Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-8901.20.8.E124
K. T. Adu
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by a new strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) identified in 2019 and previously not identified in humans, was declared a pandemic in March 2020 by the World Health Organization. It is not the first-time coronavirus is being identified in humans. In 2004, a novel coronavirus strain (HCoV-NL63) was isolated from a 7-monthold child suffering from bronchiolitis and conjunctivitist, according to a report in naturemedicine, making it the fourth human coronaviruses ever identified. The other three included, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV1). While HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 were identified in mid-1960s and reported to cause common cold, SARS-CoV1 was identified about 20 years ago and was associated with a life-threatening pneumonia. Other enteropathogenic-coronavirus-transmissible gastroenteritis viruses have also been reported recently in animals. Until now with the COVID-19 pandemic associated with SARS-CoV2, SARS-CoV1 has been the most pathogenic human coronavirus ever identified with zoonotic transmission. Coronaviruses, which are enveloped viruses with a large plusstrand RNA genome, belong to the genus of the Coronaviridae family. The genomic RNA is 27–32 kb in size, capped and polyadenylated. They are known to be associated with animals and recently a zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV1 and 2 is observed, causing a variety of severe diseases, including gastroenteritis and respiratory tract diseases. As known antiviral agents appear not to be potent against the zoonotic coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV1 and 2, innate defence mechanisms may play a significant role in combating the virus in healthy body system. Probiotics, which have been defined as live microbes which when ingested in sufficient amount confer health-promoting and boosting attributes on the host, can support the body system in fighting the viral infection. This may be possible through several mechanisms of action associated with probiotics including, production of antimicrobial agents, modulation of immune responses and promotion of host innate defence mechanisms.
{"title":"Coronavirus and Probiotics: Past, Present and Future","authors":"K. T. Adu","doi":"10.35248/2329-8901.20.8.E124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8901.20.8.E124","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by a new strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) identified in 2019 and previously not identified in humans, was declared a pandemic in March 2020 by the World Health Organization. It is not the first-time coronavirus is being identified in humans. In 2004, a novel coronavirus strain (HCoV-NL63) was isolated from a 7-monthold child suffering from bronchiolitis and conjunctivitist, according to a report in naturemedicine, making it the fourth human coronaviruses ever identified. The other three included, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV1). While HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 were identified in mid-1960s and reported to cause common cold, SARS-CoV1 was identified about 20 years ago and was associated with a life-threatening pneumonia. Other enteropathogenic-coronavirus-transmissible gastroenteritis viruses have also been reported recently in animals. Until now with the COVID-19 pandemic associated with SARS-CoV2, SARS-CoV1 has been the most pathogenic human coronavirus ever identified with zoonotic transmission. Coronaviruses, which are enveloped viruses with a large plusstrand RNA genome, belong to the genus of the Coronaviridae family. The genomic RNA is 27–32 kb in size, capped and polyadenylated. They are known to be associated with animals and recently a zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV1 and 2 is observed, causing a variety of severe diseases, including gastroenteritis and respiratory tract diseases. As known antiviral agents appear not to be potent against the zoonotic coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV1 and 2, innate defence mechanisms may play a significant role in combating the virus in healthy body system. Probiotics, which have been defined as live microbes which when ingested in sufficient amount confer health-promoting and boosting attributes on the host, can support the body system in fighting the viral infection. This may be possible through several mechanisms of action associated with probiotics including, production of antimicrobial agents, modulation of immune responses and promotion of host innate defence mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":16865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Probiotics & Health","volume":"40 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73320206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-8901.1000218
R. Page, D. Burk, K. Aryana
