Toxicity of aqueous stem extract of Cissus populnea (ASECP) on the liver and blood of albino rats was evaluated in this research. Eighty-four (84) male albino rats were divided into three groups that were treated for 7, 14 and 21 days. Each of the groups were divided into 4 of seven rats each (i.e. A – D). Group A received distilled water only and served as the control while groups B, C and D received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg dose of the extract respectively. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last extract administration and their liver and blood collected for biochemical analysis. Secondary metabolite analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, saponins and terpenoids among others, with flavonoids (131.95 mg/g) and phenolics (172.47 mg/g) especially in abundance. Administration of ASECP significantly decreased (p < 0.05) liver aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities, serum total protein and albumin concentrations, red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and monocytes but significantly increased (p < 0.05) serum AST and ALT activities and white blood cell (WBC). Histopathological examination of the liver of the animals also revealed enlargement of hepatocytes, diffusion of nuclei within hepatocytes, distortion of hepatocyte radial arrangement and dilution of sinusoids following extract administration. Available results suggest that administration of ASECP at the doses examined can induce alterations in liver function and blood parameters and as such should be used with caution. Keywords: Hepatotoxicity; Haematotoxicity, Cissus populnea ; Apartate transaminase; Haemoglobin
{"title":"Hepatotoxic and haematotoxic potentials of aqueous extract of Cissus populnea whole stem in albino rats","authors":"B. Omoniwa, M. Yakubu","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Toxicity of aqueous stem extract of Cissus populnea (ASECP) on the liver and blood of albino rats was evaluated in this research. Eighty-four (84) male albino rats were divided into three groups that were treated for 7, 14 and 21 days. Each of the groups were divided into 4 of seven rats each (i.e. A – D). Group A received distilled water only and served as the control while groups B, C and D received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg dose of the extract respectively. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last extract administration and their liver and blood collected for biochemical analysis. Secondary metabolite analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, saponins and terpenoids among others, with flavonoids (131.95 mg/g) and phenolics (172.47 mg/g) especially in abundance. Administration of ASECP significantly decreased (p < 0.05) liver aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities, serum total protein and albumin concentrations, red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and monocytes but significantly increased (p < 0.05) serum AST and ALT activities and white blood cell (WBC). Histopathological examination of the liver of the animals also revealed enlargement of hepatocytes, diffusion of nuclei within hepatocytes, distortion of hepatocyte radial arrangement and dilution of sinusoids following extract administration. Available results suggest that administration of ASECP at the doses examined can induce alterations in liver function and blood parameters and as such should be used with caution. Keywords: Hepatotoxicity; Haematotoxicity, Cissus populnea ; Apartate transaminase; Haemoglobin","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89937136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Though Lophira alata is used in ethnomedicine for the management of a host of central nervous and systemic diseases, the toxicity profile has not been investigated. This study evaluated the toxicological profile of the ethanol extract of Lophira alata stem bark in rats. The mean lethal dose was determined. Animals were treated with 50-800 mg/kg of the ethanol extract for four weeks after which body weight/organ ratio, haematological, biochemical (renal and hepatic) and lipid profile of test animals were evaluated. Changes in body weight and histopathological examination of brains, kidneys and livers were also carried out. Lower doses (50-400 mg/kg) did not affect body weight, organ/body weight ratio, hepatic, renal, haematological, lipid profile and morphology of organs of test animals. The highest dose affected creatinine levels, serum proteins and induced some histopathological changes. Lophira alata is relatively safe at low doses but high doses of Lophira alata should be used with caution.Keywords: Lophira alata; Toxicity; Lipd profile; Haematological indices
