Claudio Cannata, Federico Basile, Emanuele La Bella, Stefania Arciello, Ana Cristina Abreu, Ignacio Fernández, Cherubino Leonardi, Rosario Paolo Mauro
Background
Inefficient nitrogen (N) use leads to economic losses and environmental harm. Improving N use efficiency (NUE) is crucial. The use of plant biostimulants (PBs), integrated with good agronomic practices, offers a sustainable solution.
Aims
The study explores the potential use of exhausted cell culture media from plant cell cultures (Nicotiana sp. and Gardenia sp.) as PBs, assessing their role in enhancing plant physiological status and NUE. It also compares their effectiveness against commercial PBs.
Methods
Two experiments (Experiments 1 and 2) were conducted using cherry tomato plants. In the first one, the two media were applied at different concentrations as a foliar spray to define the optimal dose. This outcome was used to set up Experiment 2, in which both media were compared to commercial PBs under optimal and reduced N supply. Measurements included plant growth, chlorophyll (Chl) content, and NUE indices. Moreover, Experiment 2 examined gene expression related to N assimilation, transport, and response to oxidative stress.
Results
Both experiments demonstrated a significant increase in leaf area (≈11%) and aboveground biomass (≈13%) using exhausted media. Furthermore, Experiment 2 demonstrated enhancements in Chl content (≈10%) and plant N accumulation (≈20%). These findings indicate that exhausted media has a comparable efficacy to commercial PBs.
Conclusions
The study underscores the practical viability of exhausted cell culture media as effective PBs for tomato growth in both N conditions. This approach aligns with sustainability objectives by repurposing by-products to enhance plant resilience against abiotic stress and potentially improve the efficiency of N fertilizers.
{"title":"Exhausted plant cell culture media as potential biostimulants to enhance plant growth and nitrogen use efficiency in tomatoes under optimal and reduced nitrogen supply","authors":"Claudio Cannata, Federico Basile, Emanuele La Bella, Stefania Arciello, Ana Cristina Abreu, Ignacio Fernández, Cherubino Leonardi, Rosario Paolo Mauro","doi":"10.1002/jpln.202300464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202300464","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Inefficient nitrogen (N) use leads to economic losses and environmental harm. Improving N use efficiency (NUE) is crucial. The use of plant biostimulants (PBs), integrated with good agronomic practices, offers a sustainable solution.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study explores the potential use of exhausted cell culture media from plant cell cultures (<i>Nicotiana</i> sp. and <i>Gardenia</i> sp.) as PBs, assessing their role in enhancing plant physiological status and NUE. It also compares their effectiveness against commercial PBs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two experiments (Experiments 1 and 2) were conducted using cherry tomato plants. In the first one, the two media were applied at different concentrations as a foliar spray to define the optimal dose. This outcome was used to set up Experiment 2, in which both media were compared to commercial PBs under optimal and reduced N supply. Measurements included plant growth, chlorophyll (Chl) content, and NUE indices. Moreover, Experiment 2 examined gene expression related to N assimilation, transport, and response to oxidative stress.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Both experiments demonstrated a significant increase in leaf area (≈11%) and aboveground biomass (≈13%) using exhausted media. Furthermore, Experiment 2 demonstrated enhancements in Chl content (≈10%) and plant N accumulation (≈20%). These findings indicate that exhausted media has a comparable efficacy to commercial PBs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study underscores the practical viability of exhausted cell culture media as effective PBs for tomato growth in both N conditions. This approach aligns with sustainability objectives by repurposing by-products to enhance plant resilience against abiotic stress and potentially improve the efficiency of N fertilizers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","volume":"187 6","pages":"780-791"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jpln.202300464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yahya M. Alzahrani, Ghulam Abbas, Usama Samee Ullah, Saira Afzal, Hesham F. Alharby, Hameed Alsamadany, Awatif M. Abdulmajeed, Basmah M. Alharbi
Background
Soil salinity and heat stress are serious threats to crop production around the globe due to climate change. Potassium (K) has well-established role in plants under salinity stress; however, its effectiveness under the combined stress of salinity and heat is not well known.
Aims
The current study was planned to explore the role of K on growth, physiological, and oxidative stress responses of two varieties of quinoa (Puno and Vikinga) exposed to salinity and heat stress.
