Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.007
Dániel Z. Kádár , Juliane House , Fengguang Liu , Dan Han
In this study, we investigate ritual features and strategies of offering gifts in Chinese with the aid of a corpus of naturally-occurring WeChat exchanges. As numerous studies have shown, offering gifts is a fundamental part of daily interaction in Chinese. We investigate offering gifts from a new angle, by adopting an interaction ritual approach which combines ritual, interaction and speech acts. Our analysis has revealed three recurrent features of gift offering behaviour in Chinese: interactionally varying multi-sequentiality, frequency of formulaic expressions, and prevalence of ritual ostensible aggression. We also identified conventional strategies of offering gifts: presenting the gift as a fait accompli, ignoring the refusal, and persuading the recipient. Our study contributes to inquiries into offering gifts behaviour and insistent ritual language use in Chinese.
{"title":"Offering gifts in Chinese: An interaction ritual approach","authors":"Dániel Z. Kádár , Juliane House , Fengguang Liu , Dan Han","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we investigate ritual features and strategies of offering gifts in Chinese with the aid of a corpus of naturally-occurring WeChat exchanges. As numerous studies have shown, offering gifts is a fundamental part of daily interaction in Chinese. We investigate offering gifts from a new angle, by adopting an interaction ritual approach which combines ritual, interaction and speech acts. Our analysis has revealed three recurrent features of gift offering behaviour in Chinese: interactionally varying multi-sequentiality, frequency of formulaic expressions, and prevalence of ritual ostensible aggression. We also identified conventional strategies of offering gifts: presenting the gift as a <em>fait accompli</em>, ignoring the refusal, and persuading the recipient. Our study contributes to inquiries into offering gifts behaviour and insistent ritual language use in Chinese.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"236 ","pages":"Pages 60-77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143132452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2024.11.012
Esther González-Martínez, Angeliki Balantani
Summonses are a crucial resource for prospective participants attempting to establish contact in the opening phase of an interaction. In conversation analysis, they have been studied predominantly as the first pair part of the summons-answer sequence, functioning as “attention-getting devices.” We show that summonses can also be instrumental for achieving a more fundamental task: locating a prospective coparticipant in space. Indeed, coparticipants may rely on summons-answer sequences in order to look for their future interlocutors and identify where they are. Our study focuses on stand-alone first-name summonses in the opening phase of interactions involving a recruiting activity and considers locating the prospective coparticipant and recruitee as a preliminary to it. This article contributes to the understanding of summonses and recruitment in face-to-face “on the move” interactions. The data are video recordings of staff corridor interactions in a hospital outpatient clinic in the French-speaking part of Switzerland.
{"title":"Locating summonses","authors":"Esther González-Martínez, Angeliki Balantani","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.11.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.11.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Summonses are a crucial resource for prospective participants attempting to establish contact in the opening phase of an interaction. In conversation analysis, they have been studied predominantly as the first pair part of the summons-answer sequence, functioning as “attention-getting devices.” We show that summonses can also be instrumental for achieving a more fundamental task: locating a prospective coparticipant in space. Indeed, coparticipants may rely on summons-answer sequences in order to look for their future interlocutors and identify where they are. Our study focuses on stand-alone first-name summonses in the opening phase of interactions involving a recruiting activity and considers locating the prospective coparticipant and recruitee as a preliminary to it. This article contributes to the understanding of summonses and recruitment in face-to-face “on the move” interactions. The data are video recordings of staff corridor interactions in a hospital outpatient clinic in the French-speaking part of Switzerland.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"235 ","pages":"Pages 254-271"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143177096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of language to understand social values and how they may vary among speech communities has received very little attention in scholarship. In this study, we examine how language reflects trust as a social value and the pragma-linguistic resources that index trust in discourse. We further determine the prevalence of such resources in five African English corpora. We examine sixteen commentary pragmatic markers. All instances of each are identified per corpus. For each, 200 concordance lines are extracted and sorted according to their use. Pragmatic presupposition and Gricean cooperative principle are used as analytical frameworks. The markers are found to have trust-assuring pragmatic functions, and are thus categorized as linguistic correlates of distrust. The Gricean maxim of quantity is found to be predominantly flouted in each use of the markers through over-informativeness of utterance propositions. The markers vary in the corpora, with the highest frequencies found in the Nigerian corpus, followed by Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa corpora. The markers appear to be pervasive linguistic resources that can be used to study social values through discourse. For such studies, however, a set of compatible and comparative corpora is recommended to ensure outcome objectivity, reliability and replicability of research procedure.