{"title":"Toxicological evaluation of the ethanol extract of Lophira alata (Ochnaceae) stem bark in rats","authors":"L. Iniaghe, E. Okpakpor","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Though Lophira alata is used in ethnomedicine for the management of a host of central nervous and systemic diseases, the toxicity profile has not been investigated. This study evaluated the toxicological profile of the ethanol extract of Lophira alata stem bark in rats. The mean lethal dose was determined. Animals were treated with 50-800 mg/kg of the ethanol extract for four weeks after which body weight/organ ratio, haematological, biochemical (renal and hepatic) and lipid profile of test animals were evaluated. Changes in body weight and histopathological examination of brains, kidneys and livers were also carried out. Lower doses (50-400 mg/kg) did not affect body weight, organ/body weight ratio, hepatic, renal, haematological, lipid profile and morphology of organs of test animals. The highest dose affected creatinine levels, serum proteins and induced some histopathological changes. Lophira alata is relatively safe at low doses but high doses of Lophira alata should be used with caution.Keywords: Lophira alata; Toxicity; Lipd profile; Haematological indices","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85431146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although significant progress has been made in the last few decades in the field of antimicrobial chemotherapy, indiscriminate antibiotics use and the growing trend of bacterial resistance have made it necessary to search for newer antimicrobial agents. Various mushrooms have been used in the Nigerian traditional medicine to treat several infectious diseases. The aim of this work is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of five medicinal mushroom species viz. Ganoderma lucidum , Lycoperdon umbrinum , Trametes versicolor , Ganoderma applanatum and Tricholoma spp against seven clinical strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The methanol extracts of the five mushrooms were subjected to agar diffusion and agar dilution assays to determine the antibacterial and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), respectively, against seven strains of MRSA. The extracts displayed varying growth inhibitory activity on the clinical strains of MRSA, with the extracts of Lycoperdon umbrinum and Trametes versicolor eliciting the highest growth inhibitory effects across the MRSA under investigation. In particular, L. umbrinum (3.125 mg/mL) had diameter of zone of inhibition (ZOI) ranging from 7 – 13 mm with MIC value as low as 1.47 mg/mL against the MRSA strains, while T. versicolor displayed ZOI between 3 mm and 12 mm. Meanwhile, the extract of the three other species displayed little antibacterial activity against the MRSA strains. The antimicrobial activity of Trametes versicolor and Lycoperdon umbrinum displayed in this study indicate they could be potential source of novel antimicrobial agents and research is needed to identify the bioactive molecules responsible for their biological activity. Keywords: Mushroom; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Trametes versicolor ; Lycoperdon umbrinum
{"title":"Medicinal mushrooms with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) inhibitory activity","authors":"O. Ogbole, Ponmile Adebisi, Peter A Segun","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Although significant progress has been made in the last few decades in the field of antimicrobial chemotherapy, indiscriminate antibiotics use and the growing trend of bacterial resistance have made it necessary to search for newer antimicrobial agents. Various mushrooms have been used in the Nigerian traditional medicine to treat several infectious diseases. The aim of this work is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of five medicinal mushroom species viz. Ganoderma lucidum , Lycoperdon umbrinum , Trametes versicolor , Ganoderma applanatum and Tricholoma spp against seven clinical strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The methanol extracts of the five mushrooms were subjected to agar diffusion and agar dilution assays to determine the antibacterial and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), respectively, against seven strains of MRSA. The extracts displayed varying growth inhibitory activity on the clinical strains of MRSA, with the extracts of Lycoperdon umbrinum and Trametes versicolor eliciting the highest growth inhibitory effects across the MRSA under investigation. In particular, L. umbrinum (3.125 mg/mL) had diameter of zone of inhibition (ZOI) ranging from 7 – 13 mm with MIC value as low as 1.47 mg/mL against the MRSA strains, while T. versicolor displayed ZOI between 3 mm and 12 mm. Meanwhile, the extract of the three other species displayed little antibacterial activity against the MRSA strains. The antimicrobial activity of Trametes versicolor and Lycoperdon umbrinum displayed in this study indicate they could be potential source of novel antimicrobial agents and research is needed to identify the bioactive molecules responsible for their biological activity. Keywords: Mushroom; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Trametes versicolor ; Lycoperdon umbrinum","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80610998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Usifoh, J. N. Nuntah, O. J. Abolagba, J. Igene, S. Usifoh, C. Omoti