Methods
Quinoa plants were exposed to NaCl treatments (0, 200 mM). Additionally, plants were either kept under ambient temperature (32/12°C day/night) or 5°C high temperatures and supplemented with 0 and/or 10 mM K.
Results
The combined stress of salinity and heat resulted in drastic decrease in plant growth (≈50% for Puno and 60% for Vikinga), pigment contents, and stomatal conductance of both varieties. Heat stress magnified the accumulation of sodium (Na) under salt stress that limited the uptake of K in both varieties. Under the combined treatment of salinity and heat, the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were 8- and 9-fold, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were 11- and 13-fold higher in Puno and Vikinga, respectively. The K supplementation enhanced plant growth, stomatal conductance, pigments, and K contents and decreased the accumulation of Na in both varieties facing salt and heat stress. Additionally, K also helped the plants to overcome the oxidative stress and resulted in 17.5-, 19-, and 14-fold higher activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase in Puno and 14-, 15-, and 12-fold higher activities of these enzymes in Vikinga.
Conclusions
Due to better growth, ionic homeostasis, and higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, Puno is regarded as a more tolerant variety than Vikinga against the combined stress of salinity and heat. Moreover, the external supply of K is very promising for quinoa facing the dual stress of salinity and heat under the changing climatic conditions.
由于气候变化，土壤盐渍化和热胁迫对全球作物生产构成严重威胁。钾(K)在盐胁迫下植物中的作用已经确立；然而，它在盐和热联合胁迫下的有效性尚不清楚。目的研究钾对盐和热胁迫下藜麦（Puno和Vikinga）生长、生理和氧化应激反应的影响。方法对藜麦植株进行0、200 mM NaCl处理。另外，在环境温度（32/12°C昼夜）和5°C高温下，分别添加0和/或10 mM k。结果盐热联合胁迫导致两个品种的植株生长、色素含量和气孔导度急剧下降（普诺≈50%，维金达60%）。热胁迫增加了盐胁迫下钠（Na）的积累，限制了两个品种对钾的吸收。在盐热联合处理下，Puno和Vikinga的过氧化氢（H2O2）含量分别增加了8倍和9倍，硫代巴比妥酸活性物质含量分别增加了11倍和13倍。在盐胁迫和热胁迫下，补钾能促进植株生长、气孔导度、色素和钾含量，降低Na积累。此外，K还有助于植物克服氧化胁迫，使Puno的过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性提高17.5倍、19倍和14倍，Vikinga的过氧化氢酶活性提高14倍、15倍和12倍。结论普诺具有较好的生长、离子稳态和较高的抗氧化酶活性，对盐热联合胁迫的耐受性优于维金加。此外，在气候条件不断变化的情况下，外部K的供应对于面临盐和热双重胁迫的藜麦是非常有希望的。
{"title":"Exogenous supply of potassium decreases the phytotoxicity of heat and salt stress in quinoa by ameliorating physiological and oxidative stress responses","authors":"Yahya M. Alzahrani, Ghulam Abbas, Usama Samee Ullah, Saira Afzal, Hesham F. Alharby, Hameed Alsamadany, Awatif M. Abdulmajeed, Basmah M. Alharbi","doi":"10.1002/jpln.202400159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202400159","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil salinity and heat stress are serious threats to crop production around the globe due to climate change. Potassium (K) has well-established role in plants under salinity stress; however, its effectiveness under the combined stress of salinity and heat is not well known.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The current study was planned to explore the role of K on growth, physiological, and oxidative stress responses of two varieties of quinoa (Puno and Vikinga) exposed to salinity and heat stress.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Quinoa plants were exposed to NaCl treatments (0, 200 mM). Additionally, plants were either kept under ambient temperature (32/12°C day/night) or 5°C high temperatures and supplemented with 0 and/or 10 mM K.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The combined stress of salinity and heat resulted in drastic decrease in plant growth (≈50% for Puno and 60% for Vikinga), pigment contents, and stomatal conductance of both varieties. Heat stress magnified the accumulation of sodium (Na) under salt stress that limited the uptake of K in both varieties. Under the combined treatment of salinity and heat, the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) were 8- and 9-fold, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were 11- and 13-fold higher in Puno and Vikinga, respectively. The K supplementation enhanced plant growth, stomatal conductance, pigments, and K contents and decreased the accumulation of Na in both varieties facing salt and heat stress. Additionally, K also helped the plants to overcome the oxidative stress and resulted in 17.5-, 19-, and 14-fold higher activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase in Puno and 14-, 15-, and 12-fold higher activities of these enzymes in Vikinga.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Due to better growth, ionic homeostasis, and higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, Puno is regarded as a more tolerant variety than Vikinga against the combined stress of salinity and heat. Moreover, the external supply of K is very promising for quinoa facing the dual stress of salinity and heat under the changing climatic conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","volume":"187 6","pages":"792-803"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fe toxicity often inhibits rice growth on acid sulfate soils in tropical coastal lowlands. Previous studies in plant physiology and breeding have focused on high-Fe stress, but not on growth recovery after stress alleviation.
