Pub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154371
Chenyu Zhang , Yuanyuan Li , Piao Mei , Yang Gong , Dingding Liu , Yuanyuan Ye , Weiwei Wen , Mingzhe Yao , Chunlei Ma
Chlorophyll-deficient tea plant exhibits a significantly higher accumulation of free amino acids (FAAs) than normal tea plants. This study focused on the impact of leaf color and the developmental stage on FAAs in six tea germplasms while maintaining all other conditions. The total FAAs content initially increased as the leaf matured during the one-bud-two-leaves (1B2L) and one-bud-three-leaves (1B3L) stages in green germplasms, then decreased or stabilized in the one-bud-four-leaves (1B4L) stage. In contrast, chlorotic germplasms showed continuous FAAs' content increase from 1B2L to 1B4L, thus being significantly positively correlated with total chlorophyll content. Interestingly, ethylamine content decreased with leaf maturation in both chlorotic and green germplasms, thus showing a significant negative correlation with L-theanine content only in chlorotic germplasms. Comparative RNA-seq analysis linked FAAs accumulation in chlorotic germplasm's 1B3L to photosynthesis inhibition and in 1B4L to nitrogen assimilation promotion. Feeding experiments revealed higher L-theanine synthesis and degradation abilities in chlorotic shoots versus green shoots, with synthesis efficiency exceeding degradation efficiency. Overall, this study uncovers a developmental-specific FAAs accumulation pattern in chlorotic germplasms and offers novel insights into the precise regulation by leaf color and developmental stage.
{"title":"Developmental-specific regulation promotes the free amino acids accumulation in chlorotic tea plants (Camellia sinensis)","authors":"Chenyu Zhang , Yuanyuan Li , Piao Mei , Yang Gong , Dingding Liu , Yuanyuan Ye , Weiwei Wen , Mingzhe Yao , Chunlei Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chlorophyll-deficient tea plant exhibits a significantly higher accumulation of free amino acids (FAAs) than normal tea plants. This study focused on the impact of leaf color and the developmental stage on FAAs in six tea germplasms while maintaining all other conditions. The total FAAs content initially increased as the leaf matured during the one-bud-two-leaves (1B2L) and one-bud-three-leaves (1B3L) stages in green germplasms, then decreased or stabilized in the one-bud-four-leaves (1B4L) stage. In contrast, chlorotic germplasms showed continuous FAAs' content increase from 1B2L to 1B4L, thus being significantly positively correlated with total chlorophyll content. Interestingly, ethylamine content decreased with leaf maturation in both chlorotic and green germplasms, thus showing a significant negative correlation with L-theanine content only in chlorotic germplasms. Comparative RNA-seq analysis linked FAAs accumulation in chlorotic germplasm's 1B3L to photosynthesis inhibition and in 1B4L to nitrogen assimilation promotion. Feeding experiments revealed higher L-theanine synthesis and degradation abilities in chlorotic shoots versus green shoots, with synthesis efficiency exceeding degradation efficiency. Overall, this study uncovers a developmental-specific FAAs accumulation pattern in chlorotic germplasms and offers novel insights into the precise regulation by leaf color and developmental stage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"303 ","pages":"Article 154371"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142502617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154369
Domingos F.M. Neto, Wagner L. Araújo
{"title":"SPOTLIGHT: Orchestrating nitrogen metabolism: Histone modifications and its interplay with the biological clock","authors":"Domingos F.M. Neto, Wagner L. Araújo","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154369","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"303 ","pages":"Article 154369"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154370
Muhammad Anas , Muhammad Saad Bashir , Khadija Saleem , Atika Noor , Umar Masood Quraishi
Lead (Pb) contamination is a critical environmental issue that poses a substantial threat to agricultural sustainability and crop productivity, particularly for staple crops like wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study investigates the differential physiological, biochemical, and anatomical responses of two wheat cultivars, SKD-1 and Borlaug-16, under Pb stress (100 mg/kg Pb for 21 days). Borlaug-16 displayed a notable tolerance to Pb toxicity, evidenced by a significant increase in total biomass, including a 41.22% rise in shoot turgid weight and a 23.37% increase in root turgid weight, alongside a 57.72% enhancement in root cortex thickness. This cultivar also showed increased antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase and peroxidase, and a better ionomic balance, maintaining higher levels of essential minerals like Ca in leaf tissues while effectively accumulating Pb and other trace elements in roots. In contrast, SKD-1 suffered from a more substantial reduction in essential minerals and weaker anatomical and biochemical defenses. The study's novelty lies in providing an integrated approach to understanding wheat cultivar-specific adaptations to Pb stress, suggesting Borlaug-16 as a promising candidate for cultivation in Pb-contaminated soils. These findings underscore the importance of developing Pb-tolerant cultivars to ensure sustainable wheat production in polluted environments.