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used extensively in fish preservation due to their low cost and efficacy to halt insect infestation. There is paucity of information on OCP residues in smoke-dried fish samples in the South- West zone of Nigeria and this necessitated the screening, elucidation and quantification of OCP in smoke-dried fish samples in this study. Fish samples were randomly obtained from markets in Lagos, Oyo, Ogun and Ondo States. These were extracted and analyzed for OCPs using GC-MS. The data obtained was subjected to Multivariate Analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the arising means separated using LSD test. The detected OCPs were DDT (0.001-0.077μg/ml), endosulfan (0.138-0.720 μg/ml), heptachlor epoxide (0.016-1.244 μg/ml), lindane (0.508μg/ml) and aldrin (0.030-0.491 μg/ml). Lagos State was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in DDT, endosulfan and heptachlor epoxide concentrations while Ogun State had higher aldrin concentrations. The estimated average daily intake (EADI) and hazard quotient (HQ), on the consumption of OCPs laden fish shows that heptachlor epoxide and aldrin concentrations exceeded the reference dose. The consumption of OCPs laden fish samples may result in adverse health complications due to OCPs toxicity. There is the need for the continuous sensitization of fishmongers to shun OCPs usage in fish preservation in the South-West.Keywords: Organochlorine; Pesticides; Smoke-dried; Fishmongers; Fish marketers
{"title":"Incidence of organochlorine pesticide residues in smokedried fish species marketed in South-West Nigeria","authors":"C. Usifoh, J. N. Nuntah, O. J. Abolagba, J. Igene, S. Usifoh, C. Omoti","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used extensively in fish preservation due to their low cost and efficacy to halt insect infestation. There is paucity of information on OCP residues in smoke-dried fish samples in the South- West zone of Nigeria and this necessitated the screening, elucidation and quantification of OCP in smoke-dried fish samples in this study. Fish samples were randomly obtained from markets in Lagos, Oyo, Ogun and Ondo States. These were extracted and analyzed for OCPs using GC-MS. The data obtained was subjected to Multivariate Analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the arising means separated using LSD test. The detected OCPs were DDT (0.001-0.077μg/ml), endosulfan (0.138-0.720 μg/ml), heptachlor epoxide (0.016-1.244 μg/ml), lindane (0.508μg/ml) and aldrin (0.030-0.491 μg/ml). Lagos State was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in DDT, endosulfan and heptachlor epoxide concentrations while Ogun State had higher aldrin concentrations. The estimated average daily intake (EADI) and hazard quotient (HQ), on the consumption of OCPs laden fish shows that heptachlor epoxide and aldrin concentrations exceeded the reference dose. The consumption of OCPs laden fish samples may result in adverse health complications due to OCPs toxicity. There is the need for the continuous sensitization of fishmongers to shun OCPs usage in fish preservation in the South-West.Keywords: Organochlorine; Pesticides; Smoke-dried; Fishmongers; Fish marketers","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90891390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caralluma dalzielli N.E. Br (Asclepidiaceae) is reportedly used in the management of depression by traditional practitioners in Northwestern Nigeria. However, there is paucity of data in the literature on the antidepressant potential of the plant scientifically. The aim of the work was to provide scientific rationale for the use of the plant Caralluma dalzielli in the management of depressive illnesses locally. Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted using thin layer chromatography (TLC), acute toxicity study (LD 50 ) using OECD guideline 425 and beam walking assay (BWA) was used to assess effect of the extract on motor coordination deficit. Antidepressant activity of methanol extract of Caralluma dalzielli (125-500 mg/kg) was evaluated using tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST). The effect of extract on locomotor activity and cognitive behaviour was assessed using open field test (OFT) and novel object recognition test (NORT) respectively. Preliminary phytochemical tests revealed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. The LD50 was found to be ≤2000 mg/kg. The extract at all doses tested significantly ( p <0.05) and dose dependently decreased the duration of immobility in the TST and FST. Additionally, the extract significantly ( p <0.001) increased climbing activity of mice in the FST. There was significant decrease in number of lines crossed from the OFT at the dose of 125 mg/kg. However, the extract neither increase nor decrease the discrimination index of mice in the NORT. The methanol extract of Caralluma dalzielli possesses significant antidepressant activity with no motor coordination deficit. Keywords: Caralluma dalzielli ; Tail suspension test; Forced swim test; Open field test
