Pub Date : 2016-06-06DOI: 10.11606/S1678-31662016000100009
M. Casanueva, R. Madrigal
This paper starts with an emphasis on the increasing importance of diagrams in philosophy of science, highlighting their capacity for heuristic evocation, their usefulness for representation and calculus, and their power of synthesis. Next, we present how diagrams are important and have been well received within the new Mechanistic philosophy of science, which contrasts with this school’s rejection of approaches centered on laws and models. Finally, We propose an interpretation of laws and mechanistic explanations that conciliates the concepts of mechanism and law. The mechanism of protein synthesis is used as an illustrative case
{"title":"Informational flows, mechanisms and models in protein synthesis","authors":"M. Casanueva, R. Madrigal","doi":"10.11606/S1678-31662016000100009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11606/S1678-31662016000100009","url":null,"abstract":"This paper starts with an emphasis on the increasing importance of diagrams in philosophy of science, highlighting their capacity for heuristic evocation, their usefulness for representation and calculus, and their power of synthesis. Next, we present how diagrams are important and have been well received within the new Mechanistic philosophy of science, which contrasts with this school’s rejection of approaches centered on laws and models. Finally, We propose an interpretation of laws and mechanistic explanations that conciliates the concepts of mechanism and law. The mechanism of protein synthesis is used as an illustrative case","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127547234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000400002
M. Custódio, Sueli Custódio
This paper presents the notion of value applied to the analysis of currency, elaborated by Nicole Oresme, in 1355, and Nicolas Copernicus, in 1526. It shows that, to these authors, currency value must be stable and determined by the community engaged in activites of buying and selling. It also shows how they are opposed to instability of value, especially to its devaluation promoted by the government. It argues that both authors create systems for measuring and controlling of currency value in times of monetary turmoil. According to Oresme and Copernicus, instability of currency value not only keeps commerce faraway, in other kingdoms or republics, but also reveals the misconduct of the prince, the one who is invested with political and monetary authority in European societies of the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries.
{"title":"O valor da moeda em Oresme e Copérnico","authors":"M. Custódio, Sueli Custódio","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000400002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000400002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the notion of value applied to the analysis of currency, elaborated by Nicole Oresme, in 1355, and Nicolas Copernicus, in 1526. It shows that, to these authors, currency value must be stable and determined by the community engaged in activites of buying and selling. It also shows how they are opposed to instability of value, especially to its devaluation promoted by the government. It argues that both authors create systems for measuring and controlling of currency value in times of monetary turmoil. According to Oresme and Copernicus, instability of currency value not only keeps commerce faraway, in other kingdoms or republics, but also reveals the misconduct of the prince, the one who is invested with political and monetary authority in European societies of the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121324221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000400004
V. Carvalho, Luiz Roberto Monzani
This article examines some of the theoretical outlooks Freud used to acquire the epistemological values that underlie the foundation of his notion of natural science. On the one hand Freud was familiar with the ideas of specific authors (Brucke, Helmholtz, among others), who had made major contributions that support of psychology's status as a science by appealing to physics and physiology. On the other hand, his contact with certain philosophers (Brentano and Stuart Mill) allowed him to use their defenses of psychology's scientific status without abandoning naturalism and without recourse to physiology. Our historical evaluation of these struggles supports that Freud was affected by various points of view concerning psychology's standing within the natural sciences. Owing to the diverse influences on Freud, we need to figure out how we can put his epistemology and his concept of naturalism into perspective.
