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A lei de Marsh do crescimento cerebral e a ideia de progresso biológico na evolução 马什大脑生长定律和生物进化进步的观点
Pub Date : 2018-04-03 DOI: 10.11606/51678-31662017000200009
Felipe Faria
The use of an evolutionary law should be a function of its heuristic value in the composition of phylogenetic sequences. This was one of the characteristics of the law of brain growth proposed by O. C. Marsh (1831-1899), which often led to the conclusion that there is a tendency for bodily complexity to increase during the evolutionary process. Several criticisms were then made, often based on the impossibility that a trend could operate in the evolutionary process that had natural selection as its mechanism, which in turn is based on the proposal of random variation. Nevertheless, Marsh’s law remains being used due to its explanatory, and to a certain extent, predictive potential.
进化规律的使用应该是其在系统发育序列组成中的启发式价值的函数。这是o·c·马什(o.c. Marsh, 1831-1899)提出的大脑生长规律的特征之一,该规律经常得出这样的结论:在进化过程中,身体的复杂性有增加的趋势。然后提出了一些批评,通常是基于一种趋势不可能在以自然选择为机制的进化过程中起作用,而自然选择又是基于随机变异的提议。尽管如此,由于其解释性和一定程度上的预测潜力,马什定律仍然被使用。
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引用次数: 0
Ni cabalmente clásico, ni completamente molecular: un análisis del concepto de gen en la genética del comportamiento 既不是完全经典,也不是完全分子:行为遗传学中基因概念的分析
Pub Date : 2018-04-03 DOI: 10.11606/51678-31662017000200011
Nahuel Pallitto, Guillermo Folguera
The way in which the biological sciences conceptualize genes have been analysed by a diversity of authors working in philosophy of biology. Despite recognizing the presence of a plurality of concepts, a dualistic conceptualization prevails where a classical gene (Gene-P) and a molecular gene (Gene-D) have been identified. Besides, it has been declared that such concepts are independent and that it is impossible to find “hybrid” notions. In this article we analyse which gene concepts behaviour geneticists operate with and we show that the standard view does not fit well to what is happening in the area. In particular, we postulate that in behaviour genetics there are two different gene concepts, one of which has a “hybrid” nature. In that sense, our proposal shares the pluralistic consensus but rejects the dualistic character that has fundamentally adopted.
许多从事生物学哲学研究的作者分析了生物科学将基因概念化的方式。尽管认识到存在多个概念,但二元概念普遍存在,其中一个经典基因(基因- p)和一个分子基因(基因- d)已被确定。此外,有人宣称这些概念是独立的,不可能找到“混合”概念。在这篇文章中,我们分析了行为遗传学家操作的基因概念,并表明标准观点并不适合该领域正在发生的事情。特别是,我们假设在行为遗传学中有两种不同的基因概念,其中一种具有“杂交”性质。在这个意义上,我们的建议具有多元协商一致意见,但拒绝从根本上采用的二元性。
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引用次数: 1
Values, heuristics and the politics of knowledge 价值观,启发式和知识政治
Pub Date : 2017-06-14 DOI: 10.11606/51678-31662017000100003
H. Longino
Ha um conjunto de valores, comumente denominados cognitivos, epistemicos ou cientifi cos, que com frequencia sao considerados informativos do bom juizo cientifi co, quando a evidencia se esgota. Contrastando esses valores com um conjunto alternativo, delineado no trabalho de cientistas, historiadoras e fi losofas feministas, e possivel mostrar como a dependencia desses valores chamados cientifi cos tem consequencias sociais problematicas. O artigo examina a valencia social diferencial dos dois conjuntos de valores, argumenta que nenhum dos dois deve ser considerado como dando as condicoes de produ- cao da verdade e propoe que ambos pertencem a um colecao (provavelmente maior) de heuristicas cuja conveniencia depende das caracteristicas da investigacao particular na qual sao empregadas
有一套价值观,通常被称为认知的,认识论的或科学的,通常被认为是良好的科学判断的信息,当证据耗尽。将这些价值观与科学家、历史学家和女权主义哲学家的工作中概述的另一套价值观进行对比,就有可能表明对这些所谓的科学价值观的依赖是如何产生有问题的社会后果的。这篇文章探讨了瓦伦西亚社会微分的两组数据,显然认为,应当被视为使生产条件下,曹的真相和建议我们都属于一个更大的集合(可能)的heuristicas便利特征取决于特定的调查我是员工