Aims
The objective of this study was to elucidate the morphophysiological characteristics in rice growth recovery from high-Fe stress.
Methods
We evaluated the seedling growths of Taichung65 (T65) (Fe toxicity-tolerant) and Ciherang (susceptible) in hydroponic culture, during the period of high-Fe stress (250 mg Fe2+ L−1 for 12 or 18 days) and after stress alleviation.
Results
The plant growth rate during recovery was negatively correlated with the leaf bronzing score (damage symptoms due to Fe toxicity) at the end of high-Fe stress, which in turn was negatively correlated with the shoot Fe concentration. After 18-day stress, T65 showed greater growth recovery than Ciherang, attributable to its higher net assimilation rate, higher transpiration rate (water uptake/green leaf area), and greater increase in total root length during recovery. In particular, T65 showed vigorous lateral root development in nodal roots that emerged during the stress period and vigorous growth of nodal roots that emerged during recovery.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that tolerance to high-Fe stress confers an advantage in growth recovery. It is likely that tolerance to Fe toxicity contributes not only to the maintenance of green leaf area at the end of stress but also to quick root growth recovery, leading to vigorous water uptake and high photoassimilation capacity after stress alleviation.
{"title":"Fe toxicity tolerance is advantageous in rice growth recovery after Fe stress alleviation","authors":"Riku Fujimoto, Haruka Aratani, Indrastuti A. Rumanti, Yudhistira Nugraha, Takehiro Kamiya, Yuji Yamasaki, Yoichiro Kato","doi":"10.1002/jpln.202400206","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jpln.202400206","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fe toxicity often inhibits rice growth on acid sulfate soils in tropical coastal lowlands. Previous studies in plant physiology and breeding have focused on high-Fe stress, but not on growth recovery after stress alleviation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of this study was to elucidate the morphophysiological characteristics in rice growth recovery from high-Fe stress.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We evaluated the seedling growths of Taichung65 (T65) (Fe toxicity-tolerant) and Ciherang (susceptible) in hydroponic culture, during the period of high-Fe stress (250 mg Fe<sup>2+</sup> L<sup>−1</sup> for 12 or 18 days) and after stress alleviation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The plant growth rate during recovery was negatively correlated with the leaf bronzing score (damage symptoms due to Fe toxicity) at the end of high-Fe stress, which in turn was negatively correlated with the shoot Fe concentration. After 18-day stress, T65 showed greater growth recovery than Ciherang, attributable to its higher net assimilation rate, higher transpiration rate (water uptake/green leaf area), and greater increase in total root length during recovery. In particular, T65 showed vigorous lateral root development in nodal roots that emerged during the stress period and vigorous growth of nodal roots that emerged during recovery.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results suggest that tolerance to high-Fe stress confers an advantage in growth recovery. It is likely that tolerance to Fe toxicity contributes not only to the maintenance of green leaf area at the end of stress but also to quick root growth recovery, leading to vigorous water uptake and high photoassimilation capacity after stress alleviation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","volume":"187 6","pages":"773-779"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jpln.202400206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BackgroundFe and Al oxyhydroxides are well‐known phosphorus (P)‐retaining minerals in soils. Little information is available regarding the relevance of clay minerals for the sorption of P in mixed oxyhydroxide–clay mineral systems and pH effects on P sorption partitioning.Aims and MethodsWe wanted to investigate pH effects on P sorption partitioning between Fe oxyhydroxides and high‐activity clay minerals in mixed‐mineral systems. We quantified the relative contribution of ferrihydrite or goethite versus Al‐saturated montmorillonite (Al‐MT) to the retention of orthophosphate (oPO4) and inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) at