H. Baba, P. Igbinaduwa, C. Usifoh, C. Poh, Zainab A. Umoru, Emmanuella O. Agbegha
Long chain lipid amides isolated from animal tissues are known to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. The synthesis of analogues of such lipid amides of biological origin was designed and carried out. The analgesic properties of some of the synthesized molecules were also carried out. Condensation reaction involving palmitoyl chloride and primary amino compounds was carried out to produce the desired compounds. Analgesic properties were investigated using acetic acid induced writhing and hot plate models. The synthetic procedure yielded the desired products in good quantity. There was a dose dependent analgesic activity of the products tested. These simple organic molecules, which show promising analgesic properties, could be developed into useful drugs that could be used as effective pain relievers. Keywords: Benzyl palmitoylamide, propyl palmitoylamide, acetic acid induced writhing, hot plate model
{"title":"Synthesis of long chain lipid amides and their analgesic properties","authors":"H. Baba, P. Igbinaduwa, C. Usifoh, C. Poh, Zainab A. Umoru, Emmanuella O. Agbegha","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V15I2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V15I2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Long chain lipid amides isolated from animal tissues are known to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. The synthesis of analogues of such lipid amides of biological origin was designed and carried out. The analgesic properties of some of the synthesized molecules were also carried out. Condensation reaction involving palmitoyl chloride and primary amino compounds was carried out to produce the desired compounds. Analgesic properties were investigated using acetic acid induced writhing and hot plate models. The synthetic procedure yielded the desired products in good quantity. There was a dose dependent analgesic activity of the products tested. These simple organic molecules, which show promising analgesic properties, could be developed into useful drugs that could be used as effective pain relievers. Keywords: Benzyl palmitoylamide, propyl palmitoylamide, acetic acid induced writhing, hot plate model","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91379696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Etim, Ekarika C. Johnson, Ubong S. Bassey, P. Nwafor
The root of Rauwolfia vomitoria (Afzel) is known for its anti-hypertensive, psychoactive properties and aphrodisiac potentials. This research work was aimed at studying the phytochemical constituents and aphrodisiac activities of the crude ethanol extract and its fractions. The root material was macerated for 72 h and the dried ethanol extract (EE) partitioned successively to obtain dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), butanol (BuOH) and aqueous (AQ) fractions. The LD 50 was determined using Miller and Tainter method. The aphrodisiac potential of the crude extract and these factions were evaluated using adult albino mature male rats. The crude ethanol extract was subjected to phytochemical screening. The median lethal dose (LD 50 ) was determined to be 250±15.15mg/kg body weight. The result of phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids. The extract and the fractions decreased mount latency, intromission latency, post ejaculation interval and increased ejaculation latency, mount frequency, erection frequency and penile erection. These effects were statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001) relative to control (normal saline). These findings authenticate the use of the root of Rauwolfia vomitoria as aphrodisiac agent. Keywords: Rauwolfia vomitoria ; Aphrodisiac; Sexual dysfunction; Intromission; Mount latency
{"title":"Phytochemical and aphrodisiac studies of ethanol root extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria Afzel (Apocynaceae)","authors":"E. Etim, Ekarika C. Johnson, Ubong S. Bassey, P. Nwafor","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v15i2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v15i2.9","url":null,"abstract":"The root of Rauwolfia vomitoria (Afzel) is known for its anti-hypertensive, psychoactive properties and aphrodisiac potentials. This research work was aimed at studying the phytochemical constituents and aphrodisiac activities of the crude ethanol extract and its fractions. The root material was macerated for 72 h and the dried ethanol extract (EE) partitioned successively to obtain dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), butanol (BuOH) and aqueous (AQ) fractions. The LD 50 was determined using Miller and Tainter method. The aphrodisiac potential of the crude extract and these factions were evaluated using adult albino mature male rats. The crude ethanol extract was subjected to phytochemical screening. The median lethal dose (LD 50 ) was determined to be 