Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/6/062010
F. Taruffi, Robin Combette, A. Viré
The rotor of a floating offshore wind turbine experiences intricate aerodynamics due to significant motion in the floating foundation, necessitating a holistic understanding through a synergistic blend of experimental and numerical methodologies. This study investigates rotor loads and the emergence of unsteady phenomena for a floating offshore wind turbine under motion. The approach compares a wind tunnel experimental campaign on a moving scale model with large-eddy simulations. Importantly, both experimental and numerical setups were co-designed simultaneously to match conditions and allow a fair comparison. The experimental setup features a 1:148 scale model of the DTU 10MW reference wind turbine on a six degrees of freedom robotic platform, tested in a wind tunnel. Numerically, the LES code YALES2, employing an actuator line approach undergoing imposed motions, is used. Harmonic motions on one degree of freedom in surge and pitch directions are explored at various frequencies. Thrust force variation aligns with quasi-steady theory for both numerical and experimental results at low frequencies. However, higher frequencies reveal the rise of unsteady phenomena in experiments. Large-eddy simulations, coupled with an actuator line approach, provide additional insights into the near- and mid-wake response to imposed motions. This co-design approach between numerical and experimental tests enhances the comprehension of aerodynamic behaviour in floating offshore wind turbines, offering valuable insights for future designs.
浮式海上风力涡轮机的转子由于在浮动基础上的显著运动而经历了复杂的空气动力学过程，因此需要通过实验和数值方法的协同融合来全面理解。本研究探讨了转子载荷以及浮动海上风力涡轮机在运动过程中出现的不稳定现象。该方法将移动比例模型的风洞实验活动与大涡流模拟进行了比较。重要的是，实验和数值设置是同时共同设计的，以匹配条件并进行公平比较。实验装置包括一个 1:148 比例的 DTU 10MW 参考风力涡轮机模型，该模型安装在一个六自由度机器人平台上，在风洞中进行测试。在数值上，使用了 LES 代码 YALES2，该代码采用了承受外加运动的致动器线方法。在不同频率下，探讨了一个自由度在激波和俯仰方向上的谐波运动。在低频下，推力变化与数值和实验结果的准稳态理论一致。然而，在较高频率下，实验中出现了不稳定现象。大涡流模拟与推杆线方法相结合，提供了对外加运动的近岸和中岸响应的更多见解。这种数值和实验测试的协同设计方法增强了对浮式海上风力涡轮机空气动力学行为的理解，为未来的设计提供了宝贵的见解。
{"title":"Experimental and CFD analysis of a floating offshore wind turbine under imposed motions","authors":"F. Taruffi, Robin Combette, A. Viré","doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/2767/6/062010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/6/062010","url":null,"abstract":"The rotor of a floating offshore wind turbine experiences intricate aerodynamics due to significant motion in the floating foundation, necessitating a holistic understanding through a synergistic blend of experimental and numerical methodologies. This study investigates rotor loads and the emergence of unsteady phenomena for a floating offshore wind turbine under motion. The approach compares a wind tunnel experimental campaign on a moving scale model with large-eddy simulations. Importantly, both experimental and numerical setups were co-designed simultaneously to match conditions and allow a fair comparison. The experimental setup features a 1:148 scale model of the DTU 10MW reference wind turbine on a six degrees of freedom robotic platform, tested in a wind tunnel. Numerically, the LES code YALES2, employing an actuator line approach undergoing imposed motions, is used. Harmonic motions on one degree of freedom in surge and pitch directions are explored at various frequencies. Thrust force variation aligns with quasi-steady theory for both numerical and experimental results at low frequencies. However, higher frequencies reveal the rise of unsteady phenomena in experiments. Large-eddy simulations, coupled with an actuator line approach, provide additional insights into the near- and mid-wake response to imposed motions. This co-design approach between numerical and experimental tests enhances the comprehension of aerodynamic behaviour in floating offshore wind turbines, offering valuable insights for future designs.","PeriodicalId":16821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141391146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/3/032045
Niklas Requate, Tobias Meyer, René Hofmann
Wind turbines as an investment aim at turning an initial expense into a profit. Naturally, the aim of developers and operators alike is to create an economic benefit that is as high as possible. Little changes to a wind turbine structure are possible once it is built, and wind as the ultimate power source cannot be influenced. The only available means to achieve a high economic benefit is through improved operations and maintenance. We developed a method for optimizing the operation of wind turbines that builds on condition-based adaptation of the power setpoint. It aims at balancing loads and power generation such that lifetime is increased, and the total economic value is improved over simpler operating schemes. In this contribution, we extend the method with an annually varying selection of different optimal operating strategies from an initial multiobjective optimization. We show three case studies that highlight the potential of annual variation and the margin with which it improves on operating at nominal power and over a fixed optimized operating strategy. In each case study, the net present value can be improved slightly over a lifetime-constant operating point that is selected once from the Pareto-front.
