Microtrichia perotitii DC. belongs to the family Asteraceae (Compositeae) and it is a herb found in the West African countries. The aim of this research was to establish pharmacognostic standards for M. perotitii through macroscopic, microscopic, chemo-microscopic and physico-chemical investigations. The macroscopic studies revealed the shape of the leaf as small with acute apex, asymmetric base, pubescent surface with long petiole and a serrated margin. Organoleptically, the leaf is green, slightly bitter and pepperish with an unpleasant odour. The microscopic studies of the leaf showed epidermal cells with irregularly thickened walls, numerous anomocytic stomata, and multicellular covering trichomes on both upper and lower epidermis. The transverse section of the leaf showed that it was dorsiventral with separated elements of vascular bundle. The powdered leaf revealed calcium oxalate crystals (prism and rosette), starch (oval) and xylem (spiral). Quantitative-leaf microscopy revealed the leaf constants as palisade ratio (3.2-3.4); stomatal number (258-285); stomatal index (19.5-24.7); vein-islet number (6.0-8.0) and vein-let termination number (8.0-11.0). The physico-chemical constants of the leaf showed moisture content (12.67 %), total ash (20.33 %), acid –insoluble ash (27.3 %), water- soluble ash (81.18 %), water extractive values (40.9 %) and alcohol extractive values (25.45 %). This is the first time the pharmacognostic parameters of the leaf of M. perotitii were studied and it will be quite useful for its identification, standardization and inclusion in various pharmacopoeias. Key words: Microtrichia perotitii, macroscopical, microscopical, physico-chemical, pharmacognostic.
{"title":"Pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaf of Microtrichia perotitii DC. (Asteraceae)","authors":"M. Abdullahi, N. Ilyas, I. Hajara, Y. M. Kabir","doi":"10.5897/JPP2018.0490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2018.0490","url":null,"abstract":"Microtrichia perotitii DC. belongs to the family Asteraceae (Compositeae) and it is a herb found in the West African countries. The aim of this research was to establish pharmacognostic standards for M. perotitii through macroscopic, microscopic, chemo-microscopic and physico-chemical investigations. The macroscopic studies revealed the shape of the leaf as small with acute apex, asymmetric base, pubescent surface with long petiole and a serrated margin. Organoleptically, the leaf is green, slightly bitter and pepperish with an unpleasant odour. The microscopic studies of the leaf showed epidermal cells with irregularly thickened walls, numerous anomocytic stomata, and multicellular covering trichomes on both upper and lower epidermis. The transverse section of the leaf showed that it was dorsiventral with separated elements of vascular bundle. The powdered leaf revealed calcium oxalate crystals (prism and rosette), starch (oval) and xylem (spiral). Quantitative-leaf microscopy revealed the leaf constants as palisade ratio (3.2-3.4); stomatal number (258-285); stomatal index (19.5-24.7); vein-islet number (6.0-8.0) and vein-let termination number (8.0-11.0). The physico-chemical constants of the leaf showed moisture content (12.67 %), total ash (20.33 %), acid –insoluble ash (27.3 %), water- soluble ash (81.18 %), water extractive values (40.9 %) and alcohol extractive values (25.45 %). This is the first time the pharmacognostic parameters of the leaf of M. perotitii were studied and it will be quite useful for its identification, standardization and inclusion in various pharmacopoeias. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Microtrichia perotitii, macroscopical, microscopical, physico-chemical, pharmacognostic.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"55 1","pages":"76-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83735738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is considered toxic and has other life-threatening side effects including dyslipidemia. There is no research report on the health effects of Ethiopian highland green tea. Previous work data from elsewhere suggest that lipid abnormalities are associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective effect of green tea (Ocimum gratissimum) hydro-ethanolic leaf extract on highly active antiretroviral therapy induced dyslipidemia in albino Wistar rats. Thirty rats of age 10 to 12 weeks and similar weights were selected and divided in to 5 groups of six rats each. Group-I (normal control group) were given distilled water, Group II were given HAART only, Groups III, IV and V were given antiretroviral therapy and 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of extract, respectively for sixty days. The dissolved crude extracts of different doses were given to rats using oral gavage. On experiment day, the rats were fasted overnight, sacrificed by cervical dislocation and blood was taken by cardiac puncture for lipid profile investigation. Lipid profile was measured spectrophotometrically using standard kits and procedures. Elevated levels of serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed in highly active antiretroviral therapy treated group. The rats that received HAART+400 mg of O. gratissimum showed a significant decrement of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05) with no alteration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. The green tea leaf extract with a dose of 400 mg/kg has a good protective effect against HAART induced dyslipidemia which might be due to its antioxidant property. Key words: Highly active anti-retroviral therapy, green tea leaf extract, dyslipidemia, rats.