{"title":"Adaptive mechanisms of wheat cultivars to lead toxicity through enhanced oxidative defense, ionomic redistribution, and anatomical modifications","authors":"Muhammad Anas , Muhammad Saad Bashir , Khadija Saleem , Atika Noor , Umar Masood Quraishi","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lead (Pb) contamination is a critical environmental issue that poses a substantial threat to agricultural sustainability and crop productivity, particularly for staple crops like wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.). This study investigates the differential physiological, biochemical, and anatomical responses of two wheat cultivars, SKD-1 and Borlaug-16, under Pb stress (100 mg/kg Pb for 21 days). Borlaug-16 displayed a notable tolerance to Pb toxicity, evidenced by a significant increase in total biomass, including a 41.22% rise in shoot turgid weight and a 23.37% increase in root turgid weight, alongside a 57.72% enhancement in root cortex thickness. This cultivar also showed increased antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase and peroxidase, and a better ionomic balance, maintaining higher levels of essential minerals like Ca in leaf tissues while effectively accumulating Pb and other trace elements in roots. In contrast, SKD-1 suffered from a more substantial reduction in essential minerals and weaker anatomical and biochemical defenses. The study's novelty lies in providing an integrated approach to understanding wheat cultivar-specific adaptations to Pb stress, suggesting Borlaug-16 as a promising candidate for cultivation in Pb-contaminated soils. These findings underscore the importance of developing Pb-tolerant cultivars to ensure sustainable wheat production in polluted environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"303 ","pages":"Article 154370"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142468330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154372
Tomislav Radić , Rosemary Vuković , Emanuel Gaši , Daniel Kujundžić , Mate Čarija , Raffaella Balestrini , Fabiano Sillo , Giorgio Gambino , Katarina Hančević
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be beneficial for plants exposed to abiotic and biotic stressors. Although widely present in agroecosystems, AMF influence on crop responses to virus infection is underexplored, particularly in woody plant species such as grapevine. Here, a two-year greenhouse experiment was set up to test the hypothesis that AMF alleviate virus-induced oxidative stress in grapevine. The ‘Merlot’ cultivar was infected with three grapevine-associated viruses and subsequently colonized with two AMF inocula, containing one or three species, respectively. Five and fifteen months after AMF inoculation, lipid peroxidation - LPO as an indicator of oxidative stress and indicators of antioxidative response (proline, ascorbate - AsA, superoxide dismutase - SOD, ascorbate- APX and guaiacol peroxidases - GPOD, polyphenol oxidase - PPO, glutathione reductase - GR) were analysed. Expression of genes coding for a stilbene synthase (STS1), an enhanced disease susceptibility (EDS1) and a lipoxygenase (LOX) were determined in the second harvesting. AMF induced reduction of AsA and SOD over both years, which, combined with not AMF-triggered APX and GR, suggests decreased activation of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. In the mature phase of the AM symbiosis establishment GPOD emerged as an important mechanism for scavenging H2O2 accumulation. These results, together with reduction in STS1 and increase in EDS1 gene expression, suggest more efficient reactive oxygen species scavenging in plants inoculated with AMF. Composition of AMF inocula was important for proline accumulation. Overall, our study improves the knowledge on ubiquitous grapevine-virus-AMF systems in the field, highlighting that established functional AM symbiosis could reduce virus-induced stress.