{"title":"Sobre as origens da concepção freudiana de ciências da natureza","authors":"V. Carvalho, Luiz Roberto Monzani","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000400004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000400004","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines some of the theoretical outlooks Freud used to acquire the epistemological values that underlie the foundation of his notion of natural science. On the one hand Freud was familiar with the ideas of specific authors (Brucke, Helmholtz, among others), who had made major contributions that support of psychology's status as a science by appealing to physics and physiology. On the other hand, his contact with certain philosophers (Brentano and Stuart Mill) allowed him to use their defenses of psychology's scientific status without abandoning naturalism and without recourse to physiology. Our historical evaluation of these struggles supports that Freud was affected by various points of view concerning psychology's standing within the natural sciences. Owing to the diverse influences on Freud, we need to figure out how we can put his epistemology and his concept of naturalism into perspective.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"12 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132897194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000400006
Luiz Henrique Menegon Dutra
This paper deals with the question of downward causation in connection with emergent systems. Beginning with the comments offered by Emmeche, Koppe, and Stjernfelt (2000), which are criticized here, and partially based on those of Pattee (2000), the paper puts forward an interpretation of the kind of relation that exists between the basal conditions for a given event and the event itself, and the relations between a given system as a whole and its parts making use of the concepts of community and internal purposiveness, concepts due to Kant.
{"title":"Emergência sem níveis","authors":"Luiz Henrique Menegon Dutra","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000400006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000400006","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the question of downward causation in connection with emergent systems. Beginning with the comments offered by Emmeche, Koppe, and Stjernfelt (2000), which are criticized here, and partially based on those of Pattee (2000), the paper puts forward an interpretation of the kind of relation that exists between the basal conditions for a given event and the event itself, and the relations between a given system as a whole and its parts making use of the concepts of community and internal purposiveness, concepts due to Kant.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123203429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000400007
Marcos Barbosa de Oliveira
The article deals with the proliferation of violations of ethical norms of science, that started to develop a few decades ago. It will be referred to as "the epidemic". The most important types of these violations are varieties of fraud (mainly falsification and fabrication of empirical data), and such forms of author misconduct as plagiarism, self-plagiarism, etc. The article is divided into six sections. In the first, the topic is introduced and some terminology clarified. In the second, evidence is presented which corroborates the existence of the epidemic. The third deals with the reaction to the epidemic, by characterizing its dynamics in terms of being dominated by conflict between two positions: the moralizing one - which promotes the application of the moralizing treatment to combat the epidemic; and the negationist one - which tends to deny the existence of the epidemic, and resists the moralizing measures. The fourth explores the causes of the epidemic. A distinction is introduced between productivism and productionism, and an analysis is proposed of the ways productivism fosters violations of ethical norms of science. The fifth consists of a critique of the moralizing treatment, based on its inadequacies, mainly its inefficacy. The conclusion points to an alternative to the moralizing treatment.
{"title":"A epidemia de más condutas na ciência: o fracasso do tratamento moralizador","authors":"Marcos Barbosa de Oliveira","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000400007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000400007","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the proliferation of violations of ethical norms of science, that started to develop a few decades ago. It will be referred to as \"the epidemic\". The most important types of these violations are varieties of fraud (mainly falsification and fabrication of empirical data), and such forms of author misconduct as plagiarism, self-plagiarism, etc. The article is divided into six sections. In the first, the topic is introduced and some terminology clarified. In the second, evidence is presented which corroborates the existence of the epidemic. The third deals with the reaction to the epidemic, by characterizing its dynamics in terms of being dominated by conflict between two positions: the moralizing one - which promotes the application of the moralizing treatment to combat the epidemic; and the negationist one - which tends to deny the existence of the epidemic, and resists the moralizing measures. The fourth explores the causes of the epidemic. A distinction is introduced between productivism and productionism, and an analysis is proposed of the ways productivism fosters violations of ethical norms of science. The fifth consists of a critique of the moralizing treatment, based on its inadequacies, mainly its inefficacy. The conclusion points to an alternative to the moralizing treatment.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123214007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000400005
José Alberto Corrêa Leite
O problema da era do gelo foi o primeiro e, ate algumas decadas atras, o unico debate relevante sobre as mudancas climaticas, emergindo como uma discussao da geologia, que nao foi capaz de equaciona-lo. Ficou como um misterio que transitou, no seculo XIX, pela matematica e astronomia e foi objeto de especulacoes na geofisica e geoquimica sem que uma solucao satisfatoria fosse encontrada. A resposta basica para a ocorrencia das eras do gelo foi dada por Milankovitch, com sua teoria matematica da insolacao, na decada de 1940. Todavia somente a consolidacao da paleoclimatologia, na decada de 1970, ofereceu as evidencias necessarias para comprova-la. O refinamento desses estudos paleoclimatologicos acabou revelando, todavia, um fenomeno inesperado, a saber, que as transicoes de estados de equilibrio no sistema climatico aconteceram muito rapidamente no passado. As mudancas climaticas da era do gelo do pleistoceno ocorreram de maneira abrupta e radical, em uma negacao do gradualismo. Em consequencia, o atual aquecimento global deve ser visto como um fenomeno muito mais perigoso e imprevisivel do que usualmente apresentado.