{"title":"Effect of Ethiopian high land green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf extract on highly active anti-retroviral therapy induced dyslipidemia in Albino Wistar rats","authors":"Dr.Tesaka Wondimnew, N. Gnanasekaran, S. Genet","doi":"10.5897/JPP2017.0486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2017.0486","url":null,"abstract":"Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is considered toxic and has other life-threatening side effects including dyslipidemia. There is no research report on the health effects of Ethiopian highland green tea. Previous work data from elsewhere suggest that lipid abnormalities are associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective effect of green tea (Ocimum gratissimum) hydro-ethanolic leaf extract on highly active antiretroviral therapy induced dyslipidemia in albino Wistar rats. Thirty rats of age 10 to 12 weeks and similar weights were selected and divided in to 5 groups of six rats each. Group-I (normal control group) were given distilled water, Group II were given HAART only, Groups III, IV and V were given antiretroviral therapy and 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of extract, respectively for sixty days. The dissolved crude extracts of different doses were given to rats using oral gavage. On experiment day, the rats were fasted overnight, sacrificed by cervical dislocation and blood was taken by cardiac puncture for lipid profile investigation. Lipid profile was measured spectrophotometrically using standard kits and procedures. Elevated levels of serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed in highly active antiretroviral therapy treated group. The rats that received HAART+400 mg of O. gratissimum showed a significant decrement of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05) with no alteration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. The green tea leaf extract with a dose of 400 mg/kg has a good protective effect against HAART induced dyslipidemia which might be due to its antioxidant property. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Highly active anti-retroviral therapy, green tea leaf extract, dyslipidemia, rats.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"144 1","pages":"85-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77937936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research was carried out to document ethnobotanical data and threats affecting medicinal plants. Semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, face to face discussion, and field visit was employed to gather the required data. A total of 92 informants 21 key and 71 randomly selected informants), of which 48 males and 44 females were used. The study documented 57 plants species which belongs to 55 genera and 41 families. Of these famlies, Asteraceae were represented by 4 species (7.123%), followed by Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae and Rutaceae which is represented by 3 species each. The majority of the species 40 (70%) was gathered from natural habitats while 26% was cultivated and 4%) collected from both. The most widely utilized plants are: Trees 19 (33.3%) species), followed by shrubs 18 (31.6%) species), herbs 16 (28.07%) species), and climbers with 3 (5.3%) species. The society also frequently uses plant parts such as fresh plant materials (68%) and leaves (33%). The most widely used route of medicine application was oral (58%), dermal (23%) and nasal (10.5%). The remaining remedies were taken with some other additives and solvents like water, butter, milk as well as honey. Traditional medicines were prepared by pounding (33.3%), and crushing (24.6%). Carduus schimper and Ocimum forskolei was medicinal plants with higher informant consensus. The disease classes with highest ICF rate (0.93) were fibril illness. The result reveals that there is high preference for Ficus vasta for healing Hemorrhoid disease whereas Cissus cactiformis was used for treatment of Rabies by traditional medicine practitioner. Ekebergia capensis was the highest multipurpose tree species. Key words: Ethnobotany, Guduru district, traditional practitioner, medicinal plants, ailment.