{"title":"Tripartite interactions between grapevine, viruses, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide insights into modulation of oxidative stress responses","authors":"Tomislav Radić , Rosemary Vuković , Emanuel Gaši , Daniel Kujundžić , Mate Čarija , Raffaella Balestrini , Fabiano Sillo , Giorgio Gambino , Katarina Hančević","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be beneficial for plants exposed to abiotic and biotic stressors. Although widely present in agroecosystems, AMF influence on crop responses to virus infection is underexplored, particularly in woody plant species such as grapevine. Here, a two-year greenhouse experiment was set up to test the hypothesis that AMF alleviate virus-induced oxidative stress in grapevine. The ‘Merlot’ cultivar was infected with three grapevine-associated viruses and subsequently colonized with two AMF inocula, containing one or three species, respectively. Five and fifteen months after AMF inoculation, lipid peroxidation - LPO as an indicator of oxidative stress and indicators of antioxidative response (proline, ascorbate - AsA, superoxide dismutase - SOD, ascorbate- APX and guaiacol peroxidases - GPOD, polyphenol oxidase - PPO, glutathione reductase - GR) were analysed. Expression of genes coding for a stilbene synthase (<em>STS1</em>), an enhanced disease susceptibility (<em>EDS1</em>) and a lipoxygenase (<em>LOX</em>) were determined in the second harvesting. AMF induced reduction of AsA and SOD over both years, which, combined with not AMF-triggered APX and GR, suggests decreased activation of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. In the mature phase of the AM symbiosis establishment GPOD emerged as an important mechanism for scavenging H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> accumulation. These results, together with reduction in <em>STS1</em> and increase in <em>EDS1</em> gene expression, suggest more efficient reactive oxygen species scavenging in plants inoculated with AMF. Composition of AMF inocula was important for proline accumulation. Overall, our study improves the knowledge on ubiquitous grapevine-virus-AMF systems in the field, highlighting that established functional AM symbiosis could reduce virus-induced stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"303 ","pages":"Article 154372"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154362
Ru-Hua Xiang , Jia-Qi Wang , Zhong-Guang Li
Methylglyoxal (MG) and calcium ion (Ca2+) can increase multiple-stress tolerance including plant thermotolerance. However, whether crosstalk of MG and Ca2+ exists in the formation of maize thermotolerance and underlying mechanism still remain elusive. In this paper, maize seedlings were irrigated with MG and calcium chloride alone or in combination, and then exposed to heat stress (HS). The results manifested that, compared with the survival percentage (SP, 45.3%) of the control seedlings, the SP of MG and Ca2+ alone or in combination was increased to 72.4%, 74.2%, and 83.4% under HS conditions, indicating that Ca2+ and MG alone or in combination could upraise seedling thermotolerance. Also, the MG-upraised SP was separately weakened to 42.2%, 40.3%, 52.1%, and 39.4% by Ca2+ chelator (ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid, EGTA), plasma membrane Ca2+ channel blocker (lanthanum chloride, LaCl3), intracellular Ca2+ channel blocker (neomycin, NEC), and calmodulin (CaM) antagonist (trifluoperazine, TFP). However, significant effect of MG scavengers N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and aminoguanidine (AG) on Ca2+-induced thermotolerance was not observed. Similarly, an endogenous Ca2+ level in seedlings was increased by exogenous MG under non-HS and HS conditions, while exogenous Ca2+ had no significant effect on endogenous MG. These data implied that Ca2+ signaling, at least partly, mediated MG-upraised thermotolerance in maize seedlings. Moreover, the activity and gene expression of glyoxalase system (glyoxalase I, glyoxalase II, and glyoxalase III) and non-glyoxalase system (MG reductase, aldehyde reductase, aldo-keto reductase, and lactate dehydrogenase) were up-regulated to a certain extent by Ca2+ and MG alone in seedlings under non-HS and HS conditions. The up-regulated MG-scavenging system by MG was enhanced by Ca2+, while impaired by EGTA, LaCl3, NEC, or TFP. These data suggest that the crosstalk of MG and Ca2+ signaling in maize thermotolerance through MG-scavenging system. These findings provided a theoretical basis for breeding climate-resilient maize crop and developing smart agriculture.
