for the experimental period. Cyanide group: received KCN at 7.0 mg/kg administered via gavage; KCN+100ECO group:received KCN and 100 mg/kg of ECO; KCN+150ECO group:received KCN and 150 mg/kg of ECO; KCN+200ECO group:received KCN and 200 mg/kg of ECO; KCN+Na2S2O3 group:received KCN and oral administration of sodium thiosulphate at 200 mg/kg; KCN+ECO+Na2S2O3 group:received KCN and oral administration of both sodium thiosulphate and ECO at 200 mg/kg. At the end of the experiment, activities of Rhodanese, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and superoxide dismutase were measured. Potassium cyanide administration caused alteration in the measured enzymes while sodium thiosulphate and Chromolaena odorata ethanol extracts relieved the alterations. Whereas, combination of the two regimen showed a synergistic effect. The altered tissue activities of some enzymes in the present study might reflect the metabolic disturbances due to cyanide intoxication. However, further research should be focused on this issue for better understanding of the fine mechanism of cyanide effects upon metabolic enzyme activities.
{"title":"Evaluation of Enzymatic Changes in Sublethal Cyanide Poisoning Wistar Rats Treated with Chromolaena odorata (Linn.) and Sodium Thiosulphate","authors":"Ojeniyi Fd, A. Ehigie, Ehigie Ol","doi":"10.35248/2329-9029.19.7.242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-9029.19.7.242","url":null,"abstract":"Cyanide remediation potential of plants is due to their ability to synthesize cyanogenic glucosides. Naturally, cyanogenic plants not only synthesize organic cyanides but are also imbue with efficient degradation potentiality. Example of such plants is Chromolaena odorata which is widely known to be effectively used as a therapy against several ailments. Recently, the plant has been employed in the remediation of cyanide from contaminated sites. Cyanide intoxication mediate pathologic effects on different tissues that precede alterations in biochemical parameters. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of sublethal cyanide exposure and ameliorative effects of sodium thiosulphate and ethanol Extract of Chromolaena odorata (ECO) administered singly and in combination on some enzyme activities in rats. Thirty five male rats were divided into seven groups. All test groups received potassium cyanide (KCN) at 7 mg/kg body weight; Control group:received distilled water daily for the experimental period. Cyanide group: received KCN at 7.0 mg/kg administered via gavage; KCN+100ECO group:received KCN and 100 mg/kg of ECO; KCN+150ECO group:received KCN and 150 mg/kg of ECO; KCN+200ECO group:received KCN and 200 mg/kg of ECO; KCN+Na2S2O3 group:received KCN and oral administration of sodium thiosulphate at 200 mg/kg; KCN+ECO+Na2S2O3 group:received KCN and oral administration of both sodium thiosulphate and ECO at 200 mg/kg. At the end of the experiment, activities of Rhodanese, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and superoxide dismutase were measured. Potassium cyanide administration caused alteration in the measured enzymes while sodium thiosulphate and Chromolaena odorata ethanol extracts relieved the alterations. Whereas, combination of the two regimen showed a synergistic effect. The altered tissue activities of some enzymes in the present study might reflect the metabolic disturbances due to cyanide intoxication. However, further research should be focused on this issue for better understanding of the fine mechanism of cyanide effects upon metabolic enzyme activities.","PeriodicalId":16778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Biochemistry & Physiology","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82482015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-9029.19.7.234
H. Amoanimaa-Dede, Z. Hongbo, Winifred Tawiah Kyereko, Akwasi Yeboah, K. G. Agyenim-Boateng, M. Sakyi, C. Asiamah
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) has several phytochemicals including anthocyanin that provide many special health-promoting functions as well as other functional components. Sweet potato is thought to be a healthgiving food owing to the numerous diversities of natural products, especially antioxidants. Anthocyanins are natural hydro-soluble pigments which give the purple, blue and red colouration evident in fruits, leaves, flowers, and storage organs. Anthocyanins are beneficial to human health due to their potent antioxidative properties which protect against several chronic disorders, thus a valuable constituent in the human diet. The pathway for biosynthesis of anthocyanin has been clearly defined with its key regulatory genes identified and segregated in diverse species. Cyanidin or Peonidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside with associated acylated derivate are the two primary anthocyanins identified in purple-fleshed sweet potato. Anthocyanins in sweet potato are of great importance to plants, animals, humans and possess scientific benefits as well. This article provides a summary of current findings on the function, structure, and biosynthesis of anthocyanin in sweet potato.