{"title":"Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human ailment in Guduru District of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia","authors":"Abiyot Tadesse, Birhanu Kagnew, Firew Kebede","doi":"10.5897/JPP2018.0496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2018.0496","url":null,"abstract":"This research was carried out to document ethnobotanical data and threats affecting medicinal plants. Semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, face to face discussion, and field visit was employed to gather the required data. A total of 92 informants 21 key and 71 randomly selected informants), of which 48 males and 44 females were used. The study documented 57 plants species which belongs to 55 genera and 41 families. Of these famlies, Asteraceae were represented by 4 species (7.123%), followed by Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae and Rutaceae which is represented by 3 species each. The majority of the species 40 (70%) was gathered from natural habitats while 26% was cultivated and 4%) collected from both. The most widely utilized plants are: Trees 19 (33.3%) species), followed by shrubs 18 (31.6%) species), herbs 16 (28.07%) species), and climbers with 3 (5.3%) species. The society also frequently uses plant parts such as fresh plant materials (68%) and leaves (33%). The most widely used route of medicine application was oral (58%), dermal (23%) and nasal (10.5%). The remaining remedies were taken with some other additives and solvents like water, butter, milk as well as honey. Traditional medicines were prepared by pounding (33.3%), and crushing (24.6%). Carduus schimper and Ocimum forskolei was medicinal plants with higher informant consensus. The disease classes with highest ICF rate (0.93) were fibril illness. The result reveals that there is high preference for Ficus vasta for healing Hemorrhoid disease whereas Cissus cactiformis was used for treatment of Rabies by traditional medicine practitioner. Ekebergia capensis was the highest multipurpose tree species. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Ethnobotany, Guduru district, traditional practitioner, medicinal plants, ailment.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"55 1","pages":"64-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84387156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is the first to report the antimicrobial effects of extracts of seven endemic medicinal plants. Flower extracts of Onopordum jordanicolum exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Proteus mirabillis. Ethanol extract displayed significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus with the best MIC and MMC values. Onopordum blancheanum flower extracts produced antibacterial activity against S. aureus, Escherichia coli, K. pneumonia, and P. mirabillis. Ethanol extract of Aethionema carneum leaves exhibited antibacterial activity against all test bacteria except MRSA and produced significant antibacterial activity against E. coli with the best MIC and MMC values. Methanol and acetone extracts of Delphinium ithaburense leaves showed significant antibacterial activity against K. pneumonia. Aqueous extract of Lathyrus hirticarpus leaves revealed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Aqueous and acetone extracts of Orchis sancta flowers showed significant antibacterial activity against MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Aqueous and methanol extracts from Papaver umbonatum flowers exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes with the best MIC and MMC values. For antifungal activity, it was found that Aspergillus brasiliensis and Candida albicans were inhibited by aqueous extracts of A. carneum and P. umbonatum, acetone extract of D. ithaburense, ethanol extract of L. hirticarpus, methanol extracts of O. blancheanum and O. sancta. Interestingly, acetone extract of O. jordanicolum displayed significant antifungal activities against A. brasiliensis and C. albicans with the best MIC and MMC values. Phytochemical screening of promising extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and/or tannins which might be responsible for their antimicrobial activity. Key words: Antimicrobial, phytochemical, carneum, ithaburense, hirticarpus, Onopordum, sancta, umbonatum.