The identification of protoplast of bacterial cells has previously utilized phase contrast microscopy. This method determines protoplast by their size and change in shape. A more verifiable method can be used utilizing fluorescent stains that target the specific cellular components. The goal of this study was to utilize fluorescence microscopy techniques to determine the presence or absence of bacterial cell walls in the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus, after exposure to cell wall digestive enzymes. Bacterial cells were treated with different concentrations of lysozyme [0, 175, 250, 425 μg/ml] and were incubated at 37°C for ten minutes. Following lysozyme treatment cells were fluorescently stained with different concentrations (1x, 2x, 10x, and 100x) of two fluorescent dyes, Wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) and Hoechst 33342. The WGA [CF®594 WGA, a red-fluorescent dye] was used to selectively bind to residues of the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall and Hoechst 33342, a blue fluorescent dye, was used for specifically binding to nucleic acids of double-stranded DNA of bacterial cells. The standard method for sample preparation for fluorescence microscopy was followed. Three fields were studied for each lysozyme and stain combination. A one-way ANOVA was performed to determine differences in lysozyme concentrations. A p-value < 0.05 was noted as significantly different. Cell wall structural integrity began to deteriorate at 175 and 250 μg/ml of lysozyme and cell lysis and striations of DNA increased at a concentration of 425 μg/ml. Lysozyme concentration of 175 μg/ml produced an average of 41% protoplast or partial digestion of cell wall. An increase from 175 to 250 μg/ml concentration of lysozyme resulted in a decreased average percentage of protoplast (4%). At a concentration of 425 μg/ml, the average percentage of protoplast decreased to 1%, while also showing an increase in striations of DNA. At 1x dye concentration, partial staining of the cell wall was observed. At 2x, complete staining of the cell wall was recorded. At 10x, complete staining of cell wall and nuclei was observed similar to dye concentrations at 2x with no significant saturation of dyes. Dye concentration at 100x produced an oversaturation of the dyes in the cell wall and nuclei causing them to mix and inhibit the efficacy of identifying bacterial cells and protoplasts. 2x was most optimum for complete staining of cell wall and nucleus. Background fluorescence noise was observed as concentration of dye increased. In Lactobacillus acidophilus, a lysozyme concentration of 175 μg/ml was sufficient for cell wall digestion. Efficacy of dye concentration was best at 2x with the least amount of background noise.
{"title":"Cell Wall Integrity and Protoplast Formation of the Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus through Fluorescent Staining and Fluorescence Microscopy","authors":"R. Page, D. Burk, K. Aryana","doi":"10.4172/2329-8901.1000218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8901.1000218","url":null,"abstract":"The identification of protoplast of bacterial cells has previously utilized phase contrast microscopy. This method determines protoplast by their size and change in shape. A more verifiable method can be used utilizing fluorescent stains that target the specific cellular components. The goal of this study was to utilize fluorescence microscopy techniques to determine the presence or absence of bacterial cell walls in the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus, after exposure to cell wall digestive enzymes. Bacterial cells were treated with different concentrations of lysozyme [0, 175, 250, 425 μg/ml] and were incubated at 37°C for ten minutes. Following lysozyme treatment cells were fluorescently stained with different concentrations (1x, 2x, 10x, and 100x) of two fluorescent dyes, Wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) and Hoechst 33342. The WGA [CF®594 WGA, a red-fluorescent dye] was used to selectively bind to residues of the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall and Hoechst 33342, a blue fluorescent dye, was used for specifically binding to nucleic acids of double-stranded DNA of bacterial cells. The standard method for sample preparation for fluorescence microscopy was followed. Three fields were studied for each lysozyme and stain combination. A one-way ANOVA was performed to determine differences in lysozyme concentrations. A p-value < 0.05 was noted as significantly different. Cell wall structural integrity began to deteriorate at 175 and 250 μg/ml of lysozyme and cell lysis and striations of DNA increased at a concentration of 425 μg/ml. Lysozyme concentration of 175 μg/ml produced an average of 41% protoplast or partial digestion of cell wall. An increase from 175 to 250 μg/ml concentration of lysozyme resulted in a decreased average percentage of protoplast (4%). At a concentration of 425 μg/ml, the average percentage of protoplast decreased to 1%, while also showing an increase in striations of DNA. At 1x dye concentration, partial staining of the cell wall was observed. At 2x, complete staining of the cell wall was recorded. At 10x, complete staining of cell wall and nuclei was observed similar to dye concentrations at 2x with no significant saturation of dyes. Dye concentration at 100x produced an oversaturation of the dyes in the cell wall and nuclei causing them to mix and inhibit the efficacy of identifying bacterial cells and protoplasts. 2x was most optimum for complete staining of cell wall and nucleus. Background fluorescence noise was observed as concentration of dye increased. In Lactobacillus acidophilus, a lysozyme concentration of 175 μg/ml was sufficient for cell wall digestion. Efficacy of dye concentration was best at 2x with the least amount of background noise.","PeriodicalId":16865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Probiotics & Health","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89385283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-8901.20.8:225
Matevz Slivnik, K. Kristan, N. C. Lipovec, I. Locatelli, R. Orel, Alison MWinger