{"title":"Structure, Functions and Biosynthetic Pathway of Naturally Occurring Anthocyanin in Sweet Potato - A Review","authors":"H. Amoanimaa-Dede, Z. Hongbo, Winifred Tawiah Kyereko, Akwasi Yeboah, K. G. Agyenim-Boateng, M. Sakyi, C. Asiamah","doi":"10.35248/2329-9029.19.7.234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-9029.19.7.234","url":null,"abstract":"Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) has several phytochemicals including anthocyanin that provide many special health-promoting functions as well as other functional components. Sweet potato is thought to be a healthgiving food owing to the numerous diversities of natural products, especially antioxidants. Anthocyanins are natural hydro-soluble pigments which give the purple, blue and red colouration evident in fruits, leaves, flowers, and storage organs. Anthocyanins are beneficial to human health due to their potent antioxidative properties which protect against several chronic disorders, thus a valuable constituent in the human diet. The pathway for biosynthesis of anthocyanin has been clearly defined with its key regulatory genes identified and segregated in diverse species. Cyanidin or Peonidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside with associated acylated derivate are the two primary anthocyanins identified in purple-fleshed sweet potato. Anthocyanins in sweet potato are of great importance to plants, animals, humans and possess scientific benefits as well. This article provides a summary of current findings on the function, structure, and biosynthesis of anthocyanin in sweet potato.","PeriodicalId":16778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Biochemistry & Physiology","volume":"72 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89179244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-9029.1000231
Z. Asad, M. Ahsan, M. Ashfaq
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most important plant viruses and a major threat to a wide range of hosts. Prevalence of CMV in Pakistan is alarming for vegetable production especially cucurbits. The present study was done to estimate the prevalence, distribution as well as coat protein base identification of this notorious virus. During 2015-16 incidence of CMV was recorded in cucumber field in the Pothwar region of Pakistan (Rawalpindi, Attock, Jhelum, Chakwal, and Islamabad). During survey 150 samples were collected and tested through DASELISA (Double Antibody Sandwiched Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Results show that CMV prevails throughout the region. Maximum disease incidence was recorded in Rawalpindi (50%) followed by Chakwal (46%), Attock (43%), Islamabad (40%) and Jhelum (36%). Virus infectivity was assayed by indicator plants (Capsicum annuum, Cucumis sativus cv, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Nicotiana tabacum, and Datura stramonium) through mechanical inoculation. Upon mechanical inoculation, plants show Chlorotic lesion, Necrotic lesion, Mosaic, Stunting, Spots. Coat protein (CP) gene-specific forward (CMVF-45) and reverse (CMVR-45) primer amplified 500bp fragments through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
{"title":"Serological and Molecular Identification Based on Coat Protein (CP) Gene of Cucumber mosaic Virus (CMV) Infecting Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) in Pothwar Region of Pakistan","authors":"Z. Asad, M. Ahsan, M. Ashfaq","doi":"10.4172/2329-9029.1000231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9029.1000231","url":null,"abstract":"Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most important plant viruses and a major threat to a wide range of hosts. Prevalence of CMV in Pakistan is alarming for vegetable production especially cucurbits. The present study was done to estimate the prevalence, distribution as well as coat protein base identification of this notorious virus. During 2015-16 incidence of CMV was recorded in cucumber field in the Pothwar region of Pakistan (Rawalpindi, Attock, Jhelum, Chakwal, and Islamabad). During survey 150 samples were collected and tested through DASELISA (Double Antibody Sandwiched Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Results show that CMV prevails throughout the region. Maximum disease incidence was recorded in Rawalpindi (50%) followed by Chakwal (46%), Attock (43%), Islamabad (40%) and Jhelum (36%). Virus infectivity was assayed by indicator plants (Capsicum annuum, Cucumis sativus cv, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Nicotiana tabacum, and Datura stramonium) through mechanical inoculation. Upon mechanical inoculation, plants show Chlorotic lesion, Necrotic lesion, Mosaic, Stunting, Spots. Coat protein (CP) gene-specific forward (CMVF-45) and reverse (CMVR-45) primer amplified 500bp fragments through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).","PeriodicalId":16778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Biochemistry & Physiology","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82574168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-9029.19.7.237
E. Applebaum, H Schlangemann, M. Shelomi