{"title":"Maximizing value through optimized annual selection of Pareto-optimal wind turbine operating strategies","authors":"Niklas Requate, Tobias Meyer, René Hofmann","doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/2767/3/032045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/3/032045","url":null,"abstract":"Wind turbines as an investment aim at turning an initial expense into a profit. Naturally, the aim of developers and operators alike is to create an economic benefit that is as high as possible. Little changes to a wind turbine structure are possible once it is built, and wind as the ultimate power source cannot be influenced. The only available means to achieve a high economic benefit is through improved operations and maintenance. We developed a method for optimizing the operation of wind turbines that builds on condition-based adaptation of the power setpoint. It aims at balancing loads and power generation such that lifetime is increased, and the total economic value is improved over simpler operating schemes. In this contribution, we extend the method with an annually varying selection of different optimal operating strategies from an initial multiobjective optimization. We show three case studies that highlight the potential of annual variation and the margin with which it improves on operating at nominal power and over a fixed optimized operating strategy. In each case study, the net present value can be improved slightly over a lifetime-constant operating point that is selected once from the Pareto-front.","PeriodicalId":16821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141391175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2776/1/012007
S. S. Meher, M. Eren Çelik, J. Ravi, A. Inamdar, Deepnarayan Gupta
The semiconductor industry seeks energy-efficient alternatives as Moore’s law nears its limits. The Single Flux Quantum (SFQ) integrated circuits (ICs) using thousands of niobium Josephson junctions (JJs) and operating at 4 K show great promise for digital computing circuits at high speed (>20 GHz) and low power (a few nW per junction). The leading logic families are Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ), and its energy-efficient variant (ERSFQ). IARPA’s SuperTools program aims to develop integrated design tools for superconductor electronics, targeting SFQ and Adiabatic Quantum-Flux-Parametron (AQFP) logic families. This paper presents a passive transmission line (PTL) based standard cell library for SFQ logic, designed with Synopsys Electronic Design Automation (EDA) software tools for MIT-LL 100μA/μm2 SFQ5ee fab node. The dual RSFQ/ERSFQ standard cell library facilitates seamless integration of SFQ RTL-to-GDS design flow with Synopsys Fusion Compiler, an automated design tool. The SFQ RTL-to-GDS flow entails logic synthesis, checking, placement, clock synthesis, and routing. Row-based placement for library cells and H-tree clock tree structures are employed. Fusion Compiler’s effectiveness is validated with Hypres designs such as finite impulse response (FIR) filters, scalable multiply-accumulate (MAC) units, and memory arrays, comparing single and dual clocking schemes. The synergy between Hypres and Synopsys achieves a milestone by demonstrating the design of a digital superconducting circuit with over 10 million JJs, facilitated by a fully automated design tool for the first time. Challenges in very large-scale SFQ scaling are also discussed.