Children beginning preschool typically have an increased prevalence of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. This study aimed to evaluate safety and efficacy of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis DE111® in gastrointestinal health and respiratory infections in preschool children. In a randomised, parallel, double-blind placebo-controlled study 102 day-care attending children aged 2-6 years received B. subtilis DE111® (1 × 109 CFU) or placebo once a day for 8 weeks. Participant diaries were completed by parents and evaluated by investigators to follow the incidence and duration of indicators of gastrointestinal health and respiratory infections as well as any adverse events. Saliva samples were collected at baseline and completion of the intervention to measure sIgA levels. A significant reduction in duration of vomiting (2 days vs. 14 days, p=0.045), duration of hard stools (0 days vs 15 days, p=0.044), and duration of overall gastrointestinal discomfort (18 days vs. 48 days, p=0.0499) was seen. No difference in incidence of respiratory infection was observed (41.3% probiotic vs 36.2% placebo, p=0.60). A statistically significant increase of sIgA levels was observed in the placebo group (1.37-fold, p<0.01), but not in the probiotic group (1.05-fold, p=0.61). Overall, data suggests intake of the probiotic B. subtilis DE111® is safe for use in children and supports a healthy gastrointestinal tract with a reduced duration of vomiting, hard stools and overall gastrointestinal discomfort.
{"title":"Effect of Daily Bacillus subtilis DE111 Intake on GastrointestinalHealth and Respiratory Infections in Children Attending Day-care: ARandomised, Parallel, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study","authors":"Matevz Slivnik, K. Kristan, N. C. Lipovec, I. Locatelli, R. Orel, Alison MWinger","doi":"10.35248/2329-8901.20.8:225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8901.20.8:225","url":null,"abstract":"Children beginning preschool typically have an increased prevalence of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. This study aimed to evaluate safety and efficacy of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis DE111® in gastrointestinal health and respiratory infections in preschool children. In a randomised, parallel, double-blind placebo-controlled study 102 day-care attending children aged 2-6 years received B. subtilis DE111® (1 × 109 CFU) or placebo once a day for 8 weeks. Participant diaries were completed by parents and evaluated by investigators to follow the incidence and duration of indicators of gastrointestinal health and respiratory infections as well as any adverse events. Saliva samples were collected at baseline and completion of the intervention to measure sIgA levels. A significant reduction in duration of vomiting (2 days vs. 14 days, p=0.045), duration of hard stools (0 days vs 15 days, p=0.044), and duration of overall gastrointestinal discomfort (18 days vs. 48 days, p=0.0499) was seen. No difference in incidence of respiratory infection was observed (41.3% probiotic vs 36.2% placebo, p=0.60). A statistically significant increase of sIgA levels was observed in the placebo group (1.37-fold, p<0.01), but not in the probiotic group (1.05-fold, p=0.61). Overall, data suggests intake of the probiotic B. subtilis DE111® is safe for use in children and supports a healthy gastrointestinal tract with a reduced duration of vomiting, hard stools and overall gastrointestinal discomfort.","PeriodicalId":16865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Probiotics & Health","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75043183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-8901.20.8.215
M. Ghannoum, C. Smith, E. Adamson, N. Isham, I. Salem, M. Retuerto
Introduction: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the mycobiome diet (as presented in the book Total Gut Balance) on the human gut microbiome in general and the gut mycobiome (fungal community) in particular. Enrolled subjects were evaluated for improved health, gastrointestinal symptoms, and weight loss, as well as subjective reports of changes in energy, fatigue, and sleep. Method: Ten healthy volunteers (six males and four females ranging in age from 30 to 70) were enrolled in this 28-day protocol. Participants completed a food journal, checking off daily and weekly required foods, as well as noting bowel movements, weight, and any digestive-related complications. Fecal samples were collected at the beginning and end of the study, with mycobiome and bacteriome profiles sequenced using ITS and 16S regions, respectively. Results: The mycobiome diet was highly successful at reducing pathogenic Candida species. Within two weeks, Candida species overall decreased by 72.4%; C. albicans in particular decreased 1.42-fold, while C. tropicalis was undetected after 4 weeks. Subjects significantly increased their levels of beneficial bacteria, specifically Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides. Furthermore, pathogenic bacteria decreased significantly, including Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium. The changes in the microbiome structure were accompanied with improvement in digestive symptoms, weight loss, less fatigue, more energy, better sleep, and fewer cravings for empty-calorie foods. Conclusion: Our data showed that adhering to the mycobiome diet for 4 weeks led to positive shifts in fungal and bacterial microbiome communities concurrently with positive improvement in GI symptoms and overall health.