Objective: The goal was to determine the correlation of anythocyanin production and receptor expression in different Tangela (Monjara tangelo) tissues to their color and known growth rates, and pin the molecular factors underlying vine whipping and defensive compound production. Methodology: Monjara tangela were exposed to varying levels of light:dark in regulated growth chambers for a period of eight weeks. Young vines and root scrapings were taken at each day in the experiment for cDNA extraction and quantitative PCR performed for chlorophyll, xanthophyll, and anthocyanin receptor expression. Results: Growth of finely glaucous vines was constant throughout the study period, with consistent development of fibrous swellings along the root apical meristem. In all conditions, flowering did not occur, with asexual runners produced consisting of no bracts and very few true leaves. Between the 3th and 5th week, the root meristem began to accumulate anthocyanin and turned red while the apical meristems differentiated into whip primordia. Chlorophyll a accumulation ceased at the onset of anthocyanin synthesis and the protein content per unit leaf area declined. Western blot analysis confirmed that reduced chlorophyll a and b expression at this time correlates with the maturation of the roots and the reallocation of proteomic resources towards developing the defensive semichemicals associated with its soporiforous spore production. The data can be used for future gene knockout experiments and better management of plant cultivation.
{"title":"Anthocyanin Receptor Expressions Across Tangela (Monjara tangela) Vines","authors":"E. Applebaum, H Schlangemann, M. Shelomi","doi":"10.35248/2329-9029.19.7.237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-9029.19.7.237","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The goal was to determine the correlation of anythocyanin production and receptor expression in different Tangela (Monjara tangelo) tissues to their color and known growth rates, and pin the molecular factors underlying vine whipping and defensive compound production. Methodology: Monjara tangela were exposed to varying levels of light:dark in regulated growth chambers for a period of eight weeks. Young vines and root scrapings were taken at each day in the experiment for cDNA extraction and quantitative PCR performed for chlorophyll, xanthophyll, and anthocyanin receptor expression. Results: Growth of finely glaucous vines was constant throughout the study period, with consistent development of fibrous swellings along the root apical meristem. In all conditions, flowering did not occur, with asexual runners produced consisting of no bracts and very few true leaves. Between the 3th and 5th week, the root meristem began to accumulate anthocyanin and turned red while the apical meristems differentiated into whip primordia. Chlorophyll a accumulation ceased at the onset of anthocyanin synthesis and the protein content per unit leaf area declined. Western blot analysis confirmed that reduced chlorophyll a and b expression at this time correlates with the maturation of the roots and the reallocation of proteomic resources towards developing the defensive semichemicals associated with its soporiforous spore production. The data can be used for future gene knockout experiments and better management of plant cultivation.","PeriodicalId":16778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Biochemistry & Physiology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85303778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-9029.1000236
Irene Wm, Alumiro Hl, Asava Kk, Agw, Anami Se
Access to planting materials is one of the main challenges constraining the widespread adoption of the disease resistant Coffea arabica L. F1 hybrid variety Ruiru 11 in Kenya. Production of the planting materials for the variety relies on several cost-intensive methods including hand pollination for hybrid seed production and vegetative propagation through cuttings. These seed production methods are inefficient and costly and rely heavily on the weather conditions. Production and supply of planting materials for the commodity is therefore unable to meet the annual demand for the variety. In an attempt to bridge the gap between the supply and demand, tissue culture technique has been deployed at the Coffee Research Institute in Kenya. This however requires empirical tests to optimise in vitro mass propagation protocols for hybrid coffee varieties. The current study investigated the effects of genotype and plant growth regulators, auxins and cytokinins, on induction of embryogenic callus in two composite genotypes of Coffea arabica L. F1 hybrid variety Ruiru 11. Code 71 and Code 93. Leaf explants from the F1 hybrid were cultured on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with varied concentrations of plant growth regulators. Callus formation was evaluated weekly until the 60th day. Genotypic effects were assessed based difference on callus induction rates, biomass fresh weights and callus formation. The genotypes tested showed highest callus induction 88% (Code 71) and 100% (Code 93) with respect to the formation of embryogenic calli. Highest fresh weight was obtained at 0.973 ± 0.011g in Code 71 and 0.649 ± 0.03 g in Code 93 in MS media supplemented with 2,4-D + BAP (2.5+0.5 mg/L). The observed results are useful in formulating the best growth regulator concentration suitable for mass in vitro propagation of genotypes of Arabica coffee hybrid Ruiru 11 through callus induction in vitro of leaf explants.