{"title":"Antimicrobial activities from extracts of seven medicinal plant species against multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungi","authors":"M. Obeidat","doi":"10.5897/JPP2017.0482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2017.0482","url":null,"abstract":"This is the first to report the antimicrobial effects of extracts of seven endemic medicinal plants. Flower extracts of Onopordum jordanicolum exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Proteus mirabillis. Ethanol extract displayed significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus with the best MIC and MMC values. Onopordum blancheanum flower extracts produced antibacterial activity against S. aureus, Escherichia coli, K. pneumonia, and P. mirabillis. Ethanol extract of Aethionema carneum leaves exhibited antibacterial activity against all test bacteria except MRSA and produced significant antibacterial activity against E. coli with the best MIC and MMC values. Methanol and acetone extracts of Delphinium ithaburense leaves showed significant antibacterial activity against K. pneumonia. Aqueous extract of Lathyrus hirticarpus leaves revealed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Aqueous and acetone extracts of Orchis sancta flowers showed significant antibacterial activity against MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Aqueous and methanol extracts from Papaver umbonatum flowers exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes with the best MIC and MMC values. For antifungal activity, it was found that Aspergillus brasiliensis and Candida albicans were inhibited by aqueous extracts of A. carneum and P. umbonatum, acetone extract of D. ithaburense, ethanol extract of L. hirticarpus, methanol extracts of O. blancheanum and O. sancta. Interestingly, acetone extract of O. jordanicolum displayed significant antifungal activities against A. brasiliensis and C. albicans with the best MIC and MMC values. Phytochemical screening of promising extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and/or tannins which might be responsible for their antimicrobial activity. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Antimicrobial, phytochemical, carneum, ithaburense, hirticarpus, Onopordum, sancta, umbonatum.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"8 1","pages":"45-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82144341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Nour, Mostafa A. Abdel Kawy, M. Salama, M. Hifnawy
The effect of the time of collection on the quality and quantity of the oil obtained from Severinia buxifolia leaves as well as its antimicrobial activity was studied. The chemical composition of the hydro-distilled oils of the leaves of S. buxifolia (Poir.)Tenore, collected at the four seasons was determined by GC/MS analysis. Moreover, antimicrobial activity was studied, for the oil sample regarding the yield and quality, against selected bacteria and yeast. The highest oil yield was obtained from the leaves collected during winter (0.5%) followed by autumn (0.308%), however, those collected in spring and summer scored almost the same yield; (0.26%) and (0.283%) respectively. Limonene was the most abundant hydrocarbon in winter (35.5%), and amounted to 29.3% in summer, whereas, spring and autumn samples constituted 21.15% and 19.17% of limonene respectively. α-Santalene, accounted to 20.87% in autumn sample followed by the winter sample (18.93%), then 13.56% in the spring sample and recorded its lowest concentration in the summer sample (8.1%). Furthermore, γ-elemene was detected in a lesser extent amounting to 7.75% in the spring sample, 7.33% in autumn sample, 6.28% in the winter sample and 5.54% in the summer sample. Based on the above results, as regards to limonene content, S. buxifolia leaf oil collected in winter was chosen for further antimicrobial study. The agar disc diffusion method was adopted for screening the antibacterial activity of the selected oil sample. Results show moderate effect against Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. Nevertheless, it showed weak activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilus, MRSA, and Candida albicans. The MIC of the volatile oil against L. monocytogenes was 4 and 1 µl/ ml against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilus, MRSA and C. albicans. Key words: Severinia buxifolia (Poir.) Tenore, Rutaceae, GC/MS analysis, limonene, in vitro antimicrobial activity.
{"title":"The impact of seasonal variation on the volatile oil profile of leaves of Severinia buxifolia (Poir.) and its antimicrobial activity","authors":"S. Nour, Mostafa A. Abdel Kawy, M. Salama, M. Hifnawy","doi":"10.5897/JPP2018.0488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2018.0488","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of the time of collection on the quality and quantity of the oil obtained from Severinia buxifolia leaves as well as its antimicrobial activity was studied. The chemical composition of the hydro-distilled oils of the leaves of S. buxifolia (Poir.)Tenore, collected at the four seasons was determined by GC/MS analysis. Moreover, antimicrobial activity was studied, for the oil sample regarding the yield and quality, against selected bacteria and yeast. The highest oil yield was obtained from the leaves collected during winter (0.5%) followed by autumn (0.308%), however, those collected in spring and summer scored almost the same yield; (0.26%) and (0.283%) respectively. Limonene was the most abundant hydrocarbon in winter (35.5%), and amounted to 29.3% in summer, whereas, spring and autumn samples constituted 21.15% and 19.17% of limonene respectively. α-Santalene, accounted to 20.87% in autumn sample followed by the winter sample (18.93%), then 13.56% in the spring sample and recorded its lowest concentration in the summer sample (8.1%). Furthermore, γ-elemene was detected in a lesser extent amounting to 7.75% in the spring sample, 7.33% in autumn sample, 6.28% in the winter sample and 5.54% in the summer sample. Based on the above results, as regards to limonene content, S. buxifolia leaf oil collected in winter was chosen for further antimicrobial study. The agar disc diffusion method was adopted for screening the antibacterial activity of the selected oil sample. Results show moderate effect against Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. Nevertheless, it showed weak activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilus, MRSA, and Candida albicans. The MIC of the volatile oil against L. monocytogenes was 4 and 1 µl/ ml against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilus, MRSA and C. albicans. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Severinia buxifolia (Poir.) Tenore, Rutaceae, GC/MS analysis, limonene, in vitro antimicrobial activity.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"1 1","pages":"56-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76007587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Onyancha, N. Gikonyo, S. Wachira, P. Mwitari, M. Gicheru
Breast cancer is a leading cause of deaths among women suffering from cancer in Kenya. The current study was done to determine anticancer activities of medicinal plant extracts against breast cancer cell lines (HCC 1395 and 4T1). Vero cells were used for evaluation of safety of extracts. Thiazoly blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used in this study. Reference drugs were 5 fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide. Extract concentrations that inhibited growth of cell growth by half (IC50) were estimated using GraphPad prism version 7 and 90 % of extracts showed anticancer activities. Methanol extracts of Uvariodendron anisatum, Fagaropsis angolensis, Combretum tanaense, Hydnora abyssinica and water extract of F. angolensis exhibited remarkable anticancer activities (IC50E 30 µg/ml). Methanol extracts of F. angolensis and H. abyssinica demonstrated high selectivity index (SI ≥3). Evaluation for safety, indicated that about 64% of the extracts under this study were non-toxic (CC50 E100 µg/ml). Findings from plants in this study support folklore claims. Phytochemical analysis, bioassay guided fractionation and toxicity studies are underway on extracts of C. tanaense, F. angolensis, H. abyssinica and U. anisatum. Key words: 4TI, ethnomedicine, HCC 1395, IC50 values, medicinal plants, MTT assay, selectivity index, vero E6
{"title":"Anticancer activities and safety evaluation of selected Kenyan plant extracts against breast cancer cell lines","authors":"J. Onyancha, N. Gikonyo, S. Wachira, P. Mwitari, M. Gicheru","doi":"10.5897/JPP2017.0465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2017.0465","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer is a leading cause of deaths among women suffering from cancer in Kenya. The current study was done to determine anticancer activities of medicinal plant extracts against breast cancer cell lines (HCC 1395 and 4T1). Vero cells were used for evaluation of safety of extracts. Thiazoly blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used in this study. Reference drugs were 5 fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide. Extract concentrations that inhibited growth of cell growth by half (IC50) were estimated using GraphPad prism version 7 and 90 % of extracts showed anticancer activities. Methanol extracts of Uvariodendron anisatum, Fagaropsis angolensis, Combretum tanaense, Hydnora abyssinica and water extract of F. angolensis exhibited remarkable anticancer activities (IC50E 30 µg/ml). Methanol extracts of F. angolensis and H. abyssinica demonstrated high selectivity index (SI ≥3). Evaluation for safety, indicated that about 64% of the extracts under this study were non-toxic (CC50 E100 µg/ml). Findings from plants in this study support folklore claims. Phytochemical analysis, bioassay guided fractionation and toxicity studies are underway on extracts of C. tanaense, F. angolensis, H. abyssinica and U. anisatum. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: 4TI, ethnomedicine, HCC 1395, IC50 values, medicinal plants, MTT assay, selectivity index, vero E6","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"53 1","pages":"21-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77888989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Abondo, A. M. Ngombi, J. Ngoupayo, B. Tchaleu, Beyeme Fridoline-Victorine
In Africa and Cameroon in particular, people tend to use medicinal plants as the first approach to cure their illness or disease. In order to improve the safety and the progressive integration of those plants in our health systems, it is important to set a system and protocol that would permit an easy characterization, quality and safety control of medicinal plants through a standardization of their recipes. Thus, we develop a Pharmacognosy and phytochemical study of Albizia ferruginea pulps and complete by a monograph for each plant. A macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the drugs is done, followed by a study of the weight loss due to desiccation. Furthermore, the ratio of ashes in the powders was investigated in conformity with the European pharmacopeia. We further extract and perform a phytochemical screening. From the macroscopic analysis, it is observed that the pulp was strong, fibrous crack and powder brown with an aromatic smell. The micrographic analysis shows the presence of various tissues such as suber, fiber, liber, sclerotic cells as well as the calcium oxalate. The ashes percentage of A. ferruginea powder is 1.16%, whereas the weight loss due to desiccation is 7.6 % and inflation indices, 4 mL. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoid, polyphenols, mucilages, anthocyanins, and saponins. The information gathered throughout this study will contribute to the fast identification, quality control, and characterization of A. ferruginea pulps. Key words: Standardisation, pulps, quality control, Albizia ferruginea.