{"title":"An Integrated Approach towards VLSI Implementation of SFQ Logic using Standard Cell Library and Commercial Tool Suite","authors":"S. S. Meher, M. Eren Çelik, J. Ravi, A. Inamdar, Deepnarayan Gupta","doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/2776/1/012007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2776/1/012007","url":null,"abstract":"The semiconductor industry seeks energy-efficient alternatives as Moore’s law nears its limits. The Single Flux Quantum (SFQ) integrated circuits (ICs) using thousands of niobium Josephson junctions (JJs) and operating at 4 K show great promise for digital computing circuits at high speed (>20 GHz) and low power (a few nW per junction). The leading logic families are Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ), and its energy-efficient variant (ERSFQ). IARPA’s SuperTools program aims to develop integrated design tools for superconductor electronics, targeting SFQ and Adiabatic Quantum-Flux-Parametron (AQFP) logic families. This paper presents a passive transmission line (PTL) based standard cell library for SFQ logic, designed with Synopsys Electronic Design Automation (EDA) software tools for MIT-LL 100μA/μm2 SFQ5ee fab node. The dual RSFQ/ERSFQ standard cell library facilitates seamless integration of SFQ RTL-to-GDS design flow with Synopsys Fusion Compiler, an automated design tool. The SFQ RTL-to-GDS flow entails logic synthesis, checking, placement, clock synthesis, and routing. Row-based placement for library cells and H-tree clock tree structures are employed. Fusion Compiler’s effectiveness is validated with Hypres designs such as finite impulse response (FIR) filters, scalable multiply-accumulate (MAC) units, and memory arrays, comparing single and dual clocking schemes. The synergy between Hypres and Synopsys achieves a milestone by demonstrating the design of a digital superconducting circuit with over 10 million JJs, facilitated by a fully automated design tool for the first time. Challenges in very large-scale SFQ scaling are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":16821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141391256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/8/082003
C. Hollas, Georg Jacobs, Vitali Züch, J. Röder, Niklas Reinisch, Moritz Gouverneur, David Bailly, Maryam Babashahi, Alexander Gramlich
Given the continuous increases in wind turbine (WT) rated power and size, the nacelle weight and logistic handling costs increases significantly. To support heavier nacelles, stronger towers are needed which again increases material costs, so a need for nacelle power density increase arises. One solution to this problem is to increase the power density of the cast or forged WT main shaft. The power density in cast main shafts is limited by the low tensile strength of cast iron. High tensile strength steels, which theoretically increase power density, are used in state-of-the-art forged main shafts. However, their inner shaft diameter is kept small to reduce drilling costs. Since the loads of WT main shafts are dominated by the bending moments of the rotors, a high section modulus corresponds to a high power density. Material near the centre of the shaft therefore decreases the shaft power density. Hollow forging combines high tensile strength steel with a variable inner shaft diameter, enabling shaft designs with increased power density. Additionally, the use of air-hardening ductile (AHD) steel eliminates the need for costly heat treatment if the wall thickness is thin enough. The paper presents a holistic system model for the predesign of main bearing units (MBU) considering various materials and manufacturing methods. The model enables a feasibility assessment of hollow forged main shafts by comparing the resulting MBU weights across a wide range of WT power ratings. The MBU is selected instead of solely analysing the main shaft to account for the bearing and bearing housing weights, which depend on the main shaft geometry. The results show increased MBU power density of up to 23% for hollow forged shafts compared to forged shafts of the same material. Furthermore, when the shaft is hollow forged from AHD steel, the increase is even greater, up to 52%.