{"title":"Effects of Genotype and Plant Growth Regulators on Callus Induction in Leaf Cultures of Coffea arabica L. F1 Hybrid","authors":"Irene Wm, Alumiro Hl, Asava Kk, Agw, Anami Se","doi":"10.4172/2329-9029.1000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9029.1000236","url":null,"abstract":"Access to planting materials is one of the main challenges constraining the widespread adoption of the disease resistant Coffea arabica L. F1 hybrid variety Ruiru 11 in Kenya. Production of the planting materials for the variety relies on several cost-intensive methods including hand pollination for hybrid seed production and vegetative propagation through cuttings. These seed production methods are inefficient and costly and rely heavily on the weather conditions. Production and supply of planting materials for the commodity is therefore unable to meet the annual demand for the variety. In an attempt to bridge the gap between the supply and demand, tissue culture technique has been deployed at the Coffee Research Institute in Kenya. This however requires empirical tests to optimise in vitro mass propagation protocols for hybrid coffee varieties. The current study investigated the effects of genotype and plant growth regulators, auxins and cytokinins, on induction of embryogenic callus in two composite genotypes of Coffea arabica L. F1 hybrid variety Ruiru 11. Code 71 and Code 93. Leaf explants from the F1 hybrid were cultured on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with varied concentrations of plant growth regulators. Callus formation was evaluated weekly until the 60th day. Genotypic effects were assessed based difference on callus induction rates, biomass fresh weights and callus formation. The genotypes tested showed highest callus induction 88% (Code 71) and 100% (Code 93) with respect to the formation of embryogenic calli. Highest fresh weight was obtained at 0.973 ± 0.011g in Code 71 and 0.649 ± 0.03 g in Code 93 in MS media supplemented with 2,4-D + BAP (2.5+0.5 mg/L). The observed results are useful in formulating the best growth regulator concentration suitable for mass in vitro propagation of genotypes of Arabica coffee hybrid Ruiru 11 through callus induction in vitro of leaf explants.","PeriodicalId":16778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Biochemistry & Physiology","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77102771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-9029.19.7.235
Asma Akasha, M. Ashraf, A. Shereen, W. Mahboob, Summiya Faisal
High temperature retards plant growth and development. Major objective of this study was to assess heat tolerant potencies of forty rice cultivars at seedling stage and check the effectiveness of salicylic acid (SA) in improving thermo-tolerance. Rice seeds were sown in plastic bowls containing sand and heat stress (45°C) was applied on 15- days old seedlings for 12 and 24 h in growth incubators. Growth related stress tolerance indices were used as screening tools. Among all, two heat sensitive (Rambir and DM 15-1) and heat tolerant (RP2 and DM1-30-15-04) cultivars were selected for SA studies. SA spray (100 mg L-1) was used on 15-days old seedlings and heat stress (45°C) was imposed on 19-days old seedlings for 12 h and 24 h. Growth (root and shoot lengths and fresh and dry biomasses) and biochemical attributes (nitrate and nitrite reductase, total soluble sugars, proteins, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous and magnesium) were measured. Heat shock reduced seedling growth, enzymatic activities and mineral contents. However, SA enhanced fresh and dry biomass, concentration of organic and inorganic solutes in all genotypes under heat stress. SA improved thermo-tolerance in RP2 and DM1-30-15-04 genotypes. These heat tolerant genotypes have capability to give better seedling growth and stand establishment.