{"title":"Crosstalk of methylglyoxal and calcium signaling in maize (Zea mays L.) thermotolerance through methylglyoxal-scavenging system","authors":"Ru-Hua Xiang , Jia-Qi Wang , Zhong-Guang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methylglyoxal (MG) and calcium ion (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) can increase multiple-stress tolerance including plant thermotolerance. However, whether crosstalk of MG and Ca<sup>2+</sup> exists in the formation of maize thermotolerance and underlying mechanism still remain elusive. In this paper, maize seedlings were irrigated with MG and calcium chloride alone or in combination, and then exposed to heat stress (HS). The results manifested that, compared with the survival percentage (SP, 45.3%) of the control seedlings, the SP of MG and Ca<sup>2+</sup> alone or in combination was increased to 72.4%, 74.2%, and 83.4% under HS conditions, indicating that Ca<sup>2+</sup> and MG alone or in combination could upraise seedling thermotolerance. Also, the MG-upraised SP was separately weakened to 42.2%, 40.3%, 52.1%, and 39.4% by Ca<sup>2+</sup> chelator (ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid, EGTA), plasma membrane Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel blocker (lanthanum chloride, LaCl<sub>3</sub>), intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel blocker (neomycin, NEC), and calmodulin (CaM) antagonist (trifluoperazine, TFP). However, significant effect of MG scavengers N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and aminoguanidine (AG) on Ca<sup>2+</sup>-induced thermotolerance was not observed. Similarly, an endogenous Ca<sup>2+</sup> level in seedlings was increased by exogenous MG under non-HS and HS conditions, while exogenous Ca<sup>2+</sup> had no significant effect on endogenous MG. These data implied that Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling, at least partly, mediated MG-upraised thermotolerance in maize seedlings. Moreover, the activity and gene expression of glyoxalase system (glyoxalase I, glyoxalase II, and glyoxalase III) and non-glyoxalase system (MG reductase, aldehyde reductase, aldo-keto reductase, and lactate dehydrogenase) were up-regulated to a certain extent by Ca<sup>2+</sup> and MG alone in seedlings under non-HS and HS conditions. The up-regulated MG-scavenging system by MG was enhanced by Ca<sup>2+</sup>, while impaired by EGTA, LaCl<sub>3</sub>, NEC, or TFP. These data suggest that the crosstalk of MG and Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling in maize thermotolerance through MG-scavenging system. These findings provided a theoretical basis for breeding climate-resilient maize crop and developing smart agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"303 ","pages":"Article 154362"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154368
Maoxing Zhang , Boyang Zhou , Yuan Cheng , Chunyan Zhong , Min Yu , Ting Pan , Yiyong Zhu
Utilization of nitrogen by crops is essential for sustainable agriculture. The transport of nitrate (NO3−) across the plasma membrane is a critical gateway for N uptake and subsequent utilization. This process requires proton (H+) coupled cotransport, which is driven by proton motive force, provided by plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase. In this report, two indica rice varieties [Meixiangzhan 2 (MXZ) and Jifengyou 1002 (JFY)] in South China were selected and cultivated in hydroponic solution with 0.5 mM or 2.0 mM NO3− as the N source. The JFY exhibited stronger growth with higher biomass than MXZ under both 0.5 mM and 2.0 mM NO3−. PM H+-ATPase activity of JFY roots was significantly higher than that of MXZ. The higher PM H+-ATPase activity in JFY was consistent with a higher abundance of PM H+-ATPase protein and higher transcription levels of OSAs, such as OSA2, OSA7 and OSA8 in roots, OSA3, OSA7 and OSA8 in leaves. The expression of nitrate transporters (OsNRT1;1b, OsNRT2.1, OsNRT2.2, and OsNAR2.1) were also higher in roots or shoots of JFY than those in MXZ. Under 0.5 mM and 2.0 mM NO3−, the NO3− absorption and translocation rate, nitrate content, as well as nitrate reductase (NR) activity were all significantly higher in JFY, as compared to those in MXZ. Taken together, in JFY and MXZ, a higher level of PM H+-ATPase protein and higher activity coupled with greater efficiency in nitrate uptake, translocation and assimilation, suggesting the existence of a close correlation between PM H+-ATPase and nitrate utilization in indica rice. PM H+-ATPase may one of the elite genes that can contribute to nitrate use efficiency in rice.