{"title":"Do mistério das eras do gelo às mudanças climáticas abruptas","authors":"José Alberto Corrêa Leite","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000400005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000400005","url":null,"abstract":"O problema da era do gelo foi o primeiro e, ate algumas decadas atras, o unico debate relevante sobre as mudancas climaticas, emergindo como uma discussao da geologia, que nao foi capaz de equaciona-lo. Ficou como um misterio que transitou, no seculo XIX, pela matematica e astronomia e foi objeto de especulacoes na geofisica e geoquimica sem que uma solucao satisfatoria fosse encontrada. A resposta basica para a ocorrencia das eras do gelo foi dada por Milankovitch, com sua teoria matematica da insolacao, na decada de 1940. Todavia somente a consolidacao da paleoclimatologia, na decada de 1970, ofereceu as evidencias necessarias para comprova-la. O refinamento desses estudos paleoclimatologicos acabou revelando, todavia, um fenomeno inesperado, a saber, que as transicoes de estados de equilibrio no sistema climatico aconteceram muito rapidamente no passado. As mudancas climaticas da era do gelo do pleistoceno ocorreram de maneira abrupta e radical, em uma negacao do gradualismo. Em consequencia, o atual aquecimento global deve ser visto como um fenomeno muito mais perigoso e imprevisivel do que usualmente apresentado.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128112746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000400009
Pedro Filipe Xavier Mendonça
The delimitation of defining lines of certain technological development is something that several authors already established. This kind of approach is inspired in similar task applied to science. In this work it is intended to present some lines, that we call tendencies, which mark mobile technologies development, like mobile phones, smartphones or tablets. This work makes an analysis of some artifacts and its features, which make some directions and hegemonic dominations, although they are not exclusive of these technologies. It is applied a sociotechnical analysis based on observation and on the use of this kind of technologies. The output is the identification of five tendencies: realism; techno-body continuity; priority to context; velocity; and compatibility/multi-functionality. This different sociotechnical forms allow the understanding of how these materialities are inscribed in social space, and how some projects are a result of social intentions. The proliferation of mobile technologies shows by itself the relevance of this approach in order to question technological future.
{"title":"Materialidade e sociedade: tendências sociotécnicas em tecnologias móveis","authors":"Pedro Filipe Xavier Mendonça","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000400009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000400009","url":null,"abstract":"The delimitation of defining lines of certain technological development is something that several authors already established. This kind of approach is inspired in similar task applied to science. In this work it is intended to present some lines, that we call tendencies, which mark mobile technologies development, like mobile phones, smartphones or tablets. This work makes an analysis of some artifacts and its features, which make some directions and hegemonic dominations, although they are not exclusive of these technologies. It is applied a sociotechnical analysis based on observation and on the use of this kind of technologies. The output is the identification of five tendencies: realism; techno-body continuity; priority to context; velocity; and compatibility/multi-functionality. This different sociotechnical forms allow the understanding of how these materialities are inscribed in social space, and how some projects are a result of social intentions. The proliferation of mobile technologies shows by itself the relevance of this approach in order to question technological future.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125487293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000400003
Ronei Clécio Mocellin
In this paper I will identify a "style of reasoning" that is proper to to Chemistry and to point to the dissemination of its products and concepts. My aim is to explain some elements that characterize the style of thinking and engaging in Chemistry in the second half of the 18th century, its techno-cultural capillary action. The shaping of a chemical style of reasoning originated from the constancy of the techno-epistemic sites in which chemical knowledge is formed. Chemistry is a laboratory science, eminently technical and operative, i.e., it deals with a techno-scientific knowledge stricto sensu. A producer of artifacts, chemical science is inseparable from technique, technology and industry, in such a way that its epistemic identity is inseparable from its history. Its style marks a profound value in the technical culture of the homo faber, the power of acting upon nature and transforming it through manipulations and rearrangements.