{"title":"Heat Tolerance Screening Studies and Evaluating Salicylic Acid Efficacy against High Temperature in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes","authors":"Asma Akasha, M. Ashraf, A. Shereen, W. Mahboob, Summiya Faisal","doi":"10.35248/2329-9029.19.7.235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-9029.19.7.235","url":null,"abstract":"High temperature retards plant growth and development. Major objective of this study was to assess heat tolerant potencies of forty rice cultivars at seedling stage and check the effectiveness of salicylic acid (SA) in improving thermo-tolerance. Rice seeds were sown in plastic bowls containing sand and heat stress (45°C) was applied on 15- days old seedlings for 12 and 24 h in growth incubators. Growth related stress tolerance indices were used as screening tools. Among all, two heat sensitive (Rambir and DM 15-1) and heat tolerant (RP2 and DM1-30-15-04) cultivars were selected for SA studies. SA spray (100 mg L-1) was used on 15-days old seedlings and heat stress (45°C) was imposed on 19-days old seedlings for 12 h and 24 h. Growth (root and shoot lengths and fresh and dry biomasses) and biochemical attributes (nitrate and nitrite reductase, total soluble sugars, proteins, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous and magnesium) were measured. Heat shock reduced seedling growth, enzymatic activities and mineral contents. However, SA enhanced fresh and dry biomass, concentration of organic and inorganic solutes in all genotypes under heat stress. SA improved thermo-tolerance in RP2 and DM1-30-15-04 genotypes. These heat tolerant genotypes have capability to give better seedling growth and stand establishment.","PeriodicalId":16778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Biochemistry & Physiology","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81797134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-9029.1000214
M. Hasan, Manoj Kumar, R. D. Rai, Archana Singh, Bhaumik Sb, K. Gaikwad
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) known as bread wheat (hexaploid), is an important cereal for millions around the world. Excessive salts in soil affect growth, development and productivity of crop plants and have been major constraints to agriculture. Plants, being sessile in nature, have developed mechanisms to cope with high salt concentrations in soil. To understand salt-tolerance in crop plant and its improvement, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Lipid Peroxidation (LP), total Antioxidant activity (AO) and high affinity potassium transporters (HKTs) in shoot and root regions of contrasting wheat genotype WH 542 (salt-susceptible) and KRL 210 (salt-tolerant) were studied on seed priming with two different biotic elicitors-Salicylic Acid (SA) and Methyl Jasmonate (MJ). Primed seeds were sown in pots under controlled conditions in phytotron and were exposed to 150 mM NaCl stress after 14 days of germination. Expression pattern of HKT genes in the root and shoot of the primed and unprimed as well as stressed and unstressed seedlings were also studied using semi-quantitative and quantitative analysis. Higher levels of TPC, LP and AO activity were observed in the contrasting wheat genotypes under salt stressed condition. Both HKT1 and HKT3 genes were involved in regulating ion homeostasis. Up and down regulation of expression of HKT genes in shoot and root, respectively, provide resistance against salt uptake. Biotic elicitors (SA and MJ) were found to mitigate the effect of salt-stress by affecting expression of HKT genes as well their biochemical-processes. MJ showed better response than that of SA, and can be utilized to improve defense responses of crop plant against salt stress. The regulation of gene expressions and signaling cascades that regulate Na+ transporters remain to be elucidated and these studies will help in understanding the mechanism of ion homeostasis during salt stress to improve crop yield.