随着风力涡轮机（WT）额定功率和尺寸的不断增加，机舱重量和物流处理成本也大幅增加。为了支撑更重的机舱，需要更坚固的塔架，这又增加了材料成本，因此需要提高机舱的功率密度。解决这一问题的方法之一是提高铸造或锻造 WT 主轴的功率密度。铸铁主轴的功率密度受到铸铁抗拉强度低的限制。最先进的锻造主轴采用高抗拉强度钢，理论上可提高功率密度。不过，为了降低钻孔成本，它们的内轴直径都很小。由于 WT 主轴的载荷主要来自转子的弯矩，因此高截面模量就意味着高功率密度。因此，靠近轴中心的材料会降低轴的功率密度。空心锻造将高抗拉强度钢与可变的轴内径相结合，使轴的设计能够提高功率密度。此外，如果壁厚足够薄，使用空气硬化韧性（AHD）钢就无需进行昂贵的热处理。本文提出了一个整体系统模型，用于考虑各种材料和制造方法的主轴承单元（MBU）的预先设计。该模型通过比较各种额定功率的 WT 所产生的 MBU 重量，对空心锻造主轴的可行性进行了评估。选择 MBU 而不是只分析主轴，是为了考虑轴承和轴承座的重量，这取决于主轴的几何形状。结果显示，与相同材料的锻造轴相比，空心锻造轴的 MBU 功率密度增加了 23%。此外，当主轴采用 AHD 钢空心锻造时，功率密度的提高幅度更大，可达 52%。
{"title":"Power Density Analysis of Wind Turbine Main Bearing Units by Holistic Optimization of Material, Manufacturing and Design of the Main Shaft","authors":"C. Hollas, Georg Jacobs, Vitali Züch, J. Röder, Niklas Reinisch, Moritz Gouverneur, David Bailly, Maryam Babashahi, Alexander Gramlich","doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/2767/8/082003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/8/082003","url":null,"abstract":"Given the continuous increases in wind turbine (WT) rated power and size, the nacelle weight and logistic handling costs increases significantly. To support heavier nacelles, stronger towers are needed which again increases material costs, so a need for nacelle power density increase arises. One solution to this problem is to increase the power density of the cast or forged WT main shaft. The power density in cast main shafts is limited by the low tensile strength of cast iron. High tensile strength steels, which theoretically increase power density, are used in state-of-the-art forged main shafts. However, their inner shaft diameter is kept small to reduce drilling costs. Since the loads of WT main shafts are dominated by the bending moments of the rotors, a high section modulus corresponds to a high power density. Material near the centre of the shaft therefore decreases the shaft power density. Hollow forging combines high tensile strength steel with a variable inner shaft diameter, enabling shaft designs with increased power density. Additionally, the use of air-hardening ductile (AHD) steel eliminates the need for costly heat treatment if the wall thickness is thin enough. The paper presents a holistic system model for the predesign of main bearing units (MBU) considering various materials and manufacturing methods. The model enables a feasibility assessment of hollow forged main shafts by comparing the resulting MBU weights across a wide range of WT power ratings. The MBU is selected instead of solely analysing the main shaft to account for the bearing and bearing housing weights, which depend on the main shaft geometry. The results show increased MBU power density of up to 23% for hollow forged shafts compared to forged shafts of the same material. Furthermore, when the shaft is hollow forged from AHD steel, the increase is even greater, up to 52%.","PeriodicalId":16821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141396213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2730/1/012048
Yabin Yan, Jiancheng Yao, Bolong Wang, Long Zhen
The introduction of nano-scale grains, which form a gradient nanostructure (GNS) within the material, usually increases the service life of metallic materials. In this study, the uniaxial tensile mechanical properties of AerMet100 steel in initial and GNS states under different strain rate conditions were compared, and the microanalysis of tensile fracture was performed. It is found that GNS has little effect on the mechanical properties of AerMet100 but has an effect on its damage mode. The initial AerMet100 was basically ductile fracture, and GNS increased the brittle fracture mode in AerMet100.