{"title":"Effect of Mycobiome Diet on Gut Fungal and Bacterial Communities of Healthy Adults","authors":"M. Ghannoum, C. Smith, E. Adamson, N. Isham, I. Salem, M. Retuerto","doi":"10.35248/2329-8901.20.8.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8901.20.8.215","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the mycobiome diet (as presented in the book Total Gut Balance) on the human gut microbiome in general and the gut mycobiome (fungal community) in particular. Enrolled subjects were evaluated for improved health, gastrointestinal symptoms, and weight loss, as well as subjective reports of changes in energy, fatigue, and sleep. Method: Ten healthy volunteers (six males and four females ranging in age from 30 to 70) were enrolled in this 28-day protocol. Participants completed a food journal, checking off daily and weekly required foods, as well as noting bowel movements, weight, and any digestive-related complications. Fecal samples were collected at the beginning and end of the study, with mycobiome and bacteriome profiles sequenced using ITS and 16S regions, respectively. Results: The mycobiome diet was highly successful at reducing pathogenic Candida species. Within two weeks, Candida species overall decreased by 72.4%; C. albicans in particular decreased 1.42-fold, while C. tropicalis was undetected after 4 weeks. Subjects significantly increased their levels of beneficial bacteria, specifically Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides. Furthermore, pathogenic bacteria decreased significantly, including Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium. The changes in the microbiome structure were accompanied with improvement in digestive symptoms, weight loss, less fatigue, more energy, better sleep, and fewer cravings for empty-calorie foods. Conclusion: Our data showed that adhering to the mycobiome diet for 4 weeks led to positive shifts in fungal and bacterial microbiome communities concurrently with positive improvement in GI symptoms and overall health.","PeriodicalId":16865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Probiotics & Health","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78036535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-8901.20.8:221
Lucia Nitsch-Vela squez
D. ambrosioides Leaves (DaL) are utilized as food spice. DaL infusion is utilized as antihelminthic in traditional medicine, the extracted Essential Oil (EO) is genotoxic and has been repurposed as biopesticide. As Da might be a good candidate for circular economy, more potential applications of the essential-oil-less-Da extracts were pursued by applying green chemistry based extraction methods. DaL extracts were prepared by the autoclave method for the sterile-essential-oil-less aqueous extract (SALAEL-Da), butanol fractionating for Saponins Extraction (SAP) and ethanol boiling method for the saponin-free extract (EtOHDa). Their effects over clinical isolates of fungi (Candida albicans/CA), gram-negative bacteria (Erwinia carotovora/ ErC) and-positive (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300/MRSA-USA-300) were explored. The raw extracts stimulated the bacterial growth of all strains in the pre-screening phase. SALAEL-DaL (at 25 mg/ mL) stimulated ErC growth, reducing its doubling time by 35%, microdilutions of EtOH-DaL (at 180 mg/mL) stimulated the growth of MRSA-USA-300 even in the GEN presence at sub-lethal concentrations (MICGEN=1.75 µg/mL). SALAEL-Da (at 137 mg/mL) inhibited the growth of CA in agar dilutions, and its fraction SAP showed a moderated fungistatic effect at 100 mg/mL in disk diffusion pre-screening tests. SAP fraction may partially account for the observed antifungal activity. The essential-oil-less-Da aqueous extracts analyzed contained bacterial growth stimulating and antifungal components. Further investigation may lead to commercial opportunities for probiotics and antifungals.