different pH values (3–6). We combined the analysis of P solution concentration changes with the quantification of P bound to Fe(III) versus Al in the Fe oxyhydroxide/Al‐MT mixtures by X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy.ResultsOrthophosphate was preferentially retained by ferrihydrite, compared to Al‐MT at pH 3–6. The opposite was observed for goethite at low P solution concentrations. The contribution of Al‐MT versus Fe oxyhydroxides to oPO4 retention increased with pH. This is attributed to a speciation change of clay‐adsorbed Al from monomeric Al3+ to polynuclear Al hydroxy species. IHP was predominantly retained by Al‐MT rather than ferrihydrite at pH 3–6, probably by the formation of adsorbed and surface‐precipitated Al phytate complexes.ConclusionsSynchrotron‐based XANES spectroscopy allows for quantifying P adsorbed to co‐existing pedogenic Fe(III) oxyhydroxides versus Al‐MT in mixed‐mineral systems. Soil P retention partitioning to these minerals depends on (1) dominating P form (oPO4, IHP), (2) relative abundance of high‐activity clay minerals, short‐range ordered and crystalline Fe oxyhydroxides, and (3) solution pH.
背景铁和铝氧氢氧化物是土壤中众所周知的含磷（P）矿物。有关粘土矿物在氧氢氧化物-粘土矿物混合体系中吸附磷的相关性以及 pH 值对磷吸附分配的影响的信息很少。我们量化了在不同 pH 值（3-6）下，铁氧氢氧化物或鹅卵石与铝饱和蒙脱石（Al-MT）对正磷酸盐（oPO4）和肌醇六磷酸（IHP）保留的相对贡献。我们将 P 溶液浓度变化分析与通过 X 射线吸收近边结构（XANES）光谱分析氢氧化铁/Al-MT 混合物中与铁(III)和铝结合的 P 的定量分析相结合。在磷溶液浓度较低时，则观察到与此相反的情况。随着 pH 值的升高，铝镁土和铁氧氢氧化物对 oPO4 的截留作用也随之增加。这归因于粘土吸附的铝从单体 Al3+ 到多核铝羟基物种的形态变化。在 pH 值为 3-6 时，IHP 主要被 Al-MT 而不是铁酸盐所保留，这可能是由于形成了吸附和表面沉淀的植酸铝复合物。这些矿物的土壤钾保留分区取决于：(1) 主要的钾形式（oPO4、IHP）；(2) 高活性粘土矿物、短程有序铁氧氢氧化物和结晶铁氧氢氧化物的相对丰度；(3) 溶液 pH 值。
{"title":"XANES spectroscopy proofs pH‐dependent P sorption partitioning to Fe oxyhydroxides versus montmorillonite in acidic soils","authors":"Jörg Prietzel, Gertraud Harrington, Sigrid Hiesch, Wantana Klysubun","doi":"10.1002/jpln.202400258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202400258","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundFe and Al oxyhydroxides are well‐known phosphorus (P)‐retaining minerals in soils. Little information is available regarding the relevance of clay minerals for the sorption of P in mixed oxyhydroxide–clay mineral systems and pH effects on P sorption partitioning.Aims and MethodsWe wanted to investigate pH effects on P sorption partitioning between Fe oxyhydroxides and high‐activity clay minerals in mixed‐mineral systems. We quantified the relative contribution of ferrihydrite or goethite versus Al‐saturated montmorillonite (Al‐MT) to the retention of orthophosphate (oPO<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>) and inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) at different pH values (3–6). We combined the analysis of P solution concentration changes with the quantification of P bound to Fe(III) versus Al in the Fe oxyhydroxide/Al‐MT mixtures by X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy.ResultsOrthophosphate was preferentially retained by ferrihydrite, compared to Al‐MT at pH 3–6. The opposite was observed for goethite at low P solution concentrations. The contribution of Al‐MT versus Fe oxyhydroxides to oPO<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> retention increased with pH. This is attributed to a speciation change of clay‐adsorbed Al from monomeric Al<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup> to polynuclear Al hydroxy species. IHP was predominantly retained by Al‐MT rather than ferrihydrite at pH 3–6, probably by the formation of adsorbed and surface‐precipitated Al phytate complexes.ConclusionsSynchrotron‐based XANES spectroscopy allows for quantifying P adsorbed to co‐existing pedogenic Fe(III) oxyhydroxides versus Al‐MT in mixed‐mineral systems. Soil P retention partitioning to these minerals depends on (1) dominating P form (oPO<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>, IHP), (2) relative abundance of high‐activity clay minerals, short‐range ordered and crystalline Fe oxyhydroxides, and (3) solution pH.","PeriodicalId":16802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karst J. Schaap, Lucia Fuchslueger, Florian Hofhansl, Oscar Valverde-Barrantes, Carlos Alberto Quesada, Marcel R. Hoosbeek
Background
Tropical ecosystem functioning is influenced by seasonal fluctuations in precipitation, but the impact on soil nutrient cycling and microbial stoichiometry is not fully understood.