小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)被称为面包小麦(六倍体)，是世界上数百万人的重要谷物。土壤中盐分过多影响作物的生长、发育和生产力，并已成为农业的主要制约因素。植物在自然界中是无根的，它们已经发展出了应对土壤中高盐浓度的机制。为了解作物的耐盐性及其改良，采用水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸甲酯(MJ)两种不同生物诱导剂对小麦基因型wh542(盐敏感型)和krl210(盐耐受性强型)的茎部和根部总酚含量(TPC)、脂质过氧化(LP)、总抗氧化活性(AO)和高亲和钾转运体(HKTs)进行了研究。在可控条件下盆栽播种，萌发14 d后处理150 mM NaCl胁迫。采用半定量和定量分析方法，研究了HKT基因在诱导和未诱导、胁迫和未胁迫幼苗根和茎中的表达规律。盐胁迫条件下，不同基因型小麦的TPC、LP和AO活性均较高。HKT1和HKT3基因均参与调控离子稳态。在茎部和根部分别上调和下调HKT基因的表达，提供对盐吸收的抗性。生物激发子(SA和MJ)通过影响HKT基因的表达及其生化过程来减轻盐胁迫的影响。MJ对盐胁迫的响应优于SA，可用于提高作物对盐胁迫的防御反应。调控Na+转运体的基因表达和信号级联仍有待阐明，这些研究将有助于了解盐胁迫下离子稳态的机制，从而提高作物产量。
{"title":"Role of Biotic Elicitors as Potent Inducer of Defence Mechanism against Salt-Stress in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","authors":"M. Hasan, Manoj Kumar, R. D. Rai, Archana Singh, Bhaumik Sb, K. Gaikwad","doi":"10.4172/2329-9029.1000214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9029.1000214","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) known as bread wheat (hexaploid), is an important cereal for millions around the world. Excessive salts in soil affect growth, development and productivity of crop plants and have been major constraints to agriculture. Plants, being sessile in nature, have developed mechanisms to cope with high salt concentrations in soil. To understand salt-tolerance in crop plant and its improvement, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Lipid Peroxidation (LP), total Antioxidant activity (AO) and high affinity potassium transporters (HKTs) in shoot and root regions of contrasting wheat genotype WH 542 (salt-susceptible) and KRL 210 (salt-tolerant) were studied on seed priming with two different biotic elicitors-Salicylic Acid (SA) and Methyl Jasmonate (MJ). Primed seeds were sown in pots under controlled conditions in phytotron and were exposed to 150 mM NaCl stress after 14 days of germination. Expression pattern of HKT genes in the root and shoot of the primed and unprimed as well as stressed and unstressed seedlings were also studied using semi-quantitative and quantitative analysis. Higher levels of TPC, LP and AO activity were observed in the contrasting wheat genotypes under salt stressed condition. Both HKT1 and HKT3 genes were involved in regulating ion homeostasis. Up and down regulation of expression of HKT genes in shoot and root, respectively, provide resistance against salt uptake. Biotic elicitors (SA and MJ) were found to mitigate the effect of salt-stress by affecting expression of HKT genes as well their biochemical-processes. MJ showed better response than that of SA, and can be utilized to improve defense responses of crop plant against salt stress. The regulation of gene expressions and signaling cascades that regulate Na+ transporters remain to be elucidated and these studies will help in understanding the mechanism of ion homeostasis during salt stress to improve crop yield.","PeriodicalId":16778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Biochemistry & Physiology","volume":"43 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77153222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-9029.1000212
R. Bala
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the primary form of auxin in plants and several IAA biosynthetic pathways have been previously proposed but remain genetically uncharacterized. One of the existing pathways is the indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) pathway, which is known to regulate key developmental processes such as apical hook formation and shade avoidance. Recent studies suggest the existence of the pathway in higher plants but are unverified due to the elusive nature of IPyA in vitro. Extending on these recent advances, this research was aimed at investigating aspects of IPyA-dependent auxin biology in Pisum sativum (pea) using reverse genetics. Consequently, using a reverse genetic approach, called TILLING, the PsTAR2 gene was mutated in order to study firsthand the downstream effects of IPyA deficiency. The procedure resulted in isolating two novel PsTAR2 (IPyA) mutant lines consisting of a missense mutation (PsTAR2 4280) and a highly desired knockout mutation (PsTAR2 918). The novel mutants are anticipated to be indispensable to future IPyA-auxin investigations in higher plants.