{"title":"Effect of gradient nanostructures on the damage mechanism of aermet100 steel at various strain rates","authors":"Yabin Yan, Jiancheng Yao, Bolong Wang, Long Zhen","doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/2730/1/012048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2730/1/012048","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of nano-scale grains, which form a gradient nanostructure (GNS) within the material, usually increases the service life of metallic materials. In this study, the uniaxial tensile mechanical properties of AerMet100 steel in initial and GNS states under different strain rate conditions were compared, and the microanalysis of tensile fracture was performed. It is found that GNS has little effect on the mechanical properties of AerMet100 but has an effect on its damage mode. The initial AerMet100 was basically ductile fracture, and GNS increased the brittle fracture mode in AerMet100.","PeriodicalId":16821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141403351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092111
K. Brown, L. Cheung, N. Develder, T. Herges, A. Hsieh, M. Blaylock, G. Yalla, R. Knaus, D. Maniaci, B. Hirth
Towards the ongoing work of improving the capability of flow modeling within and around wind plants, an onshore model validation benchmark campaign is underway based on a field experiment involving multiple wind plants in Oklahoma, U.S.A. Dual-Doppler radar is being leveraged to provide flowfield information for the benchmarking owing to the unparalleled capability of such radar to capture minute-by-minute horizontal wind fields over a scale of tens of kilometers. However, dual-Doppler radar exhibits sampling artifacts that must be considered during model validation, and these are due to probe-volume averaging, coarse azimuthal/elevational resolution, non-ideal stereo angles, and coarse temporal sampling. Such sources of error in radar-reconstructed flowfields can be quantified using virtual radar sampling in the high-fidelity simulation environment (i.e., large-eddy simulation (LES)) where the true velocity field is known with confidence, and this is the uncertainty quantification approach adopted in this article. We leverage a virtual radar tool designed to replicate the specific sampling strategy of the X-band dual-Doppler instrument installed in the field campaign. This tool is featured in LES of an expansive 100 km by 100 km region of Oklahoma including hundreds of wind turbines modeled as actuator disks. In agreement with the sampling principles of radar, the results show that large-scale flow structures are qualitatively well-resolved by the instrument, though more simulation time and analysis are needed to determine the accuracy of the radar’s integral lengthscale estimates. At the turbine scale, the radar struggles to capture all of the features of the turbine wakes. The process of probe-volume averaging, as well as the subsequent interpolation to a Cartesian grid, biases the reconstruction of the peak near-wake deficit by an average of 2 m/s, or around 20% of the freestream velocity. Errors in this quantity of interest, as well as one characterizing the magnitude of the free-flow wind speed around the wakes, are found to be sensitive to the radar beam-crossing angle and beam range.
{"title":"Estimating Uncertainties from Dual-Doppler Radar Measurements of Onshore Wind Plants Using LES","authors":"K. Brown, L. Cheung, N. Develder, T. Herges, A. Hsieh, M. Blaylock, G. Yalla, R. Knaus, D. Maniaci, B. Hirth","doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092111","url":null,"abstract":"Towards the ongoing work of improving the capability of flow modeling within and around wind plants, an onshore model validation benchmark campaign is underway based on a field experiment involving multiple wind plants in Oklahoma, U.S.A. Dual-Doppler radar is being leveraged to provide flowfield information for the benchmarking owing to the unparalleled capability of such radar to capture minute-by-minute horizontal wind fields over a scale of tens of kilometers. However, dual-Doppler radar exhibits sampling artifacts that must be considered during model validation, and these are due to probe-volume averaging, coarse azimuthal/elevational resolution, non-ideal stereo angles, and coarse temporal sampling. Such sources of error in radar-reconstructed flowfields can be quantified using virtual radar sampling in the high-fidelity simulation environment (i.e., large-eddy simulation (LES)) where the true velocity field is known with confidence, and this is the uncertainty quantification approach adopted in this article. We leverage a virtual radar tool designed to replicate the specific