{"title":"Methanol extract of Caralluma dalzielli N.E. Br (Asclepiadaceae) possesses antidepressant activity in mice","authors":"A. Shehu, Ibrahim Umar Dankado, M. Magaji","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Caralluma dalzielli N.E. Br (Asclepidiaceae) is reportedly used in the management of depression by traditional practitioners in Northwestern Nigeria. However, there is paucity of data in the literature on the antidepressant potential of the plant scientifically. The aim of the work was to provide scientific rationale for the use of the plant Caralluma dalzielli in the management of depressive illnesses locally. Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted using thin layer chromatography (TLC), acute toxicity study (LD 50 ) using OECD guideline 425 and beam walking assay (BWA) was used to assess effect of the extract on motor coordination deficit. Antidepressant activity of methanol extract of Caralluma dalzielli (125-500 mg/kg) was evaluated using tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST). The effect of extract on locomotor activity and cognitive behaviour was assessed using open field test (OFT) and novel object recognition test (NORT) respectively. Preliminary phytochemical tests revealed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. The LD50 was found to be ≤2000 mg/kg. The extract at all doses tested significantly ( p <0.05) and dose dependently decreased the duration of immobility in the TST and FST. Additionally, the extract significantly ( p <0.001) increased climbing activity of mice in the FST. There was significant decrease in number of lines crossed from the OFT at the dose of 125 mg/kg. However, the extract neither increase nor decrease the discrimination index of mice in the NORT. The methanol extract of Caralluma dalzielli possesses significant antidepressant activity with no motor coordination deficit. Keywords: Caralluma dalzielli ; Tail suspension test; Forced swim test; Open field test","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72592768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of the study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological effects of fractions of a methanol crude extract of Garcinia kola seed on chemically induced contractions of isolated guinea pig vas deferens. The extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction with methanol (80% v/v) at 65 ℃ for 25 h. It was then successively fractionated with solvents of different polarities including n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and acetone respectively. In the same vein, the fractions were tested individually at a pre-determined dose of 0.4 mg/mL alone and in the presence of KCl-induced contraction of an isolated guinea pig vas deferens at a tension of 0.5 g. Each of the fractions was also screened to determine its phytochemical constituents. The results showed that none of the fractions induced contraction of the isolated guinea pig vas deferens at the dose used. All the fractions demonstrated inhibitory action to KCl-induced contraction of the isolated guinea pig vas deferens, with the residual methanol fraction demonstrating the strongest inhibitory action. Nifedipine (8×10-3 mg/mL), a known calcium channel blocker, expectedly and completely blocked the KCl-induced contraction. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides in all the fractions but the absence of anthraquinones in all. The presence of other phytochemicals including alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and terpenes were separately present in all the fractions. Fractions of a methanol crude extract of Garcinia kola seeds show inhibitory action on KCl-induced contraction of isolated guinea pig vas deferens.Keywords: KCl; Methanol extract; Vas deferens; Guinea pig; Phytochemical