{"title":"Identification and Characterization of Novel Auxin Biosynthetic Mutants","authors":"R. Bala","doi":"10.4172/2329-9029.1000212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9029.1000212","url":null,"abstract":"Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the primary form of auxin in plants and several IAA biosynthetic pathways have been previously proposed but remain genetically uncharacterized. One of the existing pathways is the indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) pathway, which is known to regulate key developmental processes such as apical hook formation and shade avoidance. Recent studies suggest the existence of the pathway in higher plants but are unverified due to the elusive nature of IPyA in vitro. Extending on these recent advances, this research was aimed at investigating aspects of IPyA-dependent auxin biology in Pisum sativum (pea) using reverse genetics. Consequently, using a reverse genetic approach, called TILLING, the PsTAR2 gene was mutated in order to study firsthand the downstream effects of IPyA deficiency. The procedure resulted in isolating two novel PsTAR2 (IPyA) mutant lines consisting of a missense mutation (PsTAR2 4280) and a highly desired knockout mutation (PsTAR2 918). The novel mutants are anticipated to be indispensable to future IPyA-auxin investigations in higher plants.","PeriodicalId":16778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Biochemistry & Physiology","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88359076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-9029.1000225
M. Jawhar, Till Bj, A. Albaterni, A. Skiheita, Arabi Mie, Y. Bakri, N. Mirali
Xylanase (endo-1, 4-B-xylanases, EC 3.2.1.8) is a class of enzymes that are involved in the breaking down of hemicellulose. Nowadays, it has attracted special attention due to its potential applications in many processing industries [1]. In nature, plant pathogens use these and other enzymes to degrade plant cell walls. As such, characterization of xylanases and xylanase gene diversity has implications for plantpathogen interaction and disease control [2-4]. The ability to break down plant cell walls also has important applications for human endeavours such as in the paper making industry and more recently for the production of biofuels [5]. Although xylanases from eubacteria and archaebacteria have considerably higher temperature optima and stability than those of fungi, the amount of enzyme produced by these bacteria is comparatively lower than that produced by fungi [6-8].
木聚糖酶(endo1,4 - b -xylanases, EC 3.2.1.8)是一类参与半纤维素分解的酶。目前，由于其在许多加工行业的潜在应用，引起了人们的特别关注[1]。在自然界中，植物病原体利用这些酶和其他酶来降解植物细胞壁。因此，表征木聚糖酶和木聚糖酶基因多样性对植物病原体相互作用和疾病控制具有重要意义[2-4]。分解植物细胞壁的能力在人类活动中也有重要的应用，如造纸工业和最近的生物燃料生产[5]。虽然真细菌和古细菌的木聚糖酶具有明显高于真菌的最适温度和稳定性，但这些细菌产生的酶的数量相对低于真菌[6-8]。
{"title":"EcoTILLING in Cochliobolus sativus Isolates Reveals Polymorphisms in the XYL1 and XYL2","authors":"M. Jawhar, Till Bj, A. Albaterni, A. Skiheita, Arabi Mie, Y. Bakri, N. Mirali","doi":"10.4172/2329-9029.1000225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9029.1000225","url":null,"abstract":"Xylanase (endo-1, 4-B-xylanases, EC 3.2.1.8) is a class of enzymes that are involved in the breaking down of hemicellulose. Nowadays, it has attracted special attention due to its potential applications in many processing industries [1]. In nature, plant pathogens use these and other enzymes to degrade plant cell walls. As such, characterization of xylanases and xylanase gene diversity has implications for plantpathogen interaction and disease control [2-4]. The ability to break down plant cell walls also has important applications for human endeavours such as in the paper making industry and more recently for the production of biofuels [5]. Although xylanases from eubacteria and archaebacteria have considerably higher temperature optima and stability than those of fungi, the amount of enzyme produced by these bacteria is comparatively lower than that produced by fungi [6-8].","PeriodicalId":16778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Biochemistry & Physiology","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80544049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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