sampling strategy of the X-band dual-Doppler instrument installed in the field campaign. This tool is featured in LES of an expansive 100 km by 100 km region of Oklahoma including hundreds of wind turbines modeled as actuator disks. In agreement with the sampling principles of radar, the results show that large-scale flow structures are qualitatively well-resolved by the instrument, though more simulation time and analysis are needed to determine the accuracy of the radar’s integral lengthscale estimates. At the turbine scale, the radar struggles to capture all of the features of the turbine wakes. The process of probe-volume averaging, as well as the subsequent interpolation to a Cartesian grid, biases the reconstruction of the peak near-wake deficit by an average of 2 m/s, or around 20% of the freestream velocity. Errors in this quantity of interest, as well as one characterizing the magnitude of the free-flow wind speed around the wakes, are found to be sensitive to the radar beam-crossing angle and beam range.","PeriodicalId":16821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141406902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/2/022053
H. H. Mian, M. S. Siddiqui, N. Franchina, O. Kouaissah, G. Wang, T. A. Nygaard
Predicting the aerodynamic performance of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) proves challenging due to platform motion induced by waves. The effect of wind and waves results in a six-degree-of-freedom motion of the platform, directly influencing turbine performance. Understanding the impact of specific degrees of freedom (DOF) motions on aerodynamics and structural response is crucial for effective wind turbine design. This research examines the impact of rotor tilt on both aerodynamic performance and structural response. The investigation employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis and mapping aerodynamic loads onto the finite element (FE) mesh for structural analysis. The study employs a comprehensive 3D simulation, utilizing the moving reference frame (MRF) method for the NREL 5 MW reference wind turbine CFD simulations. It explores different rotor tilt angles (5°, 10°, 15°, and 20°) encountered by offshore structures during their operation and examines their impact on aerodynamic performance. Predicted aerodynamic loads were mapped onto the blade FE mesh using the radial basis function (RBF) interpolation technique and solved using the open-source FE solver CalculiX. The analysis shows that the turbine performance is relatively unaffected up to a tilt angle of 10°. However, further increase in rotor tilt angle adversely impacts turbine performance, leading to notable reductions in thrust and power output. The fluid-structure coupled analysis provided insights into the deformations and stresses experienced by the turbine blade, indicating a notable increase in flap-wise displacement for larger tilt angles, while edge-wise displacement is not as significantly affected. The maximum stress location on the blade generally correlates well with actual observations.
由于波浪引起的平台运动，预测浮式海上风力涡轮机（FOWT）的空气动力性能具有挑战性。风浪的影响导致平台产生六自由度运动，直接影响涡轮机的性能。了解特定自由度（DOF）运动对空气动力学和结构响应的影响对于有效的风机设计至关重要。本研究探讨了转子倾斜对空气动力性能和结构响应的影响。研究采用计算流体动力学（CFD）分析，并将空气动力载荷映射到有限元（FE）网格上进行结构分析。研究采用了全面的三维模拟，利用移动参考框架 (MRF) 方法对 NREL 5 兆瓦参考风力涡轮机进行 CFD 模拟。它探讨了海上结构在运行过程中遇到的不同转子倾斜角度（5°、10°、15° 和 20°），并研究了它们对空气动力性能的影响。使用径向基函数 (RBF) 插值技术将预测的空气动力载荷映射到叶片 FE 网格上，并使用开源 FE 求解器 CalculiX 进行求解。分析结果表明，涡轮机的性能在倾角为 10° 时相对不受影响。然而，进一步增大转子倾角会对涡轮机性能产生不利影响，导致推力和功率输出明显下降。流体-结构耦合分析深入揭示了涡轮叶片所经历的变形和应力，表明倾角越大，襟翼位移明显增加，而边缘位移受到的影响并不明显。叶片上的最大应力位置与实际观测结果基本吻合。
{"title":"Aerodynamic and Structural Assessment of Floating Wind Turbine Rotor Under Varying Tilt Angle","authors":"H. H. Mian, M. S. Siddiqui, N. Franchina, O. Kouaissah, G. Wang, T. A. Nygaard","doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/2767/2/022053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/2/022053","url":null,"abstract":"Predicting the aerodynamic performance of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) proves challenging due to platform motion induced by waves. The effect of wind and waves results in a six-degree-of-freedom motion of the platform, directly influencing turbine performance. Understanding the impact of specific degrees of freedom (DOF) motions on aerodynamics and structural response is crucial for effective wind turbine design. This research examines the impact of rotor tilt on both aerodynamic performance and structural response. The investigation employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis and mapping aerodynamic loads onto the finite element (FE) mesh for structural analysis. The study employs a comprehensive 3D simulation, utilizing the moving