250±15.15mg/kg body weight. The result of phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids. The extract and the fractions decreased mount latency, intromission latency, post ejaculation interval and increased ejaculation latency, mount frequency, erection frequency and penile erection. These effects were statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001) relative to control (normal saline). These findings authenticate the use of the root of Rauwolfia vomitoria as aphrodisiac agent. Keywords: Rauwolfia vomitoria ; Aphrodisiac; Sexual dysfunction; Intromission; Mount latency","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77313607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bombax costatum belongs to the family Bombacaceae and is commonly called red-flowered silk-cotton tree or red kapok tree, the plant occurs from Senegal. In Nigeria, different parts of B. costatum are employed for various purposes. The extract from the bark is drunk or applied on the head for dizziness; and the gum resin from the bark is pulverized, mixed with oil and used to manage skin diseases such as “craw-craw”. This study showed that the, median lethal dose (LD50) via oral route of the extracts was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg when administered orally in albino rats. The extracts of B. costatum stem bark was observed to posses s antibacterial activity against four out of the seven bacterial isolates that were used for the study. Ciprofloxacin was used as a control, and it has higher antibacterial activity as compared to the plant extracts. Although, the three extracts showed app reciable zones of inhibition (18-28 mm), the ethyl acetate extract exhibited a wider dimension (26-28mm) and prove to be the best as compared to the hexane and methanol extracts which showed (18-20 mm) and (22-25 mm) respectively. The results from the MIC and MBC also revealed that the ethyl acetate extract (6.25 and 12.5 mg/ml) had higher inhibitory strength than the hexane (25 and 50 mg/ml) and methanol (12 and 25 mg/ml) extracts. The results of this study provide scientific justification for the traditional uses of the stem bark in the treatment of infectious diseases and food poisoning.Keywords: Bombax costatum; Stem bark; Antibacterial activity; Toxicity studies
{"title":"Acute toxicity studies and antibacterial evaluation of Bombax costatum stem bark extracts","authors":"A. A. Ambi, A. Abubakar, M. Hassan","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V15I2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V15I2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Bombax costatum belongs to the family Bombacaceae and is commonly called red-flowered silk-cotton tree or red kapok tree, the plant occurs from Senegal. In Nigeria, different parts of B. costatum are employed for various purposes. The extract from the bark is drunk or applied on the head for dizziness; and the gum resin from the bark is pulverized, mixed with oil and used to manage skin diseases such as “craw-craw”. This study showed that the, median lethal dose (LD50) via oral route of the extracts was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg when administered orally in albino rats. The extracts of B. costatum stem bark was observed to posses s antibacterial activity against four out of the seven bacterial isolates that were used for the study. Ciprofloxacin was used as a control, and it has higher antibacterial activity as compared to the plant extracts. Although, the three extracts showed app reciable zones of inhibition (18-28 mm), the ethyl acetate extract exhibited a wider dimension (26-28mm) and prove to be the best as compared to the hexane and methanol extracts which showed (18-20 mm) and (22-25 mm) respectively. The results from the MIC and MBC also revealed that the ethyl acetate extract (6.25 and 12.5 mg/ml) had higher inhibitory strength than the hexane (25 and 50 mg/ml) and methanol (12 and 25 mg/ml) extracts. The results of this study provide scientific justification for the traditional uses of the stem bark in the treatment of infectious diseases and food poisoning.Keywords: Bombax costatum; Stem bark; Antibacterial activity; Toxicity studies","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85263923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aims at validating scientifically, the claim on use of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) fruit rind as herbal medicine in treating diarrhoea in Northern Nigeria. Qualitative phytochemical screening was evaluated for presence of chemical constituents in methanol extract of Citrullus lanatus fruit rind (MECL). MECL was evaluated for oral acute toxicity in Swiss albino mice and established to be safe up to the highest dose of 5000 mg/kg. Effect(s) of extract was evaluated on models of experimentally induced diarrhoea in mice. Flavonoids, s teroids, alkaloids, saponins and triterpenes were present. Mice were