Aim
This study investigates the magnitude of intra-annual fluctuations in nutrient availability and microbial biomass in a tropical forest soil by examining carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) pools.
Methods
We analyzed the total, extractable, and microbial C, N, and P contents and their stoichiometry in Terra Firme Ferralsols, representative for the central Amazon basin.
Results
We observed intra-annual variations in resource availability, particularly between wet and dry seasons. Despite relatively stable total C, N, and P stocks throughout the year, we observed a decrease in extractable organic C and available (Olsen) P and an increase in extractable N in the dry season compared to the wet season. Microbial biomass pools and stoichiometry also varied across sampling dates and soil depths: relative to microbial-C and -N, microbial-P decreased in both wet and dry season and increased in the transition from wet to dry season.
Conclusions
Our research highlights intra-annual variation in nutrient pools, particularly dynamic microbial carbon and nutrient fractions, in weathered tropical forest soils.
背景热带生态系统的功能受降水季节性波动的影响，但其对土壤养分循环和微生物化学计量学的影响还不完全清楚。目的本研究通过检测碳（C）、氮（N）和磷（P）池，调查了热带森林土壤中养分供应和微生物生物量的年内波动幅度。方法我们分析了具有亚马逊盆地中部代表性的 Terra Firme 肥土中的总碳、可萃取碳和微生物碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量。尽管全年的碳、氮和磷总量相对稳定，但与雨季相比，我们观察到旱季的可提取有机碳和可利用（奥尔森）磷有所减少，可提取氮有所增加。微生物生物量库和化学计量也随采样日期和土壤深度的不同而变化：相对于微生物碳和氮，微生物磷在雨季和旱季都有所减少，而在从雨季向旱季过渡时则有所增加。
{"title":"Intra-annual dynamics of soil and microbial C, N, and P pools in a Central Amazon Terra Firme forest","authors":"Karst J. Schaap, Lucia Fuchslueger, Florian Hofhansl, Oscar Valverde-Barrantes, Carlos Alberto Quesada, Marcel R. Hoosbeek","doi":"10.1002/jpln.202300107","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jpln.202300107","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tropical ecosystem functioning is influenced by seasonal fluctuations in precipitation, but the impact on soil nutrient cycling and microbial stoichiometry is not fully understood.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates the magnitude of intra-annual fluctuations in nutrient availability and microbial biomass in a tropical forest soil by examining carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) pools.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyzed the total, extractable, and microbial C, N, and P contents and their stoichiometry in Terra Firme Ferralsols, representative for the central Amazon basin.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We observed intra-annual variations in resource availability, particularly between wet and dry seasons. Despite relatively stable total C, N, and P stocks throughout the year, we observed a decrease in extractable organic C and available (Olsen) P and an increase in extractable N in the dry season compared to the wet season. Microbial biomass pools and stoichiometry also varied across sampling dates and soil depths: relative to microbial-C and -N, microbial-P decreased in both wet and dry season and increased in the transition from wet to dry season.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our research highlights intra-annual variation in nutrient pools, particularly dynamic microbial carbon and nutrient fractions, in weathered tropical forest soils.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","volume":"187 6","pages":"725-736"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jpln.202300107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander Borys, Barbara Wieczorek, Anka Nicke, Jutta Walstab
Background
Science-based decisions regarding forest management require the knowledge of the impact of thinning regimens on the forests’ vitality and resilience. There is no systematic study analysing the role of forest management approaches on the nutritional status of forests, serving as a surrogate for their health and growth.