{"title":"Bacterial Growth Stimulation and Antifungal Effects of the Essential-oilless-extracts of the Food Spice Dysphania ambrosioides","authors":"Lucia Nitsch-Vela squez","doi":"10.35248/2329-8901.20.8:221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8901.20.8:221","url":null,"abstract":"D. ambrosioides Leaves (DaL) are utilized as food spice. DaL infusion is utilized as antihelminthic in traditional medicine, the extracted Essential Oil (EO) is genotoxic and has been repurposed as biopesticide. As Da might be a good candidate for circular economy, more potential applications of the essential-oil-less-Da extracts were pursued by applying green chemistry based extraction methods. DaL extracts were prepared by the autoclave method for the sterile-essential-oil-less aqueous extract (SALAEL-Da), butanol fractionating for Saponins Extraction (SAP) and ethanol boiling method for the saponin-free extract (EtOHDa). Their effects over clinical isolates of fungi (Candida albicans/CA), gram-negative bacteria (Erwinia carotovora/ ErC) and-positive (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300/MRSA-USA-300) were explored. The raw extracts stimulated the bacterial growth of all strains in the pre-screening phase. SALAEL-DaL (at 25 mg/ mL) stimulated ErC growth, reducing its doubling time by 35%, microdilutions of EtOH-DaL (at 180 mg/mL) stimulated the growth of MRSA-USA-300 even in the GEN presence at sub-lethal concentrations (MICGEN=1.75 µg/mL). SALAEL-Da (at 137 mg/mL) inhibited the growth of CA in agar dilutions, and its fraction SAP showed a moderated fungistatic effect at 100 mg/mL in disk diffusion pre-screening tests. SAP fraction may partially account for the observed antifungal activity. The essential-oil-less-Da aqueous extracts analyzed contained bacterial growth stimulating and antifungal components. Further investigation may lead to commercial opportunities for probiotics and antifungals.","PeriodicalId":16865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Probiotics & Health","volume":"44 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82345888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-26DOI: 10.35248/2329-8901.19.7.210
T. Hoang, J. Freeborn, Ting Wang, T. Mai, Baokun He, Sinyoung Park, D. Tran, S. Roos, J. M. Rhoads, Yuying Liu
Background and objective: Breast milk has many growth-promoting and immune-active components, including transforming growth factor-β, lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, and prebiotics such as the human milk oligosaccharides. Treatment with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (LR), a probiotic with immunomodulatory functions, significantly increases regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the intestinal mucosa of newborn suckling rats. In humans, treatment with LR of infants with colic reduces crying optimally if the infants are breast-fed. Therefore, we examined the effects of human breast milk (HBM) on LR-associated immune modulation. Methods: Newborn rats were divided into 8 feeding groups, including dam-fed ± LR (106 CFU/kg bw/day, daily), formula-fed ± LR, formula with 20% (v/v) HBM-fed ± LR, and HBM-fed ± LR. Pups were fed by gavage from d1 to d3 of age. Subsequently, we measured intestinal immune cell profiles, including Tregs and tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs) by flow cytometry. We also measured inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattratant (CINC)-1 in intestinal tissue lysates by ELISA. Results and Conclusion: (1) Formula feeding increased intestinal CD3+ T cells, CD4+ helper T (TH) cells and CD11c+ DCs, pro-inflammatory effects which were reversed by HBM. (2) When comparing HBM-fed with formula-fed newborns, HBM supplementation produced a lower percentage of CD4+ TH cells and a higher percentage of CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells, while reducing protein levels of IL-1β and CINC-1 in the intestine. (3) Probiotic LR feeding maximally stimulated the percentage of intestinal Tregs and tDCs when the pups were fed HBM. In conclusion, HBM reduced formula-induced intestinal gut immune activation, and the addition of LR further promoted immune tolerance.