grouped into five comprising of five animals each for all models of experimentally-induced diarrhoea; pre-treated group I (negative control) received orally, deionised water (10ml/kg), groups II, III and IV were administered 125, 250 and 500 (mg/kg) of MECL respectively. Group V (positive control) received loperamide (3 mg/kg) for castor oil-induced diarrhoea and fluid accumulation tests, while for charcoal meal test; group V received atropine sulphate (0.1 mg/kg) as positive. A significant (p≤ 0.01 and p≤ 0.001) non-dose dependent effect was elicited by extract, delaying onset of diarrhoea and reducing severity of diarrhoea respectively on castor oil-induced diarrhoea. MECL delayed propuls ive movement of charcoal along intestine, significantly (p≤ 0.05) decreasing volume (ml) of intestinal content compared to negative control of deionised water. Conclusively, MECL elicited antidiarrhoeal activity prolonging onset of diarrhoea, reducing severity of wet faeces, delaying movement of charcoal and decreasing volume of intestinal content, confirming the claim by herbal practitioners on its use in treating diarrhoea in Northern Nigeria. Keywords: Citrullus lanatus ; Diarrhoea; Flavonoids; Intestinal motility
{"title":"Effects of methanol extract of Citrullus lanatus Thunb. (Curcubitaceae) fruit rind on experimentally-induced diarrhoea in Swiss-albino mice","authors":"M. Ismail, B. Maiha, J. Ya’u, I. Maje","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v15i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v15i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims at validating scientifically, the claim on use of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) fruit rind as herbal medicine in treating diarrhoea in Northern Nigeria. Qualitative phytochemical screening was evaluated for presence of chemical constituents in methanol extract of Citrullus lanatus fruit rind (MECL). MECL was evaluated for oral acute toxicity in Swiss albino mice and established to be safe up to the highest dose of 5000 mg/kg. Effect(s) of extract was evaluated on models of experimentally induced diarrhoea in mice. Flavonoids, s teroids, alkaloids, saponins and triterpenes were present. Mice were grouped into five comprising of five animals each for all models of experimentally-induced diarrhoea; pre-treated group I (negative control) received orally, deionised water (10ml/kg), groups II, III and IV were administered 125, 250 and 500 (mg/kg) of MECL respectively. Group V (positive control) received loperamide (3 mg/kg) for castor oil-induced diarrhoea and fluid accumulation tests, while for charcoal meal test; group V received atropine sulphate (0.1 mg/kg) as positive. A significant (p≤ 0.01 and p≤ 0.001) non-dose dependent effect was elicited by extract, delaying onset of diarrhoea and reducing severity of diarrhoea respectively on castor oil-induced diarrhoea. MECL delayed propuls ive movement of charcoal along intestine, significantly (p≤ 0.05) decreasing volume (ml) of intestinal content compared to negative control of deionised water. Conclusively, MECL elicited antidiarrhoeal activity prolonging onset of diarrhoea, reducing severity of wet faeces, delaying movement of charcoal and decreasing volume of intestinal content, confirming the claim by herbal practitioners on its use in treating diarrhoea in Northern Nigeria. Keywords: Citrullus lanatus ; Diarrhoea; Flavonoids; Intestinal motility","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89056677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Igbokwe, A. Adeluola, Abel Olusola Idowu, S. Ugbo
The use of herbal medicines among Nigerians and the tendency by patients to combine this class of medicines with allopathic drugs is on the increase. This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial quality, phytochemical screening and detection of orthodox drugs (caffeine and aspirin) present in locally prepared herbal remedies “ Agbo ” indicated for typhoid fever’. Phytochemical screening of different herbal samples for typhoid was carried out. The antimicrobial activity of these samples was evaluated against enteric bacteria: Salmonella typhi , Escherichia coli , Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumoniae . Investigation of the presence of aspirin and caffeine in most acidic samples was also carried out using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The investigated herbal remedies for typhoid fever revealed an array of potential phytochemicals: Alkaloids, Saponins, Tannins, Cardiac glycosides, Reducing sugars, Flavonoids, Steroids and Terpenoids. Only one (5%) of the 20 samples investigated possessed antimicrobial activity against the enteric organisms with minimal zone of inhibition. All the samples investigated possessed traces of caffeine while 70% contained caffeine and aspirin. Although the herbal preparations known as “ Agbo typhoid ” showed an array of phytochemicals, caution should be exercised in their consumption since they were found inactive against the causative organism for typhoid fever, Salmonella typhi . Introduction of orthodox drugs to herbal remedies is unacceptable since there could be unhealthy interactions. The presence of caffeine and aspirin in “ Agbo ” could be deleterious to health. Keywords: Phytochemicals; “ Agbo ”; Caffeine; Aspirin