{"title":"Involvement of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in the nitrate-nutrition uptake and utilization in indica rice","authors":"Maoxing Zhang , Boyang Zhou , Yuan Cheng , Chunyan Zhong , Min Yu , Ting Pan , Yiyong Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Utilization of nitrogen by crops is essential for sustainable agriculture. The transport of nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) across the plasma membrane is a critical gateway for N uptake and subsequent utilization. This process requires proton (H<sup>+</sup>) coupled cotransport, which is driven by proton motive force, provided by plasma membrane (PM) H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase. In this report, two indica rice varieties [Meixiangzhan 2 (MXZ) and Jifengyou 1002 (JFY)] in South China were selected and cultivated in hydroponic solution with 0.5 mM or 2.0 mM NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> as the N source. The JFY exhibited stronger growth with higher biomass than MXZ under both 0.5 mM and 2.0 mM NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>. PM H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase activity of JFY roots was significantly higher than that of MXZ. The higher PM H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase activity in JFY was consistent with a higher abundance of PM H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase protein and higher transcription levels of <em>OSAs</em>, such as <em>OSA2</em>, <em>OSA7</em> and <em>OSA8</em> in roots, <em>OSA3</em>, <em>OSA7</em> and <em>OSA8</em> in leaves. The expression of nitrate transporters (<em>OsNRT1;1b</em>, <em>OsNRT2.1</em>, <em>OsNRT2.2</em>, and <em>OsNAR2.1</em>) were also higher in roots or shoots of JFY than those in MXZ. Under 0.5 mM and 2.0 mM NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, the NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> absorption and translocation rate, nitrate content, as well as nitrate reductase (NR) activity were all significantly higher in JFY, as compared to those in MXZ. Taken together, in JFY and MXZ, a higher level of PM H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase protein and higher activity coupled with greater efficiency in nitrate uptake, translocation and assimilation, suggesting the existence of a close correlation between PM H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase and nitrate utilization in indica rice. PM H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase may one of the elite genes that can contribute to nitrate use efficiency in rice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"303 ","pages":"Article 154368"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142406530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154367
Wei Zhang , Jiao Qin , Jing-Qiu Feng , Xiu-Mei Dong , Hong Hu , Shi-Bao Zhang
Mycoheterotrophic plants acquire nitrogen (N) directly from the soil and through their symbiotic fungi. The fungi-derived N has received considerable attention, but the contribution of soil-derived N has been largely overlooked. We investigated how the leafless, rootless, and almost mycoheterotrophic orchid Cymbidium macrorhizon obtains soil N by applying 15N-labeled ammonium nitrate in its natural habitat, and tracking metabolite accumulation and mycorrhizal fungal association after N application. The decline of N in the rhizome from flowering to fruiting indicated a transfer of N from the rhizome to fruits. At current dose of N application (0.6 g NH4NO3 each plant), only 1.5% of the plant's N was derived from fertilizer, resulting in a low nitrogen use efficiency of 0.27%. The majority of those newly absorbed N (88.89%) was found sank in the rhizome. Amino acids (or their derivatives) and alkaloids were predominant differentially accumulated nitrogenous metabolites after N application, with amino acids occurring in both fruits and the rhizome, and alkaloids primarily in the fruits. The addition of N did not alter the richness of mycorrhizal fungi, but did affect their relative abundance. Our findings suggest that Cymbidium macrorhizon uses very limited soil inorganic nitrogen in its natural habitat, and the root-like rhizome primarily stores N rather than absorbs its inorganic forms, offering new insights into how mycoheterotrophic plants utilize soil N, and the influence of nutrient availability on the orchid-fungi association.
