Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000300009
Felipe Faria
{"title":"As duas faces da morfologia: funcionalismo e formalismo","authors":"Felipe Faria","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000300009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000300009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125003632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000300007
Juanma Sánchez-Arteaga, Davide Rasella, Laia Ventura-Garcia, C. El-Hani
O presente artigo analisa processos de alterizacao na biologia humana e na biomedicina. A alterizacao e entendida aqui como o processo cultural de producao de alteridades por meio da delimitacao, rotulacao e categorizacao das formas possiveis de ser outro, desde um determinado marco de referencia socio-historico. Ainda que a alterizacao faca parte de qualquer processo de delimitacao de categorias de identidade no seio de uma cultura - e, nesse sentido, possa apresentar visoes do outro tanto positivas quanto negativas -, aqui nos interessamos especificamente na alterizacao como fator de marginalizacao e exclusao social de diferentes grupos humanos. Sao analisados diversos processos de alterizacao operantes nos discursos e nas praticas das ciencias biomedicas ao longo de sua historia recente, os quais tem conduzido a exclusao social de diferentes categorias de outros, ou a trata-los como inferiores, em pretendidas bases cientificas, ou em funcao de determinadas praticas institucionalizadas dentro da comunidade cientifica. Exemplos tipicos de grupos marginalizados pelas ciencias ocidentais ao longo de sua historia incluem as racas nao europeias, as mulheres, os homossexuais e os "pobres". O principal objetivo do presente artigo e analisar, na historia recente das ciencias biomedicas, esses processos de alterizacao que tem conduzido a marginalizacao de tais grupos e a considera-los como inferiores.
{"title":"Alterização, biologia humana e biomedicina","authors":"Juanma Sánchez-Arteaga, Davide Rasella, Laia Ventura-Garcia, C. El-Hani","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000300007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000300007","url":null,"abstract":"O presente artigo analisa processos de alterizacao na biologia humana e na biomedicina. A alterizacao e entendida aqui como o processo cultural de producao de alteridades por meio da delimitacao, rotulacao e categorizacao das formas possiveis de ser outro, desde um determinado marco de referencia socio-historico. Ainda que a alterizacao faca parte de qualquer processo de delimitacao de categorias de identidade no seio de uma cultura - e, nesse sentido, possa apresentar visoes do outro tanto positivas quanto negativas -, aqui nos interessamos especificamente na alterizacao como fator de marginalizacao e exclusao social de diferentes grupos humanos. Sao analisados diversos processos de alterizacao operantes nos discursos e nas praticas das ciencias biomedicas ao longo de sua historia recente, os quais tem conduzido a exclusao social de diferentes categorias de outros, ou a trata-los como inferiores, em pretendidas bases cientificas, ou em funcao de determinadas praticas institucionalizadas dentro da comunidade cientifica. Exemplos tipicos de grupos marginalizados pelas ciencias ocidentais ao longo de sua historia incluem as racas nao europeias, as mulheres, os homossexuais e os \"pobres\". O principal objetivo do presente artigo e analisar, na historia recente das ciencias biomedicas, esses processos de alterizacao que tem conduzido a marginalizacao de tais grupos e a considera-los como inferiores.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131198137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000300004
Gustavo Caponi
In accordance with a widespread point of view, aligned with the nomological conception of causal explanation, Functional Biology is subjected to a regime of explanatory heteronomy under which, organic phenomena should be causally explained by using laws of Physics and Chemistry. Against this perspective, the experimental conception of causation allows us to understand the nature of many biological explanations that, without make any reference to causal laws - physical, chemical or of other nature - are legitimized because they permit the experimental control of phenomena that have to do with the functioning and development of organisms. These explanations involve local invariants that often, but not necessarily, may be characterized as instances of physical and chemical laws.
{"title":"Sobre la supuesta heteronomía explicativa de la biología funcional","authors":"Gustavo Caponi","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000300004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000300004","url":null,"abstract":"In accordance with a widespread point of view, aligned with the nomological conception of causal explanation, Functional Biology is subjected to a regime of explanatory heteronomy under which, organic phenomena should be causally explained by using laws of Physics and Chemistry. Against this perspective, the experimental conception of causation allows us to understand the nature of many biological explanations that, without make any reference to causal laws - physical, chemical or of other nature - are legitimized because they permit the experimental control of phenomena that have to do with the functioning and development of organisms. These explanations involve local invariants that often, but not necessarily, may be characterized as instances of physical and chemical laws.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132052311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000300011
J. Carneiro
{"title":"Gênese e recepção do projeto epistemológico de Ludwik Fleck","authors":"J. Carneiro","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000300011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000300011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115155790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000300006
Julio Torres Meléndez
Me propongo examinar criticamente la analogia entre seleccion natural y condicionamiento operante que Fodor y Piattelli-Palmarini utilizan para sostener que los mismos argumentos que desacreditan la teoria conductista desacreditan la teoria de la seleccion natural. Estas teorias no son independientes ni conceptual ni historicamente y, por eso, no es razonable hacer una analogia entre ambas con las intenciones que se proponen Fodor y Piattelli-Palmarini. La seleccion natural es una condicion causal del mecanismo de condicionamiento operante, motivo por el cual la refutacion de la teoria del condicionamiento no puede ser una razon para la refutacion de la teoria de la seleccion natural.
