Research on risk communication relates basic risk perception studies to the formulation of policies, the currently evolving legislation dealing with hazards, the key issues of public involvement, the risk and environmental management. Risk communication is a relatively new field based on a sociological approach. The discipline comes from risk perception studies (psychological approach), which try to investigate how the public is influenced by certain variables in perceiving risk as "acceptable" or not. Risk communication involves some aspects of risk analysis methodology, since it results that also the technical analysis is influenced by the co-operation between the actors involved. The research project includes two aspects: a theoretic approach on risk communication (Part one) and a case study (Part two). The analysed case is relative to a movement plant of petroleum products. The method used for the analysis foresees a review of the main findings about risk perception and communication: mostly about the factors, which influence the public perception of risk. On the basis of these factors a content analysis of technical documents, of local newspapers, and of public documents and reports was carried out. The main objective of this project is to establish recommendations and proposals for a communication strategy aimed at consensual decision making. This strategy would act on awareness and/or equilibrium in risk perception, as a condition necessary to achieve consensus.
{"title":"Risk Communication and Public Perception of Technological Hazards (Part One)","authors":"Virginia Recchia","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.200573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.200573","url":null,"abstract":"Research on risk communication relates basic risk perception studies to the formulation of policies, the currently evolving legislation dealing with hazards, the key issues of public involvement, the risk and environmental management. Risk communication is a relatively new field based on a sociological approach. The discipline comes from risk perception studies (psychological approach), which try to investigate how the public is influenced by certain variables in perceiving risk as \"acceptable\" or not. Risk communication involves some aspects of risk analysis methodology, since it results that also the technical analysis is influenced by the co-operation between the actors involved. The research project includes two aspects: a theoretic approach on risk communication (Part one) and a case study (Part two). The analysed case is relative to a movement plant of petroleum products. The method used for the analysis foresees a review of the main findings about risk perception and communication: mostly about the factors, which influence the public perception of risk. On the basis of these factors a content analysis of technical documents, of local newspapers, and of public documents and reports was carried out. The main objective of this project is to establish recommendations and proposals for a communication strategy aimed at consensual decision making. This strategy would act on awareness and/or equilibrium in risk perception, as a condition necessary to achieve consensus.","PeriodicalId":168354,"journal":{"name":"Torts & Products Liability Law","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124127530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUND Workplace injuries and fatalities in the US create significant economic costs to society. Although economic costs should measure the opportunity cost to society arising from injuries and fatalities, estimating them often proves difficult as a practical matter. This leads to a range of estimates for valuing these costs. METHODS This paper compares methods of economic valuation, focusing in particular on how different methods diverge to varying degrees from measuring the "true" economic costs of injuries and illnesses. In so doing, it surveys the literature that has arisen in the past 25 years to measure different aspects of economic consequences. RESULTS Estimates of the costs of injuries and fatalities tend to understate the true economic costs from a social welfare perspective, particularly in how they account for occupational fatalities and losses arising from work disabilities. CONCLUSION Although data availability often makes estimation of social welfare costs difficult, researchers should attempt to more fully integrate such approaches into estimation procedures and interpretation of their results.
{"title":"Valuing the Economic Consequences of Work Injury and Illness: A Comparison of Methods and Findings","authors":"D. Weil","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.189839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.189839","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Workplace injuries and fatalities in the US create significant economic costs to society. Although economic costs should measure the opportunity cost to society arising from injuries and fatalities, estimating them often proves difficult as a practical matter. This leads to a range of estimates for valuing these costs.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000This paper compares methods of economic valuation, focusing in particular on how different methods diverge to varying degrees from measuring the \"true\" economic costs of injuries and illnesses. In so doing, it surveys the literature that has arisen in the past 25 years to measure different aspects of economic consequences.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Estimates of the costs of injuries and fatalities tend to understate the true economic costs from a social welfare perspective, particularly in how they account for occupational fatalities and losses arising from work disabilities.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Although data availability often makes estimation of social welfare costs difficult, researchers should attempt to more fully integrate such approaches into estimation procedures and interpretation of their results.","PeriodicalId":168354,"journal":{"name":"Torts & Products Liability Law","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121438117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to prioritise public expenditure on road crash prevention and injury reduction programmes, governments need information on the current cost of crashes and the estimated benefits of the proposed programmes. The cost of crashes includes tangible costs such as vehicle damage repair cost, and intangible costs such as the value of lives lost due to road crashes. Human capital theory can be used to estimate the latter cost. The most recent comprehensive study of road crash costs in Australia estimated annual costs of A$246.1 million (1988 dollars). This included as estimate of the value of lives lost. How this figure is derived, and the problems related to using this human capital approach to road crash cost estimation, are discussed in this paper.