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引用次数: 31
Tecendo conexões entre feminismo e alternativas sociotécnicas 在女权主义和社会技术选择之间编织联系
Pub Date : 2017-06-14 DOI: 10.11606/51678-31662017000100006
B. Vasconcellos, R. Dias, L. Fraga
In this article we read, with feminist lens, two historical infl uences of Latin American thinking on Social Technology. At fi rst, we look at the independence movement of India in the fi rst half of the twentieth century, which fostered a policy of dissemination of the Charkha, a kind of spinning wheel. Widespread in the period in which Gandhi led the movement, the wheel has become a symbol of the nationalist struggle, and is seen as an emblematic example of a socio-technical alternative. In a second step, we analyze the Appropriate Technology Movement, as a set of ideas and initiatives that popularize in the 1970s the dissemination of technologies supposedly appropriate to the reality of the impoverished regions of the “south”. In order to fi ll in the analytical gender gaps, we highlight the contributions of authors who unvail the androcentric character of such policies, and explain how inadequate technologies were produced because women’s work and community care needs in rural Africa and Asia were hidden. Finally, we weave connections between gender and the construction of socio-technical alternatives, and argue that it is in virtue of the invisibility of the feminized character of care, and of an uncritical incorporation of productivist logic that Social Technology embodies androcentrism
在这篇文章中,我们将以女权主义的视角,阅读拉丁美洲对社会技术思想的两个历史影响。首先,我们来看看20世纪上半叶印度的独立运动,这场运动促进了Charkha(一种纺车)的传播。在甘地领导运动的时期,轮子已经成为民族主义斗争的象征,被视为社会技术替代方案的象征性例子。在第二步,我们分析适当的技术运动,作为一套思想和倡议,在20世纪70年代普及了据称适合“南方”贫困地区现实的技术传播。为了填补分析性的性别差距,我们强调了一些作者的贡献,他们揭示了这些政策的男性中心主义特征,并解释了由于非洲和亚洲农村妇女的工作和社区护理需求被隐藏,技术是如何产生不足的。最后,我们在性别和社会技术替代方案的构建之间编织了联系,并认为正是由于女性化的护理特征的不可见性,以及生产主义逻辑的不加批判的结合,社会技术体现了男性中心主义
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引用次数: 3
Situating Longino in the debate on the values in science 朗吉诺在科学价值辩论中的地位
Pub Date : 2017-06-14 DOI: 10.11606/51678-31662017000100009
R. Faria
In this note, I try to relate the ideas of Helen Longino – as presented in her paper “Values, heuristics and policy of knowledge” – with those of other philosophers, especially concerning the matter of values in science. After introducing the role of values in science taking Thomas Kuhn as my starting point, I present some ideas of Longino. Next, I try to relate these ideas to those of other philosophers of science, including those who do not accept the presence of values in science, such as Susan Haack, as well as others who accept them, albeit more or less diff erently from Longino, such as Elizabeth Anderson and Hugh Lacey
在这篇文章中,我试图将海伦·朗吉诺(Helen Longino)在她的论文《价值观、启发式和知识政策》(Values, heuristics and policy of knowledge)中提出的观点与其他哲学家的观点联系起来,尤其是与科学价值观有关的观点。在以Thomas Kuhn为切入点介绍了价值观在科学中的作用之后,我提出了Longino的一些观点。接下来,我试图将这些观点与其他科学哲学家的观点联系起来,包括那些不接受科学中存在价值的人,如苏珊·哈克(Susan Haack),以及其他接受科学价值的人,尽管或多或少与朗吉诺不同,如伊丽莎白·安德森(Elizabeth Anderson)和休·莱西(Hugh Lacey)
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引用次数: 0
Objetividade forte como alternativa à ciência livre de valores 强烈的客观性作为无价值科学的替代
Pub Date : 2017-06-14 DOI: 10.11606/51678-31662017000100010
Débora Aymoré