{"title":"Inhibitory effect of the methanol extract and fractions of Garcinia kola seeds on KCl-induced contractions of isolated guinea pig vas deferens","authors":"B. Bukar, Kabiru Abdulganiyu","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological effects of fractions of a methanol crude extract of Garcinia kola seed on chemically induced contractions of isolated guinea pig vas deferens. The extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction with methanol (80% v/v) at 65 ℃ for 25 h. It was then successively fractionated with solvents of different polarities including n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and acetone respectively. In the same vein, the fractions were tested individually at a pre-determined dose of 0.4 mg/mL alone and in the presence of KCl-induced contraction of an isolated guinea pig vas deferens at a tension of 0.5 g. Each of the fractions was also screened to determine its phytochemical constituents. The results showed that none of the fractions induced contraction of the isolated guinea pig vas deferens at the dose used. All the fractions demonstrated inhibitory action to KCl-induced contraction of the isolated guinea pig vas deferens, with the residual methanol fraction demonstrating the strongest inhibitory action. Nifedipine (8×10-3 mg/mL), a known calcium channel blocker, expectedly and completely blocked the KCl-induced contraction. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides in all the fractions but the absence of anthraquinones in all. The presence of other phytochemicals including alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and terpenes were separately present in all the fractions. Fractions of a methanol crude extract of Garcinia kola seeds show inhibitory action on KCl-induced contraction of isolated guinea pig vas deferens.Keywords: KCl; Methanol extract; Vas deferens; Guinea pig; Phytochemical","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86071367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A research was conducted to develop and evaluate a highly compressible micro-structured filler- binder for direct compression tableting. Tapioca starch (TS) was annealed, hydrolyzed and coprocessed with α -lactose monohydrate (α-LMH) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) to yield a novel microcrystarcellactose (MSCL B3). The powder suspensions were prepared at a concentration of 40 %w/w in five separate conical flasks. The TS granules were annealed for 1 h and subsequently hydrolyzed with α-amylase at 58 o and pH 7 for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h respectively. The reaction was terminated and neutralized with 0.1 N HCL and 0.1 N NaOH respectively. The enzyme hydrolyzed starch (EHS) at 3 h, sieved fraction >75-250 μm was coprocessed with α-LMH and MCC and compressed with load ranging from 2.5 to 12.5 KN. MSCL B3 (component ratio of EHS, α-LMH, and MCC ‘35: 35:30’) possessed improved functionality over direct physical mixture of the excipients. The Py (yield values) are: Cellactose (24.2 MNm -2 ) > MCC (25 MNm -2 ) > MSCL B3 (50.0 MNm -2 ) > Starlac (143 MNm -2 ). The degree of plastic deformation occurring “Pk” are in the following order: MSCL B3 (17.0 MNm -2 ) = Cellactose ® (17.0 MNm -2 ) > MCC (18.6 MNm -2 ) > Starlac ® (19.1 MNm -2 ). MSCL B3 is as good as Cellactose ® and more superior in functionality than Starlac ® and MCC. The dilution potential for MSCL B3 in PCM and AA tablets were: 45% and 50 % respectively. MSCL B3 can be used to formulate softer tablet of both poorly compressible API and moisture sensitive API Keywords: Microcrystarcellactose; Coprocessed excipient; Directly compressible excipient; Highly functional fillerbinder; Tapioca starch
{"title":"Compaction characteristics of a micro-structured fillerbinder “Microcrystarcellactose B3” for direct compression tableting","authors":"A. O. Shittu, A. Oyi, A. Isah, M. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v15i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v15i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"A research was conducted to develop and evaluate a highly compressible micro-structured filler- binder for direct compression tableting. Tapioca starch (TS) was annealed, hydrolyzed and coprocessed with α -lactose monohydrate (α-LMH) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) to yield a novel microcrystarcellactose (MSCL B3). The powder suspensions were prepared at a concentration of 40 %w/w in five separate conical flasks. The TS granules were annealed for 1 h and subsequently hydrolyzed with α-amylase at 58 o and pH 7 for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h respectively. The reaction was terminated and neutralized with 0.1 N HCL and 0.1 N NaOH respectively. The enzyme hydrolyzed starch (EHS) at 3 h, sieved fraction >75-250 μm was coprocessed with α-LMH and MCC and compressed with load ranging from 2.5 to 12.5 KN. MSCL B3 (component ratio of EHS, α-LMH, and MCC ‘35: 35:30’) possessed improved functionality over direct physical mixture of the excipients. The Py (yield values) are: Cellactose (24.2 MNm -2 ) > MCC (25 MNm -2 ) > MSCL B3 (50.0 MNm -2 ) > Starlac (143 MNm -2 ). The degree of plastic deformation occurring “Pk” are in the following order: MSCL B3 (17.0 MNm -2 ) = Cellactose ® (17.0 MNm -2 ) > MCC (18.6 MNm -2 ) > Starlac ® (19.1 MNm -2 ). MSCL B3 is as good as Cellactose ® and more superior in functionality than Starlac ® and MCC. The dilution potential for MSCL B3 in PCM and AA tablets were: 45% and 50 % respectively. MSCL B3 can be used to formulate softer tablet of both poorly compressible API and moisture sensitive API Keywords: Microcrystarcellactose; Coprocessed excipient; Directly compressible excipient; Highly functional fillerbinder; Tapioca starch","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81671554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Ugwah-Oguejiofor, Chiedozie Smart Ogbulie, M. Ugwah, M. L. Umaru, I. Adebisi, K. Abubakar, Y. Alkali
The aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Caralluma dalzielii (family Asclepiadaceae) has been used traditionally for the treatment of many ailments including infertility, convulsion, stomach problems and as aphrodisiac. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the extract on testosterone level in male Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were allotted into four groups of five rats each. Three doses of the extract (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg) and one distilled water control group were used for the assessment. The administration was done orally in all groups for 28 days. On the 29 th day, blood samples were withdrawn via cardiac puncture for testosterone level assay. The testes were excised and fixed in Bouin’s solution for histopathological study. There was a significant ( p <0.001 at 300 mg/g and p <0.05 at 150 and 600 mg/kg) rise in testosterone level among the test groups compared to the control. Histopathological examination showed no distortion in the testicular tissues. In conclusion, the extract of Caralluma dalzielii caused an increase in testosterone level which may be responsible for its use as an aphrodisiac in the traditional setting. Keywords: Caralluma dalzielii , testosterone, testis, Wistar rats, aphrodisiac
{"title":"Effect of aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Caralluma dalzielii N. E. Brown on the testosterone levels of male Wistar rats","authors":"C. Ugwah-Oguejiofor, Chiedozie Smart Ogbulie, M. Ugwah, M. L. Umaru, I. Adebisi, K. Abubakar, Y. Alkali","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V15I2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V15I2.11","url":null,"abstract":"The aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Caralluma dalzielii (family Asclepiadaceae) has been used traditionally for the treatment of many ailments including infertility, convulsion, stomach problems and as aphrodisiac. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the extract on testosterone level in male Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were allotted into four groups of five rats each. Three doses of the extract (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg) and one distilled water control group were used for the assessment. The administration was done orally in all groups for 28 days. On the 29 th day, blood samples were withdrawn via cardiac puncture for testosterone level assay. The testes were excised and fixed in Bouin’s solution for histopathological study. There was a significant ( p <0.001 at 300 mg/g and p <0.05 at 150 and 600 mg/kg) rise in testosterone level among the test groups compared to the control. Histopathological examination showed no distortion in the testicular tissues. In conclusion, the extract of Caralluma dalzielii caused an increase in testosterone level which may be responsible for its use as an aphrodisiac in the traditional setting. Keywords: Caralluma dalzielii , testosterone, testis, Wistar rats, aphrodisiac","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81512140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. S. Njinga, M. Sule, A. O. Shittu, M. David, M. Amali, Abdulkareem R. Bolaji, S. T. Abdullahi, S. Atunwa, H. Hassan, Oluwasegun Ibrahim Eniayewu
The stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activit ies. Standard methods were used to evaluate phytochemistry while antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method s on Staphylococcus aureus , Salmonella typhii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klebsiella pneumonia , Proteus vulgaris , Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis . Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the stem bark were found to be active against S. aureus , S. typhi , P. aeruginosa , K. pneumoniae , Proteus sp, E. coli , Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. LD 50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem bark afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. This justifies the use of the plant in treating convulsion. Keywords: Lannea kerstingii ; Anticonvulsant; Phytochemical; Antibacterial; Phytochemistry