{"title":"Pharmacognosy and phytochemical standardization of Albizia Ferruginea (Guill and Perr) pulps","authors":"R. Abondo, A. M. Ngombi, J. Ngoupayo, B. Tchaleu, Beyeme Fridoline-Victorine","doi":"10.5897/JPP2017.0472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2017.0472","url":null,"abstract":"In Africa and Cameroon in particular, people tend to use medicinal plants as the first approach to cure their illness or disease. In order to improve the safety and the progressive integration of those plants in our health systems, it is important to set a system and protocol that would permit an easy characterization, quality and safety control of medicinal plants through a standardization of their recipes. Thus, we develop a Pharmacognosy and phytochemical study of Albizia ferruginea pulps and complete by a monograph for each plant. A macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the drugs is done, followed by a study of the weight loss due to desiccation. Furthermore, the ratio of ashes in the powders was investigated in conformity with the European pharmacopeia. We further extract and perform a phytochemical screening. From the macroscopic analysis, it is observed that the pulp was strong, fibrous crack and powder brown with an aromatic smell. The micrographic analysis shows the presence of various tissues such as suber, fiber, liber, sclerotic cells as well as the calcium oxalate. The ashes percentage of A. ferruginea powder is 1.16%, whereas the weight loss due to desiccation is 7.6 % and inflation indices, 4 mL. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoid, polyphenols, mucilages, anthocyanins, and saponins. The information gathered throughout this study will contribute to the fast identification, quality control, and characterization of A. ferruginea pulps. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Standardisation, pulps, quality control, Albizia ferruginea.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"6 1","pages":"27-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85159570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Marangoni, T. S. Moraes, Susane Hellen Utrera, L. Casemiro, M. Souza, P. F. Oliveira, R. Veneziani, S. E. R. A. osio, D. Tavares, C. Martins
Viguiera arenaria, family Asteraceae, is a plant that contains diterpenoids, which make this species potentially applicable in endodontics. More specifically, V. arenaria contains diterpenes of the pimarane type, which display various classic biological activities. This study evaluates the antibiofilm activity, the time-kill curve, and the inhibitory concentration index of diterpenes of the pimarane type (ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid, ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3β-ol, and ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3β-19-oic acid sodium salt, designated diterpenes I, II, and III, respectively) toward nine anaerobic bacteria commonly found in endodontic infections; this study also assesses the cytotoxic activity of these diterpenes against human fibroblasts. According to the antibiofilm assay, diterpenes I, II, and III inhibit at least 50% of all the bacteria. On the basis of the time-kill curve experiments, the behavior of these diterpenes depends on the tested bacteria, diterpene concentration, and microorganism sensitivity. Synergism of diterpenes I and II with chlorhexidine (CDH) was higher against P. gingivalis (clinical isolate) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC). As for diterpene III, synergism with CDH is higher against P. micros. As revealed by the XTT assay, none of the diterpenes of the pimarane type tested here are cytotoxic. Hence, diterpenes I, II, and III are promising biomolecules and may provide therapeutic solutions in the field of endodontics. Key words: Antibacterial activity, Asteraceae, cytotoxicity, diterpenes, endodontic infection.