A obra Objectivity & diversity: another logic of scientifi c research (2015), de Sandra Harding, aponta para um modo alternativo de fazer ciência, baseando-se na premissa de que os compromissos sociopolíticos favoráveis à diversidade e os compromissos epistêmico-científi cos com a objetividade não precisam ser necessariamente confl itantes. Colocados em uma gradação, os capítulos culminam no último, que resume os seis principais argumentos acerca da objetividade desenvolvidos pela autora, tornando-se um ponto de partida possível para o contato com o conteúdo da obra. Os argumentos desenvolvidos na sequência dos capítulos são: Capítulo 1. Argumento de que as consequências das pesquisas do ocidente desbordam seus limites territoriais: as consequências distribuem-se globalmente, como no caso das políticas de modernização realizadas a partir do fi nal da Segunda Guerra Mundial e início da Guerra Fria. Capítulo 2. Argumento da homogeneidade valorativa dos pesquisadores como desvantajosa para a pesquisa: pesquisadores com características homogêneas tendem a apresentar menor capacidade de reconhecimento dos valores e dos interesses que estruturam suas próprias pressuposições, políticas e práticas. Capítulo 3. Argumento da objetividade forte: a crítica de pressupostos sexistas e androcêntricos resultou na proposta de pesquisa exercida a partir de baixo e, consequentemente, da objetividade forte, pois nela a diversidade das situações sociais é levada em consideração. Capítulo 4. Argumento de confi abilidade do conhecimento tradicional: derivado dos estudos pós-coloniais da ciência e da tecnologia, parte do reconhecimento da infl uência recíproca entre a ciência e a sociedade em que ela está situada e na qual ela é produzida. , São Paulo, v. 15, n. 1, p. 175-86, 2017
Objectivity和多样性:工作的另一个逻辑scientifi c研究(2015),桑德拉·哈丁,指向另一种科学方法,根据在社会政治妥协的前提下支持多样性和承诺认知-científi克斯和客观性不一定需要confl itantes。最后一章总结了作者提出的关于客观性的六个主要论点,成为接触作品内容的一个可能的起点。以下各章的论点是:第一章。我认为,西方研究的后果超出了其领土范围:其后果是全球性的,就像二战结束和冷战开始时实施的现代化政策一样。第二章。认为研究人员的价值同质性对研究是不利的:具有同质特征的研究人员往往对构建自己的假设、政策和实践的价值和利益的识别能力较低。第三章。强烈的客观性论点:对性别歧视和男性中心假设的批评导致了一项从底层进行的研究,因此,强烈的客观性,因为它考虑了社会情况的多样性。第四章。传统知识的可靠性论点:源于对科学和技术的后殖民研究,源于对科学和它所处和产生的社会之间相互作用的承认。, sao保罗,第15卷第1期,第175- 86.2017页
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引用次数: 1
A social history of the concept of femininity in psychoanalysis from 1910 to 1930 1910年至1930年精神分析中女性概念的社会史
Pub Date : 2017-06-14 DOI: 10.11606/51678-31662017000100007
Gustavo Rodrigues Rocha, L. Rocha
This paper examines the role played in shaping the concept of femininity in Freudian psychoanalysis by the perspective on women present in Victorian society at the beginning of twentieth century. We start from the works of Sigmund Freud and some of his most important ideas. Freud’s notion of femininity will then be seen against the broader social and historical context of his time. This step – which will take us to examine hysterics, mediums, telegraphers, activists, telephonists and typists – will shed some light on the concreteness of the abstractions made by concerning women
本文从二十世纪初维多利亚社会的女性视角出发,考察了弗洛伊德精神分析中女性气质概念的形成过程。我们从西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的作品和他的一些最重要的思想开始。然后,弗洛伊德的女性气质概念将在他那个时代更广泛的社会和历史背景下被看到。这一步骤将带我们考察歇斯底里者、灵媒、电报员、活动家、电话员和打字员,这将使我们对有关妇女的抽象概念的具体情况有所了解
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引用次数: 0
Os que conhecem, conhecem bem: teoria do ponto de vista e arqueologia de gênero 知道的人都知道:性别视角理论和考古学
Pub Date : 2017-06-14 DOI: 10.11606/51678-31662017000100002
Alison Wylie