{"title":"Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial evaluation, and detection of caffeine and aspirin in herbal remedies used to treat typhoid fever","authors":"N. Igbokwe, A. Adeluola, Abel Olusola Idowu, S. Ugbo","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V15I2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V15I2.4","url":null,"abstract":"The use of herbal medicines among Nigerians and the tendency by patients to combine this class of medicines with allopathic drugs is on the increase. This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial quality, phytochemical screening and detection of orthodox drugs (caffeine and aspirin) present in locally prepared herbal remedies “ Agbo ” indicated for typhoid fever’. Phytochemical screening of different herbal samples for typhoid was carried out. The antimicrobial activity of these samples was evaluated against enteric bacteria: Salmonella typhi , Escherichia coli , Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumoniae . Investigation of the presence of aspirin and caffeine in most acidic samples was also carried out using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The investigated herbal remedies for typhoid fever revealed an array of potential phytochemicals: Alkaloids, Saponins, Tannins, Cardiac glycosides, Reducing sugars, Flavonoids, Steroids and Terpenoids. Only one (5%) of the 20 samples investigated possessed antimicrobial activity against the enteric organisms with minimal zone of inhibition. All the samples investigated possessed traces of caffeine while 70% contained caffeine and aspirin. Although the herbal preparations known as “ Agbo typhoid ” showed an array of phytochemicals, caution should be exercised in their consumption since they were found inactive against the causative organism for typhoid fever, Salmonella typhi . Introduction of orthodox drugs to herbal remedies is unacceptable since there could be unhealthy interactions. The presence of caffeine and aspirin in “ Agbo ” could be deleterious to health. Keywords: Phytochemicals; “ Agbo ”; Caffeine; Aspirin","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83392503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethnobotanical knowledge has been in use across diverse cultures, but the lack of documentation of the ethnocultural uses of plants, constrains wide adoption of beneficial application of plants to meet the needs of people. This study was therefore focused on investigating the ethnobotanical practices, cultural values and uses of Adansonia digitata , Parkia biglobosa and Tamarindus indica among the people of Kaltungo, Gombe State, Nigeria. A cross sectional survey was conducted in Yiri, Ture villages and Kaltungo metropolis all in Kaltungo Local Government Area from April to June 2017. Data was obtained from 116 structured questionnaires while the point centered method was used to determine species abundance in the study area. Species abundance was used as a proxy for public acceptance and conservation of the three tree species surveyed. Results indicate that species abundance varied with location reflecting the level of appreciation and protection of the species in each case. The result shows that P. biglobosa was the most abundant species in Kaltungo, T. indica in Ture and A. digitata in Yiri. The socio cultural and ethnobotanical appreciation of the three species was relatively similar across the three localities sampled. Our results emphasizes the utilitarian approach of humans to conservation, as each species was conserved because of its periodic returns to the locals by way of food, medicine and spiritual needs. Keywords: Ethnobotany, Kaltungo, Species abundance, Indigenous knowledge, Conservation
{"title":"Ethnobotanical appreciation of three common tree species in Kaltungo, Nigeria - implications for conservation","authors":"C. Nsor, Japhet J. Galaboyi","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v15i2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v15i2.14","url":null,"abstract":"Ethnobotanical knowledge has been in use across diverse cultures, but the lack of documentation of the ethnocultural uses of plants, constrains wide adoption of beneficial application of plants to meet the needs of people. This study was therefore focused on investigating the ethnobotanical practices, cultural values and uses of Adansonia digitata , Parkia biglobosa and Tamarindus indica among the people of Kaltungo, Gombe State, Nigeria. A cross sectional survey was conducted in Yiri, Ture villages and Kaltungo metropolis all in Kaltungo Local Government