{"title":"Human Breast Milk Promotes the Immunomodulatory Function of Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in the Neonatal Rat Intestine","authors":"T. Hoang, J. Freeborn, Ting Wang, T. Mai, Baokun He, Sinyoung Park, D. Tran, S. Roos, J. M. Rhoads, Yuying Liu","doi":"10.35248/2329-8901.19.7.210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8901.19.7.210","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objective: Breast milk has many growth-promoting and immune-active components, including transforming growth factor-β, lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, and prebiotics such as the human milk oligosaccharides. Treatment with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (LR), a probiotic with immunomodulatory functions, significantly increases regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the intestinal mucosa of newborn suckling rats. In humans, treatment with LR of infants with colic reduces crying optimally if the infants are breast-fed. Therefore, we examined the effects of human breast milk (HBM) on LR-associated immune modulation. Methods: Newborn rats were divided into 8 feeding groups, including dam-fed ± LR (106 CFU/kg bw/day, daily), formula-fed ± LR, formula with 20% (v/v) HBM-fed ± LR, and HBM-fed ± LR. Pups were fed by gavage from d1 to d3 of age. Subsequently, we measured intestinal immune cell profiles, including Tregs and tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs) by flow cytometry. We also measured inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattratant (CINC)-1 in intestinal tissue lysates by ELISA. Results and Conclusion: (1) Formula feeding increased intestinal CD3+ T cells, CD4+ helper T (TH) cells and CD11c+ DCs, pro-inflammatory effects which were reversed by HBM. (2) When comparing HBM-fed with formula-fed newborns, HBM supplementation produced a lower percentage of CD4+ TH cells and a higher percentage of CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells, while reducing protein levels of IL-1β and CINC-1 in the intestine. (3) Probiotic LR feeding maximally stimulated the percentage of intestinal Tregs and tDCs when the pups were fed HBM. In conclusion, HBM reduced formula-induced intestinal gut immune activation, and the addition of LR further promoted immune tolerance.","PeriodicalId":16865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Probiotics & Health","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88968537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-15DOI: 10.35248/2329-8901.19.7.209
Aurélie Razafindralambo, H. Razafindralambo
Probiotic-based diet supplementations are among potential treatments of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) because of the existing gut microbiota profile-mental health. In order to conceive a personalized probiotic supplement to a specified autistic adult, the fecal microbiota of his neurotypical father, mother and sister, have been analyzed and compared. The latest 16S rRNA technology was used for microbial determination at species level (Mymicrozoo analysis, The Netherlands). Less microbiota diversity and an uncommon higher Streptococcus/Lactobacillus abundance ratio were revealed in the autistic adult compared to his relatives. These results were discussed in relation to his digestive issues.
{"title":"Gut Microbiota Profile Autism Spectrum Disorder Relationship: Diversity and Imbalance in Probiotics","authors":"Aurélie Razafindralambo, H. Razafindralambo","doi":"10.35248/2329-8901.19.7.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8901.19.7.209","url":null,"abstract":"Probiotic-based diet supplementations are among potential treatments of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) because of the existing gut microbiota profile-mental health. In order to conceive a personalized probiotic supplement to a specified autistic adult, the fecal microbiota of his neurotypical father, mother and sister, have been analyzed and compared. The latest 16S rRNA technology was used for microbial determination at species level (Mymicrozoo analysis, The Netherlands). Less microbiota diversity and an uncommon higher Streptococcus/Lactobacillus abundance ratio were revealed in the autistic adult compared to his relatives. These results were discussed in relation to his digestive issues.","PeriodicalId":16865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Probiotics & Health","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84769586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-04DOI: 10.4172/2329-8901-C3-032
pE K Mukhamedjanovp
{"title":"Fucoidan is the nutraceutic for support of homeostasis of metabolic indicators and systems of their regulation","authors":"pE K Mukhamedjanovp","doi":"10.4172/2329-8901-C3-032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8901-C3-032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Probiotics & Health","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73671574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-8901.19.7.212
F. Schuren, V. Agamennone, B. Keijser, E. Abeln, J. D. Vossen, R. Montijn
The gut microbiota is the complex community of microorganisms that inhabit the human intestine. Gut microbes participate in many aspects of human physiology, including health and disease. Food ingredients, drugs and other environmental factors can affect the gut microbiota, with possible consequences on human health. Progress in microbiome research has significantly stimulated and expanded the interest in technologies to study the potential of different products to modulate the gastro-intestinal ecosystem. In this context we have developed a method, called the i-screen, to evaluate the effects of compounds on the human gut microbiota. The i-screen is an in vitro system that allows the anaerobic cultivation of microorganisms obtained from fecal material, and therefore representative of the highly diverse colonic microbiota. By means of specific analyses, the effects of test compounds on the gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity can be assessed. The i-screen has proven to be an effective and versatile experimental model of the gut microbiota, routinely applied to evaluate the effects of food ingredients and drugs. This system constitutes a valid contribution to product development and a starting point for a better understanding of the role of gut microbiota in host health.