{"title":"A mycoheterotrophic orchid uses very limited soil inorganic nitrogen in its natural habitat","authors":"Wei Zhang , Jiao Qin , Jing-Qiu Feng , Xiu-Mei Dong , Hong Hu , Shi-Bao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mycoheterotrophic plants acquire nitrogen (N) directly from the soil and through their symbiotic fungi. The fungi-derived N has received considerable attention, but the contribution of soil-derived N has been largely overlooked. We investigated how the leafless, rootless, and almost mycoheterotrophic orchid <em>Cymbidium macrorhizon</em> obtains soil N by applying <sup>15</sup>N-labeled ammonium nitrate in its natural habitat, and tracking metabolite accumulation and mycorrhizal fungal association after N application. The decline of N in the rhizome from flowering to fruiting indicated a transfer of N from the rhizome to fruits. At current dose of N application (0.6 g NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> each plant), only 1.5% of the plant's N was derived from fertilizer, resulting in a low nitrogen use efficiency of 0.27%. The majority of those newly absorbed N (88.89%) was found sank in the rhizome. Amino acids (or their derivatives) and alkaloids were predominant differentially accumulated nitrogenous metabolites after N application, with amino acids occurring in both fruits and the rhizome, and alkaloids primarily in the fruits. The addition of N did not alter the richness of mycorrhizal fungi, but did affect their relative abundance. Our findings suggest that <em>Cymbidium macrorhizon</em> uses very limited soil inorganic nitrogen in its natural habitat, and the root-like rhizome primarily stores N rather than absorbs its inorganic forms, offering new insights into how mycoheterotrophic plants utilize soil N, and the influence of nutrient availability on the orchid-fungi association.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"303 ","pages":"Article 154367"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154366
Luke O. Omoarelojie , Lenka P. Slavětínská , Wendy A. Stirk , Manoj G. Kulkarni , Johannes van Staden
Seaweed-derived bioproducts are increasingly being deployed as an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach to crop management under stressful growth conditions including salinity. The bioactivities of seaweed-derived extracts are linked to the presence of diverse groups of bioactive compounds. In the present study, the phlorotannins present in the seaweed Ecklonia maxima and Kelpak®, an E. maxima-derived bioproduct, were quantified and identified. Three phlorotannins were identified in E. maxima, namely eckol, 2-phloroeckol, and dibenzodioxin-fucodiphloroethol. Eckol (589.11 – 822.54 μg l−1) and dibenzodioxin-fucodiphloroethol (85 – 895 μg l−1) were present in Kelpak®. Phlorotannin bioactivity was investigated in tomato seedlings grown under NaCl-induced salinity stress. The seedlings treated with either individual phlorotannins (i.e., eckol or a fraction containing 2-phloroeckol and dibenzodioxin-fucodiphloroethol) or Kelpak® resulted in a reprogramming of biomass allocation as indicated by an increased root-to-shoot ratio. Phlorotannin and Kelpak® treatments induced the accumulation of antioxidants with an attendant augmentation of the antioxidant capacities and inhibition of membrane damage in the NaCl-stressed seedlings. Kelpak® treatment induced an increase in abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and phlorotannin treatments lowered the ABA content of the stressed seedlings. These results demonstrated that phlorotannins contributed to the ameliorative actions of Kelpak®. The more potent effects of Kelpak®, in comparison to phlorotannins, in improving dry matter accumulation, ABA content, antioxidative properties, and inhibiting tissue injury of the salt-stressed tomato seedlings may be attributed to the presence of other bioactive components in the Kelpak® product.