Area from April to June 2017. Data was obtained from 116 structured questionnaires while the point centered method was used to determine species abundance in the study area. Species abundance was used as a proxy for public acceptance and conservation of the three tree species surveyed. Results indicate that species abundance varied with location reflecting the level of appreciation and protection of the species in each case. The result shows that P. biglobosa was the most abundant species in Kaltungo, T. indica in Ture and A. digitata in Yiri. The socio cultural and ethnobotanical appreciation of the three species was relatively similar across the three localities sampled. Our results emphasizes the utilitarian approach of humans to conservation, as each species was conserved because of its periodic returns to the locals by way of food, medicine and spiritual needs. Keywords: Ethnobotany, Kaltungo, Species abundance, Indigenous knowledge, Conservation","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"54 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90673810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. T. Bakare-Odunola, N. S. Njinga, R. Ayanniyi, M. K. Bello, S. T. Abdullahi, Oluwasegun Ibrahim Eniayewu, Fehintola F. Abdulmajeed, Hadiyah R. Bello
Medicinal plants are important sources of disease-preventing compounds, which are important for the treatment of various health challenges such as diabetes. On an aqueous extract of a herbal product (HP) used for the management of diabetes, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and AlCl 3 method respectively. Microbiological evaluation was done by determining the total viable, yeast, mould and coliform bacteria count. The elemental analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrometer. The acute toxicity was done using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline while the hypoglycemic activity was evaluated using alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, steroids and terpenoids were detected in the HP. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents obtained was 1.58±0.001mg/g quercetin equivalent and 10.84±0.003 mg/g gallic acid equivalent respectively. Heavy metals Fe and Zn were present while Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb were absent. Na and K were also present at concentrations of 3.90 and 2.20mg·kg −1 respectively. The total viable and coliform counts were found to be 1.34 x 10 5 and 9.0 x 10 4 cfu/g respectively while there was absence of mould and yeast in the HP. The LD 50 of the HP was found to be above 5000 mg/kg. At dose of 125 mg/kg, the HP significantly (P<005) reduced glucose level to 143 mg/dL after 4 hours and to 123 mg/dL after 8 hours. The phytochemicals present, safety and the anti-diabetic activity justify the use of this HP in the management of diabetes. Keywords: Phytochemical screening; Elemental analysis; Herbal product; Diabetes
{"title":"Phytochemical, elemental, antioxidant, antimicrobial and hypoglycemic studies of a mixed herbal product used for the management of diabetics","authors":"M. T. Bakare-Odunola, N. S. Njinga, R. Ayanniyi, M. K. Bello, S. T. Abdullahi, Oluwasegun Ibrahim Eniayewu, Fehintola F. Abdulmajeed, Hadiyah R. Bello","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V15I2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V15I2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants are important sources of disease-preventing compounds, which are important for the treatment of various health challenges such as diabetes. On an aqueous extract of a herbal product (HP) used for the management of diabetes, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and AlCl 3 method respectively. Microbiological evaluation was done by determining the total viable, yeast, mould and coliform bacteria count. The elemental analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrometer. The acute toxicity was done using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline while the hypoglycemic activity was evaluated using alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, steroids and terpenoids were detected in the HP. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents obtained was 1.58±0.001mg/g quercetin equivalent and 10.84±0.003 mg/g gallic acid equivalent respectively. Heavy metals Fe and Zn were present while Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb were absent. Na and K were also present at concentrations of 3.90 and 2.20mg·kg −1 respectively. The total viable and coliform counts were found to be 1.34 x 10 5 and 9.0 x 10 4 cfu/g respectively while there was absence of mould and yeast in the HP. The LD 50 of the HP was found to be above 5000 mg/kg. At dose of 125 mg/kg, the HP significantly (P<005) reduced glucose level to 143 mg/dL after 4 hours and to 123 mg/dL after 8 hours. The phytochemicals present, safety and the anti-diabetic activity justify the use of this