{"title":"Selección natural y condicionamiento de operantes: una crítica a la analogía de Fodor y Piattelli-Palmarini","authors":"Julio Torres Meléndez","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000300006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000300006","url":null,"abstract":"Me propongo examinar criticamente la analogia entre seleccion natural y condicionamiento operante que Fodor y Piattelli-Palmarini utilizan para sostener que los mismos argumentos que desacreditan la teoria conductista desacreditan la teoria de la seleccion natural. Estas teorias no son independientes ni conceptual ni historicamente y, por eso, no es razonable hacer una analogia entre ambas con las intenciones que se proponen Fodor y Piattelli-Palmarini. La seleccion natural es una condicion causal del mecanismo de condicionamiento operante, motivo por el cual la refutacion de la teoria del condicionamiento no puede ser una razon para la refutacion de la teoria de la seleccion natural.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121819461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000300005
Davide Vecchi, Isaac Hernández
The process of development of the embryo has inspired philosophical speculation since the advent of Western thought. Since the time of Aristotle two antithetical conceptual models have traditionally been used to understand embryogenesis: either form or structure is preformed in the embryo or it is newly formed with each generation. Our aim in this article is to show that the contrast between the pre-formationist and epigenetic positions persists despite the formidable theoretical and experimental advances of contemporary developmental biology. Pre-formationism and epigenesis have constantly refined their positions in the course of history in order to answer the conceptual challenges of each epoch. This process of continuous transformation has resulted in a partial convergence of the two positions. However, we shall argue that, despite the partial successes of this process of continuous convergence, one of the most fundamental antinomies in biology persists.
{"title":"Epigénesis y preformacionismo: radiografía de una antinomía inconclusa","authors":"Davide Vecchi, Isaac Hernández","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000300005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000300005","url":null,"abstract":"The process of development of the embryo has inspired philosophical speculation since the advent of Western thought. Since the time of Aristotle two antithetical conceptual models have traditionally been used to understand embryogenesis: either form or structure is preformed in the embryo or it is newly formed with each generation. Our aim in this article is to show that the contrast between the pre-formationist and epigenetic positions persists despite the formidable theoretical and experimental advances of contemporary developmental biology. Pre-formationism and epigenesis have constantly refined their positions in the course of history in order to answer the conceptual challenges of each epoch. This process of continuous transformation has resulted in a partial convergence of the two positions. However, we shall argue that, despite the partial successes of this process of continuous convergence, one of the most fundamental antinomies in biology persists.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124663857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000300002
Luciana Zaterka
Desde sempre, o homem foi perseguido pelo desejo de imortalidade. Encontramos nas mais diferentes tradicoes culturais reflexoes sobre a possibilidade da longevidade humana. Do ponto de vista filosofico, localizamos na obra de Francis Bacon a primeira sistematizacao moderna sobre o tema. O pensador ingles acredita que, diferentemente dos antigos, teria descoberto um metodo "para introduzir espiritos jovens em um corpo velho" e conjecturou na sua importante Historia da vida e da mortecenarios possiveis para a regeneracao fisica do homem. Nesse sentido, introduziu a possibilidade de o homem exercer o dominio sobre a natureza, imperio esse nao so praticado sobre a natureza externa (o mundo natural), mas tambem sobre si proprio e, no limite, sobre o proprio corpo humano. Assim, Bacon teria aberto as portas para o sonho moderno de introducao de tecnicas cada vez mais numerosas e eficazes de "melhoramento" dos individuos. Devemos prolongar a vida humana? Quais os "custos" desse prolongamento? A partir de entao tais questoes estao colocadas e permanecem mais atuais do que nunca.