{"title":"Human Capital Theory: An Australian Road Crash Costing Review","authors":"M. Giles","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.232533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.232533","url":null,"abstract":"In order to prioritise public expenditure on road crash prevention and injury reduction programmes, governments need information on the current cost of crashes and the estimated benefits of the proposed programmes. The cost of crashes includes tangible costs such as vehicle damage repair cost, and intangible costs such as the value of lives lost due to road crashes. Human capital theory can be used to estimate the latter cost. The most recent comprehensive study of road crash costs in Australia estimated annual costs of A$246.1 million (1988 dollars). This included as estimate of the value of lives lost. How this figure is derived, and the problems related to using this human capital approach to road crash cost estimation, are discussed in this paper.","PeriodicalId":168354,"journal":{"name":"Torts & Products Liability Law","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132327882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recent wave of litigation against tobacco companies has generated a massive compensation for excess expenditures under Medicaid. The calculation of economic damages to Medicaid formed an integral component of the litigation as well as the settlement. How were these damages calculated? What were the main issues arising in the litigation concerning the validity of these damages estimates? These questions are answered using the actual damage calculations prepared for the case brought by the State of Hawaii. Comparable methods are being used in ongoing litigation against tobacco companies.
{"title":"Damages to Medicaid from Smoking","authors":"G. Harrison","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.185531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.185531","url":null,"abstract":"The recent wave of litigation against tobacco companies has generated a massive compensation for excess expenditures under Medicaid. The calculation of economic damages to Medicaid formed an integral component of the litigation as well as the settlement. How were these damages calculated? What were the main issues arising in the litigation concerning the validity of these damages estimates? These questions are answered using the actual damage calculations prepared for the case brought by the State of Hawaii. Comparable methods are being used in ongoing litigation against tobacco companies.","PeriodicalId":168354,"journal":{"name":"Torts & Products Liability Law","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129499255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since changes in the firm-specific or unsystematic risks faced by a corporation have no effect on firm value, corporate insurance purchases might seem unwarranted. However, more than 57 percent of insurance premiums are paid by businesses. This apparent contradiction has motivated researchers to suggest factors other than simple risk reduction that create corporate incentives to purchase insurance. This article tests the practical validity of most of the analytic arguments regarding corporate demand for insurance. In general, the empirical evidence from corporate property insurance purchases is consistent with the various theoretical arguments regarding corporate demand for insurance. The results suggest insurance helps to reduce various agency costs associated with stakeholder conflicts, provides real services, and reduces taxes. Finally, the less risky nature of regulated industries compared with unregulated industries is believed to lessen the various corporate incentives to purchase property insurance.