在包括盐度在内的恶劣生长条件下，海藻提取的生物产品越来越多地被用作一种环境友好型和可持续的作物管理方法。海藻提取物的生物活性与多种生物活性化合物有关。在本研究中，对海藻 Ecklonia maxima 和 Kelpak® （一种 E. maxima 衍生的生物产品）中的绿单宁进行了量化和鉴定。在 Ecklonia maxima 中发现了三种绿单宁，即 Eckol、2-phloroeckol 和二苯并二恶英-岩藻二氯乙醇。Kelpak® 中含有 Eckol（589.11 - 822.54 μg l-1）和二苯并二恶烷-岩藻二氯乙醇（85 - 895 μg l-1）。研究了在 NaCl 诱导的盐度胁迫下生长的番茄幼苗中叶绿素的生物活性。用单个叶绿单宁（即 eckol 或含有 2-phloroeckol 和二苯并二噁英-岩藻二氯乙醇的部分）或 Kelpak® 处理秧苗后，秧苗的生物量分配发生了重新规划，表现为根茎比增加。氯丹宁和 Kelpak® 处理可诱导抗氧化剂的积累，并随之提高抗氧化能力和抑制 NaCl 胁迫秧苗的膜损伤。Kelpak® 处理会增加脱落酸（ABA）的积累，而绿单宁处理则会降低受胁迫秧苗的 ABA 含量。这些结果表明，绿单宁对Kelpak®的改善作用做出了贡献。与绿单宁相比，Kelpak®在改善盐胁迫番茄秧苗的干物质积累、ABA含量、抗氧化性和抑制组织损伤方面的作用更强，这可能是因为Kelpak®产品中含有其他生物活性成分。
{"title":"Phlorotannins contribute to the ameliorative bioactivities of Ecklonia maxima-derived bioproduct in salt-stressed Solanum lycopersicum","authors":"Luke O. Omoarelojie , Lenka P. Slavětínská , Wendy A. Stirk , Manoj G. Kulkarni , Johannes van Staden","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seaweed-derived bioproducts are increasingly being deployed as an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach to crop management under stressful growth conditions including salinity. The bioactivities of seaweed-derived extracts are linked to the presence of diverse groups of bioactive compounds. In the present study, the phlorotannins present in the seaweed <em>Ecklonia maxima</em> and Kelpak®, an <em>E. maxima</em>-derived bioproduct, were quantified and identified. Three phlorotannins were identified in <em>E. maxima</em>, namely eckol, 2-phloroeckol, and dibenzodioxin-fucodiphloroethol. Eckol (589.11 – 822.54 μg l<sup>−1</sup>) and dibenzodioxin-fucodiphloroethol (85 – 895 μg l<sup>−1</sup>) were present in Kelpak®. Phlorotannin bioactivity was investigated in tomato seedlings grown under NaCl-induced salinity stress. The seedlings treated with either individual phlorotannins (i.e., eckol or a fraction containing 2-phloroeckol and dibenzodioxin-fucodiphloroethol) or Kelpak® resulted in a reprogramming of biomass allocation as indicated by an increased root-to-shoot ratio. Phlorotannin and Kelpak® treatments induced the accumulation of antioxidants with an attendant augmentation of the antioxidant capacities and inhibition of membrane damage in the NaCl-stressed seedlings. Kelpak® treatment induced an increase in abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and phlorotannin treatments lowered the ABA content of the stressed seedlings. These results demonstrated that phlorotannins contributed to the ameliorative actions of Kelpak®. The more potent effects of Kelpak®, in comparison to phlorotannins, in improving dry matter accumulation, ABA content, antioxidative properties, and inhibiting tissue injury of the salt-stressed tomato seedlings may be attributed to the presence of other bioactive components in the Kelpak® product.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"303 ","pages":"Article 154366"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142391383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing abiotic stresses from changing global climatic conditions, including drought, extreme temperatures, salinity, storms, pollutants, and floods, impend crop cultivation and sustainability. To mitigate these effects, numerous synthetic and non-synthetic chemicals or plant growth regulators are in practice. Chitosan, a natural organic substance rich in nitrogen and carbon, and thiourea, a synthetic plant growth regulator containing sulfur and nitrogen, have garnered significant interest for their roles in enhancing plant stress tolerance. Despite extensive use, the precise mechanisms of their actions remain unclear. Towards this endeavor, the present review examines how chitosan and thiourea contribute to stress tolerance in crop plants, particularly under drought conditions, to improve production and sustainability. It also explores thiourea's potential as a hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor and the possible applications of thiolated chitosan derivatives and chitosan-thiourea combinations, emphasizing their biological functions and benefits for sustainable agriculture.