reference frame (MRF) method for the NREL 5 MW reference wind turbine CFD simulations. It explores different rotor tilt angles (5°, 10°, 15°, and 20°) encountered by offshore structures during their operation and examines their impact on aerodynamic performance. Predicted aerodynamic loads were mapped onto the blade FE mesh using the radial basis function (RBF) interpolation technique and solved using the open-source FE solver CalculiX. The analysis shows that the turbine performance is relatively unaffected up to a tilt angle of 10°. However, further increase in rotor tilt angle adversely impacts turbine performance, leading to notable reductions in thrust and power output. The fluid-structure coupled analysis provided insights into the deformations and stresses experienced by the turbine blade, indicating a notable increase in flap-wise displacement for larger tilt angles, while edge-wise displacement is not as significantly affected. The maximum stress location on the blade generally correlates well with actual observations.","PeriodicalId":16821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141410236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/8/082019
E. Grant, K. Brunik, J. King, C E Clark
In this study, we provide a nationwide techno-economic analysis of clean hydrogen production powered by a hybrid renewable energy plant for over 50,000 locations in the United States. We leverage the open-source Hybrid Optimization Performance Platform (HOPP) tool to simulate the hourly performance of an off-grid wind-solar plant integrated with a 1-GW polymer exchange membrane electrolyzer system. The levelized cost of hydrogen is calculated for varying technology costs, and tax credits to explore cost sensitivities independent of plant design, performance, and site selection. Our findings suggest that strategies for cost reduction include selecting sites with abundant wind resources, complementary wind and solar resources, and optimizing the sizing of wind and solar assets to maximize the hybrid plant capacity factor. These strategies are linked to increased hydrogen production and reduced electrolyzer stack replacements, thereby lowering the overall cost of hydrogen.
{"title":"Hybrid power plant design for low-carbon hydrogen in the United States","authors":"E. Grant, K. Brunik, J. King, C E Clark","doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/2767/8/082019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/8/082019","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we provide a nationwide techno-economic analysis of clean hydrogen production powered by a hybrid renewable energy plant for over 50,000 locations in the United States. We leverage the open-source Hybrid Optimization Performance Platform (HOPP) tool to simulate the hourly performance of an off-grid wind-solar plant integrated with a 1-GW polymer exchange membrane electrolyzer system. The levelized cost of hydrogen is calculated for varying technology costs, and tax credits to explore cost sensitivities independent of plant design, performance, and site selection. Our findings suggest that strategies for cost reduction include selecting sites with abundant wind resources, complementary wind and solar resources, and optimizing the sizing of wind and solar assets to maximize the hybrid plant capacity factor. These strategies are linked to increased hydrogen production and reduced electrolyzer stack replacements, thereby lowering the overall cost of hydrogen.","PeriodicalId":16821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141416069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2730/1/012060
Yanpin Du, Yujun Qi
Composite sandwich panels have been widely utilized in various fields, including civil engineering, wind turbine blades, and transportation engineering, due to their lightweight, high strength, corrosion resistance, and exceptional thermal and damping properties. This paper introduces a novel wood-core composite sandwich panel produced through pultrusion. It features connection grooves designed to fulfill lateral connection requirements. The production of this innovative composite sandwich panel has been completed. The bending load-bearing capacity of this panel is comprehensively studied through theoretical analysis, and a modeling approach utilizing the general finite element software ANSYS is introduced. Ultimately, the efficacy of both theoretical methods and finite element simulations is verified through rigorous experiments. The research findings presented in this paper are highly significant for optimizing the design and manufacturing of composite sandwich panels, ultimately enhancing their utilization in rail transit vehicles and other industries.