{"title":"Francis Bacon e a questão da longevidade humana","authors":"Luciana Zaterka","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000300002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000300002","url":null,"abstract":"Desde sempre, o homem foi perseguido pelo desejo de imortalidade. Encontramos nas mais diferentes tradicoes culturais reflexoes sobre a possibilidade da longevidade humana. Do ponto de vista filosofico, localizamos na obra de Francis Bacon a primeira sistematizacao moderna sobre o tema. O pensador ingles acredita que, diferentemente dos antigos, teria descoberto um metodo \"para introduzir espiritos jovens em um corpo velho\" e conjecturou na sua importante Historia da vida e da mortecenarios possiveis para a regeneracao fisica do homem. Nesse sentido, introduziu a possibilidade de o homem exercer o dominio sobre a natureza, imperio esse nao so praticado sobre a natureza externa (o mundo natural), mas tambem sobre si proprio e, no limite, sobre o proprio corpo humano. Assim, Bacon teria aberto as portas para o sonho moderno de introducao de tecnicas cada vez mais numerosas e eficazes de \"melhoramento\" dos individuos. Devemos prolongar a vida humana? Quais os \"custos\" desse prolongamento? A partir de entao tais questoes estao colocadas e permanecem mais atuais do que nunca.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114494982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000300008
José Alberto Corrêa Leite
Climatology is at the center of one of the most polarized debates of today. It is presented as a confrontation between supporters of the existence of anthropogenic global warming and those who deny its existence. The key institution for this theme is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is both a scientific and political body. In this context, the debate arises merged with the political discussion on appropriate responses to global warming. However, contested on this ground, the deniers transfer the debate to the media, mobilizing pseudo-science to delegitimize the conclusions of the scientific disciplines related to climate understanding. Therefore, we have a deliberate production of large-scale ignorance on this subject, which requires the use of agnotology to unravel it. Thus, climatology reveals itself an exemplary space to study the historical and social roots of scientific knowledge and the tensions and conflicting trajectories inside it, the ethical dilemmas posed and the universalist possibilities of scientific knowledge in the age of technoscience.
{"title":"Controvérsias na climatologia: o IPCC e o aquecimento global antropogênico","authors":"José Alberto Corrêa Leite","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000300008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000300008","url":null,"abstract":"Climatology is at the center of one of the most polarized debates of today. It is presented as a confrontation between supporters of the existence of anthropogenic global warming and those who deny its existence. The key institution for this theme is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is both a scientific and political body. In this context, the debate arises merged with the political discussion on appropriate responses to global warming. However, contested on this ground, the deniers transfer the debate to the media, mobilizing pseudo-science to delegitimize the conclusions of the scientific disciplines related to climate understanding. Therefore, we have a deliberate production of large-scale ignorance on this subject, which requires the use of agnotology to unravel it. Thus, climatology reveals itself an exemplary space to study the historical and social roots of scientific knowledge and the tensions and conflicting trajectories inside it, the ethical dilemmas posed and the universalist possibilities of scientific knowledge in the age of technoscience.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132742933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000300010
Lorenzo Baravalle
{"title":"O mosaico causal do mundo orgânico","authors":"Lorenzo Baravalle","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000300010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000300010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129634908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000200006
M. Chiarello
To what extent does the proposed new ethics for technological civilization, developed by Hans Jonas, have the power to convene scientists for the effective exercise of their responsibility to nature that is under threat? Does not the clarification, which his work is intended to further about the growing dangers associated with technical and scientific progress, seek basically to restrain, as a matter of emergency, the blind technological compulsion that leads to the perverse effects associated with technologizing and commercializing science today? Indeed, his critique of the legitimating ideology of techno-scientific progress ultimately intends to overcome the compulsive process of technological application, considered perverse in itself, that does not allow that other forms of techno-scientific progress could be developed that would become able to attend effectively to human, social and environmental values. Starting from the explanation of the impasses to which Jonas' proposal leads, we based ourselves on studies of Hugh Lacey in order to present an alternative way of structuring scientific activities. Aiming to overcome these impas ses, we investigate to what extent the desired attention to moral, social and environmental values by current scientific and technological practices could be connected to an aesthetic experience that is able to provide openness to otherness and the reception of foreign values. Investigating the contribution of an experience of this kind is conducted in the light of thought motifs of Theodor Adorno and Herbert Marcuse.
{"title":"A fascinação da compulsão tecnológica: sobre a racionalidade científica em Hans Jonas","authors":"M. Chiarello","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000200006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000200006","url":null,"abstract":"To what extent does the proposed new ethics for technological civilization, developed by Hans Jonas, have the power to convene scientists for the effective exercise of their responsibility to nature that is under threat? Does not the clarification, which his work is intended to further about the growing dangers associated with technical and scientific progress, seek basically to restrain, as a matter of emergency, the blind technological compulsion that leads to the perverse effects associated with technologizing and commercializing science today? Indeed, his critique of the legitimating ideology of techno-scientific progress ultimately intends to overcome the compulsive process of technological application, considered perverse in itself, that does not allow that other forms of techno-scientific progress could be developed that would become able to attend effectively to human, social and environmental values. Starting from the explanation of the impasses to which Jonas' proposal leads, we based ourselves on studies of Hugh Lacey in order to present an alternative way of structuring scientific activities. Aiming to overcome these impas ses, we investigate to what extent the desired attention to moral, social and environmental values by current scientific and technological practices could be connected to an aesthetic experience that is able to provide openness to otherness and the reception of foreign values. Investigating the contribution of an experience of this kind is conducted in the light of thought motifs of Theodor Adorno and Herbert Marcuse.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128185934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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