Aims
We assessed the impact of ‘heavy thinning from above’ versus ‘no management’ on the foliar chemistry of old-growth European beech stands on a calcareous site with cambisol/chromic luvisol soil in Thuringia, Germany.
Methods
Macro- and micronutrients were analysed by serial foliar analysis of six trees per experimental plot over 13 years (2009–2021). To assess potential differences of foliar chemistry between the two plots and over time, a linear mixed-effects model was applied.
Results
Foliar concentrations of all macro- and micronutrients were not significantly different between the two plots (p > 0.05), demonstrating that the management approach had no relevant impact on the nutritional status of beech trees growing at the calcareous site. Furthermore, all foliar concentrations were dynamic over the 13-year evaluation period. Hence, long-term forest monitoring is crucial to capture the complex interplay between the trees and environmental conditions.
Conclusions
Serial foliar analysis allows for a reliable evaluation of a forest's nutritional status. The results indicate that either regimen, that is, ‘heavy thinning from above’ or ‘no management’, shall not pose any risk in terms of growth and stability. Our results add to the understanding of beech forest dynamics and may provide a further piece for science-based strategies of sustainable forest management.
{"title":"Long-term assessment of macro- and micronutrients in foliage of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in thinned versus unmanaged old-growth stands","authors":"Alexander Borys, Barbara Wieczorek, Anka Nicke, Jutta Walstab","doi":"10.1002/jpln.202400144","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jpln.202400144","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Science-based decisions regarding forest management require the knowledge of the impact of thinning regimens on the forests’ vitality and resilience. There is no systematic study analysing the role of forest management approaches on the nutritional status of forests, serving as a surrogate for their health and growth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We assessed the impact of ‘heavy thinning from above’ versus ‘no management’ on the foliar chemistry of old-growth European beech stands on a calcareous site with cambisol/chromic luvisol soil in Thuringia, Germany.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Macro- and micronutrients were analysed by serial foliar analysis of six trees per experimental plot over 13 years (2009–2021). To assess potential differences of foliar chemistry between the two plots and over time, a linear mixed-effects model was applied.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Foliar concentrations of all macro- and micronutrients were not significantly different between the two plots (<i>p</i> > 0.05), demonstrating that the management approach had no relevant impact on the nutritional status of beech trees growing at the calcareous site. Furthermore, all foliar concentrations were dynamic over the 13-year evaluation period. Hence, long-term forest monitoring is crucial to capture the complex interplay between the trees and environmental conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Serial foliar analysis allows for a reliable evaluation of a forest's nutritional status. The results indicate that either regimen, that is, ‘heavy thinning from above’ or ‘no management’, shall not pose any risk in terms of growth and stability. Our results add to the understanding of beech forest dynamics and may provide a further piece for science-based strategies of sustainable forest management.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","volume":"187 6","pages":"766-772"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jpln.202400144","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plant S concentration (Sc) and nitrogen (N) to S ratio (N:S) in canola are important indicators for diagnosing S deficiency. A field study was conducted on sandy and clay loam soils at two sites in eastern Canada for three growing seasons to determine plant critical Sc and N:S ratios across various growth stages (GSs).
Methods
For each site year, factorial experiments consisting of combinations of four N levels (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg N ha–1) as urea (46–0–0) and four S levels (0, 20, 30, and 40 kg S ha–1) as potassium sulfate (0–0–50–18) were classified orthogonally to form 16 combinations. Muriate of potash (0–0–60) was also applied as needed to ensure all plots receiving the equal amount of potassium (K).
Results
Our study found that S fertilization increased plant Sc at each GS but reduced the whole-plant N:S ratio, and the effect was stronger during the flowering stage. Both whole-plant Sc and N:S ratios varied with GS, environment, and soil type and declined with plant aging. Our results showed that whole-plant S analysis combined with visual signs of plant S deficiency (purple-edged and cup-shaped leaves with less green; stunted growth, slow blooming, and fewer flowers) appeared to be the best way to identify S problems in the field, and whole-plant Sc and N:S ratios could confirm S deficiencies.