{"title":"Study on manufacturing process and load-bearing capacity of innovative GFRP composite sandwich panels with connecting grooves","authors":"Yanpin Du, Yujun Qi","doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/2730/1/012060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2730/1/012060","url":null,"abstract":"Composite sandwich panels have been widely utilized in various fields, including civil engineering, wind turbine blades, and transportation engineering, due to their lightweight, high strength, corrosion resistance, and exceptional thermal and damping properties. This paper introduces a novel wood-core composite sandwich panel produced through pultrusion. It features connection grooves designed to fulfill lateral connection requirements. The production of this innovative composite sandwich panel has been completed. The bending load-bearing capacity of this panel is comprehensively studied through theoretical analysis, and a modeling approach utilizing the general finite element software ANSYS is introduced. Ultimately, the efficacy of both theoretical methods and finite element simulations is verified through rigorous experiments. The research findings presented in this paper are highly significant for optimizing the design and manufacturing of composite sandwich panels, ultimately enhancing their utilization in rail transit vehicles and other industries.","PeriodicalId":16821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141414880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/4/042022
Unai Gutierrez-Santiago, Jonathan Keller, Alfredo Fernández-Sisón, Henk Polinder, J. van Wingerden
The mesh load factor, Kγ , describes how loads are shared between planet gears and has become one of the key design challenges in modern wind turbine gearboxes. Planet load sharing directly impacts tooth root stresses, a critical driver of torque density and gearbox reliability. Experimental evaluation of Kγ is typically performed from sun gear tooth root strain gauge measurements, which are complex. Furthermore, such measurements can only provide an average value of load sharing. The present study describes an alternative method to evaluate the mesh load factor in wind turbine gearboxes based on fiber-optic strain sensors installed on the outer surface of the fixed ring gear. We present the results of an extensive measurement campaign to evaluate this novel sensing solution installed on the input planetary stage of a 2-MW wind turbine gearbox at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Flatirons Campus (Colorado, USA). The number of strain sensors on the ring gear was selected as an integer multiple of the number of planets, which has enabled an instantaneous evaluation of the mesh load factor. The effect of operating conditions on the planet load-sharing behavior of the gearbox has been investigated. The mesh load factor measured for operating conditions close to rated was below 1.05, well below IEC 61400-4 standard requirements.
{"title":"Instantaneous mesh load factor (Kγ ) measurements in a wind turbine gearbox using fiber-optic strain sensors","authors":"Unai Gutierrez-Santiago, Jonathan Keller, Alfredo Fernández-Sisón, Henk Polinder, J. van Wingerden","doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/2767/4/042022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/4/042022","url":null,"abstract":"The mesh load factor, Kγ , describes how loads are shared between planet gears and has become one of the key design challenges in modern wind turbine gearboxes. Planet load sharing directly impacts tooth root stresses, a critical driver of torque density and gearbox reliability. Experimental evaluation of Kγ is typically performed from sun gear tooth root strain gauge measurements, which are complex. Furthermore, such measurements can only provide an average value of load sharing. The present study describes an alternative method to evaluate the mesh load factor in wind turbine gearboxes based on fiber-optic strain sensors installed on the outer surface of the fixed ring gear. We present the results of an extensive measurement campaign to evaluate this novel sensing solution installed on the input planetary stage of a 2-MW wind turbine gearbox at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Flatirons Campus (Colorado, USA). The number of strain sensors on the ring gear was selected as an integer multiple of the number of planets, which has enabled an instantaneous evaluation of the mesh load factor. The effect of operating conditions on the planet load-sharing behavior of the gearbox has been investigated. The mesh load factor measured for operating conditions close to rated was below 1.05, well below IEC 61400-4 standard requirements.","PeriodicalId":16821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141391069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：