In this article, I argue that – in exposing the androcentrism of taken-for-granted framework assumptions and calling into question the reliability of entrenched norms of justifi cation – gender archaeology is best understood as a form of reluctant social constructivism. It inadvertently exposes the contingency of foundational commitments, of content and of practice, that had been presumed to be neutral with respect to the situated interests of practitioners, context-independent and trans-historically stable. But, far from fatally undermining the objectivity of the enterprise, I argue that these more radical implications of gender archaeology illustrate the value of social constructionist analysis as an epistemic resource. We should attend to the positive epistemic role it can play as a catalyst for the kinds of transformative criticism that are essential to well-functioning science. I argue that a commitment to ongoing constructionist analysis should be a central component of proceduralist conceptions of objectivity that take seriously the need to mobilize rather than marginalize the diverse epistemic resources of situated knowers
在这篇文章中,我认为——通过揭露被视为理所当然的框架假设的男性中心主义,并对根深蒂固的正当性规范的可靠性提出质疑——性别考古学最好被理解为一种不情愿的社会建构主义。它无意中暴露了基础承诺,内容和实践的偶然性,这些承诺被认为是中立的,与实践者的处境利益有关,与上下文无关,跨历史稳定。但是,我认为,性别考古学的这些更激进的含义,远没有致命地破坏这项事业的客观性,而是说明了社会建构主义分析作为一种认知资源的价值。我们应该关注它的积极认知作用,它可以作为各种变革性批评的催化剂,这些批评对科学的良好运作至关重要。我认为,对持续的建构主义分析的承诺应该是客观性的程序主义概念的核心组成部分,它严肃地对待调动而不是边缘化所处位置的知识者的各种认知资源的需要
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引用次数: 4
Ativismo, feminismo e fi losofi a da ciência Entrevista com Helen Longino 行动主义、女权主义和科学哲学海伦·朗基诺访谈
Pub Date : 2017-06-14 DOI: 10.11606/51678-31662017000100008
Débora Aymoré, Kelly Koide, M. T. Ferreira
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引用次数: 1
Questões sobre gênero e tecnologia na construção da agroecologia 农业生态建设中的性别与技术问题
Pub Date : 2017-06-14 DOI: 10.11606/51678-31662017000100005
Márcia María Tait Lima, V. B. D. Jesus
The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of women in the development of agroecological thought in Brazil, which has been discussed as a proposal that combines science, technology and social movement guided by ethical and epistemological premises in which the environmental features, cultural plurality, respect for diff erent peoples, as well as non-exploitation in labor and commercial relations are central. Although agroecological thought is progressive, it has been maintained in various discussions among peasants themselves and within militant and Brazilian academic environments that it still reproduces gender inequality. Agroecology is, broadly speaking, a form of family farming that has always had widespread participation of women. However, it has only been in a little more than the past two decades that female labor in family farming, and also in agroecology, has been considered in a way that takes into account its real contribution. We will discuss that there is no agroecology without feminism, in the sense that there are women, who occupy central positions and maintain various types of resistance to the conventional model of agricultural production within the organization of agroecological social movements, and in their associative productive practices. This seemingly paradoxical relationship between relevant contributions of women to agroecology and the denial of gender issues in it will be discussed, seeking to establish dialogues between women’s contribution to agroecological thought and the feminist perspective
本文的目的是讨论妇女在巴西农业生态思想发展中的作用,这是一项由伦理和认识论前提指导的科学、技术和社会运动相结合的建议,其中环境特征、文化多元性、尊重不同民族以及劳动和商业关系中的非剥削是核心。尽管农业生态思想是进步的,但在农民之间的各种讨论中,在激进的和巴西的学术环境中,它仍然再现了性别不平等。从广义上讲,生态农业是一种家庭农业形式,妇女一直广泛参与。然而,在过去的二十年里,家庭农业和生态农业中的女性劳动力才得到考虑,考虑到她们的真正贡献。我们将讨论,如果没有女权主义,就没有生态农业,因为在生态农业社会运动的组织中,在她们的联合生产实践中,有妇女占据中心位置,并保持对传统农业生产模式的各种抵抗。将讨论妇女对农业生态学的有关贡献与其中否认性别问题之间的这种看似矛盾的关系,力求在妇女对农业生态学思想的贡献与女权主义观点之间建立对话
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引用次数: 5
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Scientiae Studia
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