Conclusion
Our findings indicated that if the whole-plant Sc in the rosette stage is <0.35% and the N:S ratio is >9.6, the plant may be S-deficient, and timely supplementary S fertilization measures may be beneficial to canola crop yield.
目的 油菜籽中的植物 S 浓度（Sc）和氮（N）与 S 的比率（N:S）是诊断 S 缺乏症的重要指标。在加拿大东部的两个地点，对沙质和粘壤土进行了为期三个生长季的田间研究，以确定不同生长阶段（GSs）的植物临界 Sc 和氮 S 比。方法在每个地点的每一年，由四种氮水平（0、80、160 和 240 千克氮公顷-1）的尿素（46-0-0）和四种 S 水平（0、20、30 和 40 千克 S 公顷-1）的硫酸钾（0-0-50-18）组成的因子实验被正交分类，形成 16 个组合。结果我们的研究发现，施用钾肥可提高各生长期的植株Sc，但会降低全株N:S比率，而且在开花期的影响更大。全株 Sc 比和 N:S 比均随 GS、环境和土壤类型而变化，并随植株衰老而下降。我们的结果表明，全株 S 分析与植物 S 缺乏的视觉迹象（叶片呈紫边和杯状，绿色较少；生长迟缓，开花缓慢，花朵较少）相结合，似乎是在田间发现 S 问题的最佳方法，而全株 Sc 和 N:S 比率则可确认 S 缺乏。结论我们的研究结果表明，如果莲座期的全株 Sc 值为 0.35%，N:S 比值为 9.6，则植株可能缺乏 S，及时补充 S 肥料可能有利于油菜籽作物的产量。
{"title":"Assessing critical plant sulfur concentration and nitrogen to sulfur ratio in spring canola production","authors":"Bao-Luo Ma, Aruna Herath, Donald L. Smith","doi":"10.1002/jpln.202400096","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jpln.202400096","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Plant S concentration (Sc) and nitrogen (N) to S ratio (N:S) in canola are important indicators for diagnosing S deficiency. A field study was conducted on sandy and clay loam soils at two sites in eastern Canada for three growing seasons to determine plant critical Sc and N:S ratios across various growth stages (GSs).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For each site year, factorial experiments consisting of combinations of four N levels (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg N ha<sup>–1</sup>) as urea (46–0–0) and four S levels (0, 20, 30, and 40 kg S ha<sup>–1</sup>) as potassium sulfate (0–0–50–18) were classified orthogonally to form 16 combinations. Muriate of potash (0–0–60) was also applied as needed to ensure all plots receiving the equal amount of potassium (K).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study found that S fertilization increased plant Sc at each GS but reduced the whole-plant N:S ratio, and the effect was stronger during the flowering stage. Both whole-plant Sc and N:S ratios varied with GS, environment, and soil type and declined with plant aging. Our results showed that whole-plant S analysis combined with visual signs of plant S deficiency (purple-edged and cup-shaped leaves with less green; stunted growth, slow blooming, and fewer flowers) appeared to be the best way to identify S problems in the field, and whole-plant Sc and N:S ratios could confirm S deficiencies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings indicated that if the whole-plant Sc in the rosette stage is <0.35% and the N:S ratio is >9.6, the plant may be S-deficient, and timely supplementary S fertilization measures may be beneficial to canola crop yield.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","volume":"187 6","pages":"711-724"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141969136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carla Süß, Björn Kemmann, Mirjam Helfrich, Reinhard Well, Heinz Flessa
Background
Incorporation of cover crop (cc) shoot and root biomass can have different effects on nitrogen (N) dynamics and the transformation of soil-derived N and cc N.
Aims
The objective was to determine the effects of different ccs, cc compartments (roots and shoots), and pretreatment of cc biomass (fresh vs. dried) on mineralization processes and on the transformation of soil and cc N following incorporation into a silty loam soil.
Methods
Soil columns with incorporated 15N-labeled root and shoot biomass of two cc species (winter rye and oil radish) and different pretreatments (dried and fresh) were incubated for 70 days at a constant temperature and soil moisture (8°C, 40% water-filled pore space). Carbon and N transformation dynamics were determined repeatedly, distinguishing between N originating from cc biomass and from soil.