{"title":"The i-screen: A Versatile Preclinical Platform for Gut Microbiota Studies","authors":"F. Schuren, V. Agamennone, B. Keijser, E. Abeln, J. D. Vossen, R. Montijn","doi":"10.35248/2329-8901.19.7.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8901.19.7.212","url":null,"abstract":"The gut microbiota is the complex community of microorganisms that inhabit the human intestine. Gut microbes participate in many aspects of human physiology, including health and disease. Food ingredients, drugs and other environmental factors can affect the gut microbiota, with possible consequences on human health. Progress in microbiome research has significantly stimulated and expanded the interest in technologies to study the potential of different products to modulate the gastro-intestinal ecosystem. In this context we have developed a method, called the i-screen, to evaluate the effects of compounds on the human gut microbiota. The i-screen is an in vitro system that allows the anaerobic cultivation of microorganisms obtained from fecal material, and therefore representative of the highly diverse colonic microbiota. By means of specific analyses, the effects of test compounds on the gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity can be assessed. The i-screen has proven to be an effective and versatile experimental model of the gut microbiota, routinely applied to evaluate the effects of food ingredients and drugs. This system constitutes a valid contribution to product development and a starting point for a better understanding of the role of gut microbiota in host health.","PeriodicalId":16865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Probiotics & Health","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79706152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-8901.19.7.214
A. Amoruso, F. Deidda, M. Pane, L. Mogna
The human intestinal microbiota may be considered as a post-natally acquired organ composed of a large diversity of bacteria with different functions on human health. Probiotics are widely used to improve gut functionality and immune system responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of the bacterial strains Bifidobacterium breve BR03 (DSM 16604) and Lactobacillus plantarum LP01 (LMG P-21021) to induce an in vitro immune response in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy adult volunteers and to modify the state of oxidative stress and intestinal permeability of in vitro cell models. Specifically, the analysis was conducted on PBMCs after different stimulation times in order to analyze both cells involved in innate immunity and those responsible for acquired immunity and to evaluate the oxidative stress, and on Caco-2 cell line as an intestinal epithelium model.
{"title":"A Systematic Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory and Functional Properties of Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve BR03 (DSM 16604) Lactobacillus plantarum LP01 (LMG P-21021)","authors":"A. Amoruso, F. Deidda, M. Pane, L. Mogna","doi":"10.35248/2329-8901.19.7.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8901.19.7.214","url":null,"abstract":"The human intestinal microbiota may be considered as a post-natally acquired organ composed of a large diversity of bacteria with different functions on human health. Probiotics are widely used to improve gut functionality and immune system responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of the bacterial strains Bifidobacterium breve BR03 (DSM 16604) and Lactobacillus plantarum LP01 (LMG P-21021) to induce an in vitro immune response in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy adult volunteers and to modify the state of oxidative stress and intestinal permeability of in vitro cell models. Specifically, the analysis was conducted on PBMCs after different stimulation times in order to analyze both cells involved in innate immunity and those responsible for acquired immunity and to evaluate the oxidative stress, and on Caco-2 cell line as an intestinal epithelium model.","PeriodicalId":16865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Probiotics & Health","volume":"70 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91322098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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