{"title":"On the Demand for Corporate Property Insurance","authors":"R. Hoyt, Ho Khang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.175989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.175989","url":null,"abstract":"Since changes in the firm-specific or unsystematic risks faced by a corporation have no effect on firm value, corporate insurance purchases might seem unwarranted. However, more than 57 percent of insurance premiums are paid by businesses. This apparent contradiction has motivated researchers to suggest factors other than simple risk reduction that create corporate incentives to purchase insurance. This article tests the practical validity of most of the analytic arguments regarding corporate demand for insurance. In general, the empirical evidence from corporate property insurance purchases is consistent with the various theoretical arguments regarding corporate demand for insurance. The results suggest insurance helps to reduce various agency costs associated with stakeholder conflicts, provides real services, and reduces taxes. Finally, the less risky nature of regulated industries compared with unregulated industries is believed to lessen the various corporate incentives to purchase property insurance.","PeriodicalId":168354,"journal":{"name":"Torts & Products Liability Law","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127809490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evidences that young people are the highest risky drivers causing highway deaths and fatalities had made the Congress to pass the Legislation (S 378) to restrict young people driving on the road. The focus of the legislation is how to reduce the alcohol use of young people that is suspected to be one of the most significant factors causes the highway deaths and fatalities. This paper, using the time series and panel data approach shows that it is more efficient to focus the legislation for all people in reducing the highway death and fatality rate. Further, the appropriate policy that should be passed by the Congress is how to limit the speed of vehicles on the road. Length: 49 pages
{"title":"The Facts of Young Drivers? Highway Accidents and Fatalities in the United States","authors":"Kodrat Wibowo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.200028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.200028","url":null,"abstract":"Evidences that young people are the highest risky drivers causing highway deaths and fatalities had made the Congress to pass the Legislation (S 378) to restrict young people driving on the road. The focus of the legislation is how to reduce the alcohol use of young people that is suspected to be one of the most significant factors causes the highway deaths and fatalities. This paper, using the time series and panel data approach shows that it is more efficient to focus the legislation for all people in reducing the highway death and fatality rate. Further, the appropriate policy that should be passed by the Congress is how to limit the speed of vehicles on the road. Length: 49 pages","PeriodicalId":168354,"journal":{"name":"Torts & Products Liability Law","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130398360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Does risk attitude (aversion or attraction) vary with the level of the income at risk? About half of our subjects chose to insure all levels, whereas another half chose instead not to insure low levels, but to insure high levels.
{"title":"Does Risk Aversion or Attraction Depend on Income? An Experiment","authors":"Antoni Bosch i Domènech, Joaquim Silvestre","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.159229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.159229","url":null,"abstract":"Does risk attitude (aversion or attraction) vary with the level of the income at risk? About half of our subjects chose to insure all levels, whereas another half chose instead not to insure low levels, but to insure high levels.","PeriodicalId":168354,"journal":{"name":"Torts & Products Liability Law","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121220754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of alternative property rights regimes on the choice between taking an object and acquiring it via a consensual exchange is experimentally explored in a two-period screening game. Results are generally consistent with equilibrium predictions, suggesting that property rights regimes have a significant impact on observed behavior. Copyright 2000 by Oxford University Press.
{"title":"Experimental Results on Bargaining Under Alternative Property Rights Regimes","authors":"Rachel T. A. Croson, J. Johnston","doi":"10.1093/JLEO/16.1.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JLEO/16.1.50","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of alternative property rights regimes on the choice between taking an object and acquiring it via a consensual exchange is experimentally explored in a two-period screening game. Results are generally consistent with equilibrium predictions, suggesting that property rights regimes have a significant impact on observed behavior. Copyright 2000 by Oxford University Press.","PeriodicalId":168354,"journal":{"name":"Torts & Products Liability Law","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133662559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Error in medicine is common and can lead to significant patient injury. Although successful systematic efforts to reduce human error have been applied in other complex systems, the field of medicine has just begun to make a broad-based effort in this regard. However, both research in and implementation of patient safety measures may not occur without considering important legal issues that may impede these health policy efforts. Tort and contract law may interact with the vagaries of managed care to limit participation in these error reduction efforts by health care providers as well as by managed care organizations. Thus, for patient safety research to be successful, all members of the health care enterprise must participate in a coordinated effort to identify and establish effective practices that may reduce human error in medicine. But beyond this understanding, it is imperative that legal impediments be recognized and addressed before the goal of a continuously improving, increasingly safe health care system can become a reality.
{"title":"Error in Medicine: Legal Impediments to U.S. Reform","authors":"B. Liang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.141861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.141861","url":null,"abstract":"Error in medicine is common and can lead to significant patient injury. Although successful systematic efforts to reduce human error have been applied in other complex systems, the field of medicine has just begun to make a broad-based effort in this regard. However, both research in and implementation of patient safety measures may not occur without considering important legal issues that may impede these health policy efforts. Tort and contract law may interact with the vagaries of managed care to limit participation in these error reduction efforts by health care providers as well as by managed care organizations. Thus, for patient safety research to be successful, all members of the health care enterprise must participate in a coordinated effort to identify and establish effective practices that may reduce human error in medicine. But beyond this understanding, it is imperative that legal impediments be recognized and addressed before the goal of a continuously improving, increasingly safe health care system can become a reality.","PeriodicalId":168354,"journal":{"name":"Torts & Products Liability Law","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127739240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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