{"title":"Estilo de raciocínio e capilaridade técnico-cultural na química no século XVIII","authors":"Ronei Clécio Mocellin","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000400003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000400003","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper I will identify a \"style of reasoning\" that is proper to to Chemistry and to point to the dissemination of its products and concepts. My aim is to explain some elements that characterize the style of thinking and engaging in Chemistry in the second half of the 18th century, its techno-cultural capillary action. The shaping of a chemical style of reasoning originated from the constancy of the techno-epistemic sites in which chemical knowledge is formed. Chemistry is a laboratory science, eminently technical and operative, i.e., it deals with a techno-scientific knowledge stricto sensu. A producer of artifacts, chemical science is inseparable from technique, technology and industry, in such a way that its epistemic identity is inseparable from its history. Its style marks a profound value in the technical culture of the homo faber, the power of acting upon nature and transforming it through manipulations and rearrangements.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121530977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000400008
M. T. Ferreira
The article discusses the division of scientific labour among senior and junior researchers in a Brazilian research center for human and medical genetics. Starting with the contemporary debate on the progressive intertwining of science and technology - with progressive fusion of both, evoking notions such as technoscience - it is possible to verify, in this specific subarea, rising speed in data production that pressure scientists in different manners: through the rising cost of technological innovations and through the necessity for more complex methods of analysis. In this context I analyze issues concerning the specialization of scientific work, the separation between conception and execution as well as correlate changes in the formation of new researchers. The theoretical-methodological pressupposition is that scientific activity cannot be treated in a homogeneous way, and that there exist distinct configurations according to the disciplinary space, the institucional organization and local scientific tradition, understood as a historically rooted and socially and culturally contingent undertaking.
{"title":"Trajetórias e divisão do trabalho no laboratório de genética humana","authors":"M. T. Ferreira","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000400008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000400008","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the division of scientific labour among senior and junior researchers in a Brazilian research center for human and medical genetics. Starting with the contemporary debate on the progressive intertwining of science and technology - with progressive fusion of both, evoking notions such as technoscience - it is possible to verify, in this specific subarea, rising speed in data production that pressure scientists in different manners: through the rising cost of technological innovations and through the necessity for more complex methods of analysis. In this context I analyze issues concerning the specialization of scientific work, the separation between conception and execution as well as correlate changes in the formation of new researchers. The theoretical-methodological pressupposition is that scientific activity cannot be treated in a homogeneous way, and that there exist distinct configurations according to the disciplinary space, the institucional organization and local scientific tradition, understood as a historically rooted and socially and culturally contingent undertaking.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"290 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123267467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662015000300003
Rafael Dias da Silva Campos, C. F. M. D. Santos
This article aims to discuss philosophical elements of the work of Jose Barbosa de Sa (?-1776). We seek to analyze the author's system of botanical classification, observing the relation with the construction of analogies and likenesses, evaluating to what extent these ideas were consistent with religious conceptions. We also attempt to examine the well known eighteenth-century known debate about the vegetable reproduction and to analyse non-academic conceptions of it.
{"title":"A ideia de natureza em José Barbosa de Sá, com especial referência às plantas","authors":"Rafael Dias da Silva Campos, C. F. M. D. Santos","doi":"10.1590/S1678-31662015000300003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-31662015000300003","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to discuss philosophical elements of the work of Jose Barbosa de Sa (?-1776). We seek to analyze the author's system of botanical classification, observing the relation with the construction of analogies and likenesses, evaluating to what extent these ideas were consistent with religious conceptions. We also attempt to examine the well known eighteenth-century known debate about the vegetable reproduction and to analyse non-academic conceptions of it.","PeriodicalId":168872,"journal":{"name":"Scientiae Studia","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126050303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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