{"title":"Chitosan-thiourea and their derivatives: Applications and action mechanisms for imparting drought tolerance","authors":"Dinesh Ithape , Sunil Dalvi , Ashish Kumar Srivastava","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing abiotic stresses from changing global climatic conditions, including drought, extreme temperatures, salinity, storms, pollutants, and floods, impend crop cultivation and sustainability. To mitigate these effects, numerous synthetic and non-synthetic chemicals or plant growth regulators are in practice. Chitosan, a natural organic substance rich in nitrogen and carbon, and thiourea, a synthetic plant growth regulator containing sulfur and nitrogen, have garnered significant interest for their roles in enhancing plant stress tolerance. Despite extensive use, the precise mechanisms of their actions remain unclear. Towards this endeavor, the present review examines how chitosan and thiourea contribute to stress tolerance in crop plants, particularly under drought conditions, to improve production and sustainability. It also explores thiourea's potential as a hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) donor and the possible applications of thiolated chitosan derivatives and chitosan-thiourea combinations, emphasizing their biological functions and benefits for sustainable agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"303 ","pages":"Article 154365"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142391382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of research was to study in detail the dynamics of the anthocyanin pathway during the ripening of olives, comprising the relative gene expression of nine enzymes and the contents of twelve phenolic compounds. The analyses were conducted on cv. 'Istrska belica' at seven maturity stages, separately in the pulp and the skin. Most phenolic compounds showed a higher content in the skin than in the pulp. Results showed that the accumulation of dihidroquercetin and dihydromyricetin started at the latest maturity stages. The most abundant phenolics evaluated in the current study present in both tissues were cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, both presented at all maturity stages, even when colour was not yet visible in the skin or pulp. Gene expression of enzymes revealed tissue-specific regulation during ripening. Genes expressions for phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, flavonoid 3-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase showed higher levels in the skin than in the pulp, and an upregulation during ripening in both tissues. Anthocyanidin synthase was the only gene with the highest expression at the beginning of ripening, with extreme decrease between second and third maturity stage, which suggests that the enzyme is mainly synthesized at the beginning of ripening and that enzyme activation starts at latest maturity stages. Our research contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of phenolic accumulation and the relative gene expression of enzymes involved in the anthocyanin pathway in reveals tissue-specific changes during olive fruit ripening. The previous results are also supported by physical changes, which are reflected in a statistical increase in fruit weight, a decrease in fruit firmness and also by changes in appearance observed during ripening. Understanding the accumulation of anthocyanins could, through further study, help to improve the quality of the fruit and therefore the quality of olive products.
{"title":"Changes in the anthocyanin pathway related to phenolic compounds and gene expression in skin and pulp of cv. 'Istrska belica' (Olea europaea L.) during ripening","authors":"Tea Burin, Mariana Cecilia Grohar, Jerneja Jakopic, Robert Veberic, Natasa Stajner, Tjasa Cesar, Urban Kunej, Metka Hudina","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of research was to study in detail the dynamics of the anthocyanin pathway during the ripening of olives, comprising the relative gene expression of nine enzymes and the contents of twelve phenolic compounds. The analyses were conducted on cv. 'Istrska belica' at seven maturity stages, separately in the pulp and the skin. Most phenolic compounds showed a higher content in the skin than in the pulp. Results showed that the accumulation of dihidroquercetin and dihydromyricetin started at the latest maturity stages. The most abundant phenolics evaluated in the current study present in both tissues were cyanidin-3-<em>O</em>-rutinoside and delphinidin-3-<em>O</em>-glucoside, both presented at all maturity stages, even when colour was not yet visible in the skin or pulp. Gene expression of enzymes revealed tissue-specific regulation during ripening. Genes expressions for phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, flavonoid 3-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase showed higher levels in the skin than in the pulp, and an upregulation during ripening in both tissues. Anthocyanidin synthase was the only gene with the highest expression at the beginning of ripening, with extreme decrease between second and third maturity stage, which suggests that the enzyme is mainly synthesized at the beginning of ripening and that enzyme activation starts at latest maturity stages. Our research contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of phenolic accumulation and the relative gene expression of enzymes involved in the anthocyanin pathway in reveals tissue-specific changes during olive fruit ripening. The previous results are also supported by physical changes, which are reflected in a statistical increase in fruit weight, a decrease in fruit firmness and also by changes in appearance observed during ripening. Understanding the accumulation of anthocyanins could, through further study, help to improve the quality of the fruit and therefore the quality of olive products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"303 ","pages":"Article 154364"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142375594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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