{"title":"Diterpenes of the pimarane type isolated from Viguiera arenaria: Promising in vitro biological potential as therapeutic agents for endodontics","authors":"S. Marangoni, T. S. Moraes, Susane Hellen Utrera, L. Casemiro, M. Souza, P. F. Oliveira, R. Veneziani, S. E. R. A. osio, D. Tavares, C. Martins","doi":"10.5897/JPP2017.0475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2017.0475","url":null,"abstract":"Viguiera arenaria, family Asteraceae, is a plant that contains diterpenoids, which make this species potentially applicable in endodontics. More specifically, V. arenaria contains diterpenes of the pimarane type, which display various classic biological activities. This study evaluates the antibiofilm activity, the time-kill curve, and the inhibitory concentration index of diterpenes of the pimarane type (ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid, ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3β-ol, and ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3β-19-oic acid sodium salt, designated diterpenes I, II, and III, respectively) toward nine anaerobic bacteria commonly found in endodontic infections; this study also assesses the cytotoxic activity of these diterpenes against human fibroblasts. According to the antibiofilm assay, diterpenes I, II, and III inhibit at least 50% of all the bacteria. On the basis of the time-kill curve experiments, the behavior of these diterpenes depends on the tested bacteria, diterpene concentration, and microorganism sensitivity. Synergism of diterpenes I and II with chlorhexidine (CDH) was higher against P. gingivalis (clinical isolate) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC). As for diterpene III, synergism with CDH is higher against P. micros. As revealed by the XTT assay, none of the diterpenes of the pimarane type tested here are cytotoxic. Hence, diterpenes I, II, and III are promising biomolecules and may provide therapeutic solutions in the field of endodontics. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Antibacterial activity, Asteraceae, cytotoxicity, diterpenes, endodontic infection.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"9 1","pages":"34-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78824395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Zinsou, Fidèle Assogba, F. Gbaguidi, M. Moudachirou
Hemizygia bracteosa (Benth.) Briq (Lamiaceae) is used in the treatment of mental disease, memory loss, HIV, malaria and had antimicrobial and hypoglycemic properties. To the authors’ knowledge, no scientific study has been done on these properties except antimicrobial and hypoglycemic properties. The phytochemical investigation focused on the quantification of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins and reducing sugars. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed on derivatized and non-derivatized extracts for the determination of chemical composition. Phytochemical composition evaluation shows phenolics content between 9.3 and 24.8 mg eq GA/g, a flavonoids content of 9 to 10.5 mg eq Q/g, an anthocyanins content of 0.0005 to 0.0025 mg eq C3G/g, a reducing sugar content of 126.1 to 123.7 mg eq G/kg, and undetected tannin content. GC-MS results revealed the presence of sugars, alcohols, acids, sesquiterpenes, amino acids, ester, lactone, phenolic. It also revealed that acetylcholinesterase inhibition was between 16.9 and 36.5%; xanthine oxidase inhibition between 3.8 and 60.2% ; ii-amylase inhibition between 6.1 and 8.7%, anti-inflammatory activity between 4.7 and 8.1%, anti-cancer activity between 24 and 96.4% for MCF7 ; 33.1 and 96.8% for HCT116 ; antioxidant activity between 2.1 and 13.2%. The results of acetylcholinesterase inhibition of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts may justify the use of the plant in the treatment of mental illnesses and memory loss. But H. bracteosa should be used with caution because of its very high anti-cancer activity that could induce cytotoxicity. Key words: Hemizygia bracteosa, chemical composition, antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase, inflammation, xanthine oxidase, ii-amylase, cancer.