{"title":"Phytochemical, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activity of the stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause (Anacadiaceae)","authors":"N. S. Njinga, M. Sule, A. O. Shittu, M. David, M. Amali, Abdulkareem R. Bolaji, S. T. Abdullahi, S. Atunwa, H. Hassan, Oluwasegun Ibrahim Eniayewu","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v15i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v15i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"The stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activit ies. Standard methods were used to evaluate phytochemistry while antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method s on Staphylococcus aureus , Salmonella typhii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klebsiella pneumonia , Proteus vulgaris , Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis . Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the stem bark were found to be active against S. aureus , S. typhi , P. aeruginosa , K. pneumoniae , Proteus sp, E. coli , Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. LD 50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem bark afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. This justifies the use of the plant in treating convulsion. Keywords: Lannea kerstingii ; Anticonvulsant; Phytochemical; Antibacterial; Phytochemistry","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89327427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cleophas B. Ajiya, A. Ahmed, C. Nsor, G. Michael, D. A. Zhigila
Macrofungi are extensive in diversity and play an essential role in sustaining ecosystems. However, the size and quality of their habitat is decreasing and extinction threatens the remaining 95 % of the world’s undiscovered fungal species. This study was carried out to document the diversity and composition of macrofungi in Ngel Nyaki Montane Forest Reserve. A total of seventy-two (72) wood decomposing fungi were identified belonging to 8 classes, 12 Orders and 27 Families. The most abundant species was Trichoglossum hirsutum (Pers). Boud with 23.49% relative frequency of occurrence followed by Russulax erampelina (7.23%), Hemimycena candida (Bres) Singer (5.42%), Termitomyces eurhizus (Berk.) Heim (4.82%), Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel (4.22%) and Ganoderma sp 1 (3.61%). Thirty-eight (52.77%) of the 72 species were rare, as they were seen and collected once during the survey. Eight (8) different fruiting body forms were encountered. Most of the macrofungi were the gilled fungi (Agarics) with 39 species, followed by the Polypores with 21 species, while cup fungi, slime mould and coral fungi were represented in the whole collection by a single species each. Macrofungi diversity varied significantly across pieces of deadwood with wood in later stages of decay having the highest macrofungi diversity. The study documents the first checklist of macrofungi in Nigeria’s rarest forest landscape. Keywords: Macrofungi, Composition, Diversity, Ngel Nyaki, Mambilla Plateau
{"title":"Macrofungi composition and diversity on deadwood in Ngel Nyaki forest reserve, Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria","authors":"Cleophas B. Ajiya, A. Ahmed, C. Nsor, G. Michael, D. A. Zhigila","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V15I2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V15I2.15","url":null,"abstract":"Macrofungi are extensive in diversity and play an essential role in sustaining ecosystems. However, the size and quality of their habitat is decreasing and extinction threatens the remaining 95 % of the world’s undiscovered fungal species. This study was carried out to document the diversity and composition of macrofungi in Ngel Nyaki Montane Forest Reserve. A total of seventy-two (72) wood decomposing fungi were identified belonging to 8 classes, 12 Orders and 27 Families. The most abundant species was Trichoglossum hirsutum (Pers). Boud with 23.49% relative frequency of occurrence followed by Russulax erampelina (7.23%), Hemimycena candida (Bres) Singer (5.42%), Termitomyces eurhizus (Berk.) Heim (4.82%), Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel (4.22%) and Ganoderma sp 1 (3.61%). Thirty-eight (52.77%) of the 72 species were rare, as they were seen and collected once during the survey. Eight (8) different fruiting body forms were encountered. Most of the macrofungi were the gilled fungi (Agarics) with 39 species, followed by the Polypores with 21 species, while cup fungi, slime mould and coral fungi were represented in the whole collection by a single species each. Macrofungi diversity varied significantly across pieces of deadwood with wood in later stages of decay having the highest macrofungi diversity. The study documents the first checklist of macrofungi in Nigeria’s rarest forest landscape. Keywords: Macrofungi, Composition, Diversity, Ngel Nyaki, Mambilla Plateau","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87801660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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