Results
Net CO2 emission was related to the amount of soluble cell components added with ccs. Net N mineralization was negatively related to the C:N ratio of cc biomass. The incorporation of dried cc biomass caused higher initial soil respiration and N immobilization than fresh biomass. All treatments with cc incorporation showed increased N2O emission. Emitted N2O-N consisted mainly of cc N (55%–57%) in treatments with fresh shoot biomass, whereas soil N was the main source of N2O (75%) in the treatment with fresh oil radish roots. Recovery of cc 15N was affected by crop compartment and pretreatment. At the end of the incubation, it was 17.5%–42.3% in soil NO3−, 0.1%–8.1% in microbial biomass N, and less than 0.23% of cc N was found in cumulative N2O emission.
Conclusion
The incorporation of cc roots and shoots had different effects on N mobilization and immobilization processes and on the partitioning of cc N. These processes can be influenced significantly by pretreatment of the added plant biomass (dried vs. fresh).
背景掺入覆盖作物（cc）的根和芽生物量对氮（N）的动态变化以及土壤氮和cc氮的转化有不同的影响。方法在恒温、恒湿（8°C，40% 的充满水的孔隙空间）条件下，将添加了 15N 标记的两种cc（冬黑麦和油萝卜）根和芽生物质以及不同预处理方法（干燥和新鲜）的土壤柱培养 70 天。）对碳和氮的转化动态进行了反复测定，并区分了来自cc生物质和土壤的氮。净氮矿化与cc生物质的碳氮比呈负相关。与新鲜生物质相比，干cc生物质在土壤中的初始呼吸作用和氮固定化作用更高。所有掺入cc的处理都增加了一氧化二氮的排放。在施用新鲜嫩枝生物质的处理中，排放的 N2O-N 主要由cc N 组成（55%-57%），而在施用新鲜油萝卜根的处理中，土壤 N 是 N2O 的主要来源（75%）。cc15N的恢复受作物区系和预处理的影响。培养结束时，土壤中 NO3- 的回收率为 17.5%-42.3%，微生物生物量 N 的回收率为 0.1%-8.1%，累积 N2O 排放量中的cc N 不到 0.23%。
{"title":"Nitrogen transformation as affected by decomposition of 15N-labeled cover crop shoots and roots","authors":"Carla Süß, Björn Kemmann, Mirjam Helfrich, Reinhard Well, Heinz Flessa","doi":"10.1002/jpln.202200437","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jpln.202200437","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Incorporation of cover crop (cc) shoot and root biomass can have different effects on nitrogen (N) dynamics and the transformation of soil-derived N and cc N.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective was to determine the effects of different ccs, cc compartments (roots and shoots), and pretreatment of cc biomass (fresh vs. dried) on mineralization processes and on the transformation of soil and cc N following incorporation into a silty loam soil.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil columns with incorporated <sup>15</sup>N-labeled root and shoot biomass of two cc species (winter rye and oil radish) and different pretreatments (dried and fresh) were incubated for 70 days at a constant temperature and soil moisture (8°C, 40% water-filled pore space). Carbon and N transformation dynamics were determined repeatedly, distinguishing between N originating from cc biomass and from soil.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Net CO<sub>2</sub> emission was related to the amount of soluble cell components added with ccs. Net N mineralization was negatively related to the C:N ratio of cc biomass. The incorporation of dried cc biomass caused higher initial soil respiration and N immobilization than fresh biomass. All treatments with cc incorporation showed increased N<sub>2</sub>O emission. Emitted N<sub>2</sub>O-N consisted mainly of cc N (55%–57%) in treatments with fresh shoot biomass, whereas soil N was the main source of N<sub>2</sub>O (75%) in the treatment with fresh oil radish roots. Recovery of cc <sup>15</sup>N was affected by crop compartment and pretreatment. At the end of the incubation, it was 17.5%–42.3% in soil NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, 0.1%–8.1% in microbial biomass N, and less than 0.23% of cc N was found in cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O emission.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The incorporation of cc roots and shoots had different effects on N mobilization and immobilization processes and on the partitioning of cc N. These processes can be influenced significantly by pretreatment of the added plant biomass (dried vs. fresh).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","volume":"187 6","pages":"748-765"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jpln.202200437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141939744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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