HP in the management of diabetes. Keywords: Phytochemical screening; Elemental analysis; Herbal product; Diabetes","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90925804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bida axis of Niger State, Nigeria depends on River Lavun for its domestic and commercial activities especially for fishing, drinking, washing, transportation, irrigation and waste disposal, with potential impact on physicochemical and elemental qualities of the river water. The physicochemical parameters of the river water, namely: temperature, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, phosphate, nitrate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) evaluated were found to be within acceptable limit set by World Health Organization (WHO) and/or Nigeria Industrial Standard (NIS) while dissolved oxygen (DO) was above the limit. Elemental composition of the river water was also studied using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Results of the elemental analysis showed that silver, cobalt, and lead were not detected, while the levels of iron, manganese, nickel, and cadmium, were above acceptable limit of drinking water set by WHO and/or NIS. Keywords: Physicochemical; Elemental, Water quality, River Lavun
{"title":"Assessment of physicochemical and elemental quality of water from River Lavun, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria","authors":"A. Aliyu, Y. Ibrahim, R. Oyi","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V15I2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V15I2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Bida axis of Niger State, Nigeria depends on River Lavun for its domestic and commercial activities especially for fishing, drinking, washing, transportation, irrigation and waste disposal, with potential impact on physicochemical and elemental qualities of the river water. The physicochemical parameters of the river water, namely: temperature, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, phosphate, nitrate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) evaluated were found to be within acceptable limit set by World Health Organization (WHO) and/or Nigeria Industrial Standard (NIS) while dissolved oxygen (DO) was above the limit. Elemental composition of the river water was also studied using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Results of the elemental analysis showed that silver, cobalt, and lead were not detected, while the levels of iron, manganese, nickel, and cadmium, were above acceptable limit of drinking water set by WHO and/or NIS. Keywords: Physicochemical; Elemental, Water quality, River Lavun","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84234152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olubukola A. Odeniran, O. Obodozie-Ofoegbu, J. Nwogu, C. Babalola
The World Health Organization recommends artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Artemether-lumefantrine (A-L) is a fixed-dose combination (FDC) of two active antimalarial ingredients. Pharmaceutical equivalence (PE) of three FDC: Coartem ® (20/120 mg); B (40/240 mg) and C (80/480 mg) were investigated. Assay was performed for A-L separately with a validated HPLC method. Assay for artemether in Coartem ® , B and C were 93.34%, 98.27% and 100.78% while for lumefantrine 96.44 %, 97.34 % and 93.52 % respectively were obtained. From the dissolution test, the mean percent of artemether released after 1 h for Coartem ® , B, and C were 38.67%, 32.86% and 50.74% respectively. Lumefantrine after 45mins gave 93.89%, 64.39% and 64.76% respectively. The data obtained were compared using ANOVA which was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The f2 values for B & C was greater than 50 suggesting their similarity with Coartem ® . The focus of this study is to evaluate their in vitro properties and their overall performance. Keywords: Artemether-lumefantrine tablets; Fixed-dose combination; Pharmaceutical equivalence; Antimalarial
{"title":"Effect of fixed-dose sizes on in vitro properties of artemether-lumefantrine tablets","authors":"Olubukola A. Odeniran, O. Obodozie-Ofoegbu, J. Nwogu, C. Babalola","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V15I2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V15I2.13","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Organization recommends artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Artemether-lumefantrine (A-L) is a fixed-dose combination (FDC) of two active antimalarial ingredients. Pharmaceutical equivalence (PE) of three FDC: Coartem ® (20/120 mg); B (40/240 mg) and C (80/480 mg) were investigated. Assay was performed for A-L separately with a validated HPLC method. Assay for artemether in Coartem ® , B and C were 93.34%, 98.27% and 100.78% while for lumefantrine 96.44 %, 97.34 % and 93.52 % respectively were obtained. From the dissolution test, the mean percent of artemether released after 1 h for Coartem ® , B, and C were 38.67%, 32.86% and 50.74% respectively. Lumefantrine after 45mins gave 93.89%, 64.39% and 64.76% respectively. The data obtained were compared using ANOVA which was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The f2 values for B & C was greater than 50 suggesting their similarity with Coartem ® . The focus of this study is to evaluate their in vitro properties and their overall performance. Keywords: Artemether-lumefantrine tablets; Fixed-dose combination; Pharmaceutical equivalence; Antimalarial","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87292680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. A. Hanwa, M. Tijjani, M. G. Magaji, A. Yaro, Y. Sani, I. Atiku
Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide. Despite a diversity of pharmacological agents to treat high blood pressure, suboptimal control remains a significant problem in as many as 43% of patients and this rate has not significantly improved over the two decades. There are several factors contributing to this including patient’s non-adherence due to complex drug regimes and medications side effects, under-treatment and treatment resistance. There, thus, remains a need to find herbal treatment to antihypertensive therapy that facilitate attainment of optimal blood pressure levels. Stereospermum kunthianum (Bignoniaceae) herb is used in Hausa ethnomedicine in treating bronchitis, venereal diseases, diarrhea, ulcers, leprosy, skin eruptions, respiratory ailments and gastritis. It is also used as abortifacient and as antihypertensive agent. General phytochemical investigation of methanolic extract of the stem bark of Stereospermum , kunthianum revealed the presence of sterol/triterpenes, coumarin, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, carbohydrates while alkaloids are rare. Acetone fraction of the crude methanol extract was subjected to biological studies to investigate the antihypertensive propertie s of the plant. The effect of acetone fraction of the Stereospermum kunthianum was compared with normal basal rhythm and Acetylcholine. The drugs and various doses of the extract were injected through a cannula inserted in the femoral vein. The extract dependently decreased Cat blood pressure and the decrease in the blood pressure was not blocked by atropine. The antihypertensive effects of the stem bark of Stereospermum kunthianum examined in this study showed that the plant is capable of exerting effect on the hypertensive patients . Keywords: Antimicrobial; Stereospermum kunthianum ; Phytochemical; Antihypertensive
{"title":"Hypotensive effect of the acetone fraction of the crude methanol extract of Stereospermum kunthianum (Bignoniaceae) stem bark","authors":"U. A. Hanwa, M. Tijjani, M. G. Magaji, A. Yaro, Y. Sani, I. Atiku","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v15i2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v15i2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide. Despite a diversity of pharmacological agents to treat high blood pressure, suboptimal control remains a significant problem in as many as 43% of patients and this rate has not significantly improved over the two decades. There are several factors contributing to this including patient’s non-adherence due to complex drug regimes and medications side effects, under-treatment and treatment resistance. There, thus, remains a need to find herbal treatment to antihypertensive therapy that facilitate attainment of optimal blood pressure levels. Stereospermum kunthianum (Bignoniaceae) herb is used in Hausa ethnomedicine in treating bronchitis, venereal diseases, diarrhea, ulcers, leprosy, skin eruptions, respiratory ailments and gastritis. It is also used as abortifacient and as antihypertensive agent. General phytochemical investigation of methanolic extract of the stem bark of Stereospermum , kunthianum revealed the presence of sterol/triterpenes, coumarin, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, carbohydrates while alkaloids are rare. Acetone fraction of the crude methanol extract was subjected to biological studies to investigate the antihypertensive propertie s of the plant. The effect of acetone fraction of the Stereospermum kunthianum was compared with normal basal rhythm and Acetylcholine. The drugs and various doses of the extract were injected through a cannula inserted in the femoral vein. The extract dependently decreased Cat blood pressure and the decrease in the blood pressure was not blocked by atropine. The antihypertensive effects of the stem bark of Stereospermum kunthianum examined in this study showed that the plant is capable of exerting effect on the hypertensive patients . Keywords: Antimicrobial; Stereospermum kunthianum ; Phytochemical; Antihypertensive","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73292671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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