{"title":"Chemical composition and in vitro investigation of biological activities of Hemizygia bracteosa (Benth.) Briq leaves","authors":"M. Zinsou, Fidèle Assogba, F. Gbaguidi, M. Moudachirou","doi":"10.5897/JPP2017.0481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2017.0481","url":null,"abstract":"Hemizygia bracteosa (Benth.) Briq (Lamiaceae) is used in the treatment of mental disease, memory loss, HIV, malaria and had antimicrobial and hypoglycemic properties. To the authors’ knowledge, no scientific study has been done on these properties except antimicrobial and hypoglycemic properties. The phytochemical investigation focused on the quantification of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins and reducing sugars. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed on derivatized and non-derivatized extracts for the determination of chemical composition. Phytochemical composition evaluation shows phenolics content between 9.3 and 24.8 mg eq GA/g, a flavonoids content of 9 to 10.5 mg eq Q/g, an anthocyanins content of 0.0005 to 0.0025 mg eq C3G/g, a reducing sugar content of 126.1 to 123.7 mg eq G/kg, and undetected tannin content. GC-MS results revealed the presence of sugars, alcohols, acids, sesquiterpenes, amino acids, ester, lactone, phenolic. It also revealed that acetylcholinesterase inhibition was between 16.9 and 36.5%; xanthine oxidase inhibition between 3.8 and 60.2% ; ii-amylase inhibition between 6.1 and 8.7%, anti-inflammatory activity between 4.7 and 8.1%, anti-cancer activity between 24 and 96.4% for MCF7 ; 33.1 and 96.8% for HCT116 ; antioxidant activity between 2.1 and 13.2%. The results of acetylcholinesterase inhibition of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts may justify the use of the plant in the treatment of mental illnesses and memory loss. But H. bracteosa should be used with caution because of its very high anti-cancer activity that could induce cytotoxicity. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Hemizygia bracteosa, chemical composition, antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase, inflammation, xanthine oxidase, ii-amylase, cancer.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"26 3 1","pages":"11-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89303519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paracetamol toxicity due to overdose amongst people living in the developing countries has been on the increase. This study investigated the amelioration potentials of Vernonia calvaona ethanol leaf extract in paracetamol-treated rats. Thirty five Wistar rats were divided into five groups of seven rats each. Hepatic damage was induced by administering 2 g/kg b.wt of paracetamol p.o for four day to all the groups except group 1 (normal control). This was followed by 21 days treatment with crude ethanol extract of V. calvaona (VC) leaf as well as vitamin E. Group 2 received 2 g/kg b.wt of paracetamol while groups 3 and 4 received 200 and 400 mg VC extracts/kg b.wt, respectively. Group 5 received vitamin E 100 mg/kg b.wt. and histology of the liver, respectively. The result showed a significant (p˂0.05) increase in serum alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST) and ALP during the pre-treatment phase while the treatment phase indicated a significant (p˂0.05) reduction in the serum ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in a dose dependent pattern relative to the controls. The 400 mg VC extract/kg b.wt and the vitamin E 100 mg/kg b.wt reversed the levels of these enzymes to a non-significant (p˂0.05) difference relative to the controls. The histology of the liver in the VC extract treated groups indicated regeneration of the hepatocytes when compared to the control. It is therefore suggested that crude extract of V. calvaona leaf possesses protective effect against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats. Key words: Amelioration potentials, liver function biomarkers, Vernonia calvoana.
{"title":"Amelioration potentials of Vernonia calvaona ethanol leaf extract in paracetamol-treated rats","authors":"E. Eyong, G. Egbung, Victor Ndubuisi Ndiodimma","doi":"10.5897/JPP2017.0470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2017.0470","url":null,"abstract":"Paracetamol toxicity due to overdose amongst people living in the developing countries has been on the increase. This study investigated the amelioration potentials of Vernonia calvaona ethanol leaf extract in paracetamol-treated rats. Thirty five Wistar rats were divided into five groups of seven rats each. Hepatic damage was induced by administering 2 g/kg b.wt of paracetamol p.o for four day to all the groups except group 1 (normal control). This was followed by 21 days treatment with crude ethanol extract of V. calvaona (VC) leaf as well as vitamin E. Group 2 received 2 g/kg b.wt of paracetamol while groups 3 and 4 received 200 and 400 mg VC extracts/kg b.wt, respectively. Group 5 received vitamin E 100 mg/kg b.wt. and histology of the liver, respectively. The result showed a significant (p˂0.05) increase in serum alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST) and ALP during the pre-treatment phase while the treatment phase indicated a significant (p˂0.05) reduction in the serum ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in a dose dependent pattern relative to the controls. The 400 mg VC extract/kg b.wt and the vitamin E 100 mg/kg b.wt reversed the levels of these enzymes to a non-significant (p˂0.05) difference relative to the controls. The histology of the liver in the VC extract treated groups indicated regeneration of the hepatocytes when compared to the control. It is therefore suggested that crude extract of V. calvaona leaf possesses protective effect against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Amelioration potentials, liver function biomarkers, Vernonia calvoana.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83665918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：