{"title":"Trust-indicating pragmatic markers in selected African englishes","authors":"Toyese Najeem Dahunsi, Oluwayomi Rosemary Olaniyan, Ayobami Adetoro Afolabi, Richard Akano","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of language to understand social values and how they may vary among speech communities has received very little attention in scholarship. In this study, we examine how language reflects trust as a social value and the pragma-linguistic resources that index trust in discourse. We further determine the prevalence of such resources in five African English corpora. We examine sixteen commentary pragmatic markers. All instances of each are identified per corpus. For each, 200 concordance lines are extracted and sorted according to their use. Pragmatic presupposition and Gricean cooperative principle are used as analytical frameworks. The markers are found to have trust-assuring pragmatic functions, and are thus categorized as linguistic correlates of distrust. The Gricean maxim of quantity is found to be predominantly flouted in each use of the markers through over-informativeness of utterance propositions. The markers vary in the corpora, with the highest frequencies found in the Nigerian corpus, followed by Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa corpora. The markers appear to be pervasive linguistic resources that can be used to study social values through discourse. For such studies, however, a set of compatible and comparative corpora is recommended to ensure outcome objectivity, reliability and replicability of research procedure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"236 ","pages":"Pages 15-24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143132479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.001
Yuki Arita
This conversation analytic study examines two response tokens uso and hontoo in Japanese informing sequences. Despite their frequent use in informing sequences, little empirical research has been done on the interactional properties of the two tokens. To explore similarities and differences between uso and hontoo, this study investigates their workings in two types of informings: informings done with a minimal number of turn-constructional units, and informings that require a largely extended turn-at-talk. In so doing, the present research reveals how uso and hontoo serve as news receipts and newsmarks at different sequential locations and how they lead to different action trajectories in the subsequent turns. By delineating the interactional features of uso and hontoo, this study aims to provide perspectives on how particular tokens act as responses to informings in a language-sensitive manner and yet also in ways similar to specific tokens in other languages.
{"title":"Uso “lie” or hontoo “truth”?: Two lexical response tokens in Japanese informings","authors":"Yuki Arita","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This conversation analytic study examines two response tokens <em>uso</em> and <em>hontoo</em> in Japanese informing sequences. Despite their frequent use in informing sequences, little empirical research has been done on the interactional properties of the two tokens. To explore similarities and differences between uso and hontoo, this study investigates their workings in two types of informings: informings done with a minimal number of turn-constructional units, and informings that require a largely extended turn-at-talk. In so doing, the present research reveals how uso and hontoo serve as news receipts and newsmarks at different sequential locations and how they lead to different action trajectories in the subsequent turns. By delineating the interactional features of uso and hontoo, this study aims to provide perspectives on how particular tokens act as responses to informings in a language-sensitive manner and yet also in ways similar to specific tokens in other languages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"235 ","pages":"Pages 182-202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143176478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.004
Seyed Mohammadreza Mortazavi , Hamed Zandi
Politicians are increasingly using existing hashtags or creating new ones to amplify the visibility and dissemination of their messages. However, research on the pragmatic functions of hashtags in conflictive political discourse remains relatively scarce. This study examines the pragmatic functions of hashtags and how they affected the (im)polite tone of the tweets by the Iranian Foreign Minister and the U.S. Secretary of State between November 2018 and November 2019, focusing on the ongoing conflict between their respective countries. Hashtags (N = 294) related to the conflict were collected and thematically analyzed. Several categories of hashtags, including slogans, institutions, countries and regions, treaties, conferences, cultural references were identified. Their pragmatic functions included alliance building, othering, presenting a positive self-image, warning, criticism, and justifications. The analysis, informed by Culpeper's (2011) impoliteness framework, indicates that hashtags serve strategic purposes, allowing politicians to justify face threats and impolite language by invoking moral order. We discuss how even seemingly neutral-sounding hashtags like country names can be used to intensify the impoliteness of a tweet, imply solidarity or othering, and influence public opinion.
{"title":"“#HaveYouNoShame”: Unraveling the pragmatics of impolite political hashtags","authors":"Seyed Mohammadreza Mortazavi , Hamed Zandi","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Politicians are increasingly using existing hashtags or creating new ones to amplify the visibility and dissemination of their messages. However, research on the pragmatic functions of hashtags in conflictive political discourse remains relatively scarce. This study examines the pragmatic functions of hashtags and how they affected the (im)polite tone of the tweets by the Iranian Foreign Minister and the U.S. Secretary of State between November 2018 and November 2019, focusing on the ongoing conflict between their respective countries. Hashtags (N = 294) related to the conflict were collected and thematically analyzed. Several categories of hashtags, including slogans, institutions, countries and regions, treaties, conferences, cultural references were identified. Their pragmatic functions included alliance building, othering, presenting a positive self-image, warning, criticism, and justifications. The analysis, informed by Culpeper's (2011) impoliteness framework, indicates that hashtags serve strategic purposes, allowing politicians to justify face threats and impolite language by invoking moral order. We discuss how even seemingly neutral-sounding hashtags like country names can be used to intensify the impoliteness of a tweet, imply solidarity or othering, and influence public opinion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"235 ","pages":"Pages 238-253"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143177095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-30DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2024.11.004
Anne Schröder , Pawel Sickinger
Efforts to theorise pragmatic variation in (new) varieties of English have primarily been made in the area of Variational Pragmatics (VarPra) (Barron and Schneider, 2009; Schneider, 2021) and Postcolonial Pragmatics (PP) (Anchimbe and Janney, 2017; Anchimbe, 2018). In this contribution, we will illustrate how criticism voiced in PP can be addressed within a VarPra framework. Taking the pragmatics of Namibian English as our primary research object, we will present an ethnographically grounded and data-driven approach to the investigation of speech acts and related concepts, following principles laid down in Constructivist Grounded Theory (Charmaz, 2006, 2014; Charmaz and Thornberg, 2020). We will detail the development of a research tool specifically designed for the Namibian context, describing how a Discourse Completion Task (DCT) questionnaire was devised in close cooperation with Namibian research partners and the Community of Practice under investigation, thereby avoiding ethno-centrist bias and guaranteeing ecological validity. This centrally includes a systematic and synergistic combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, allowing us to adhere to the principles of contrastivity and comparability central to VarPra while properly taking into account the emic perspective of the post-colonial language community in question. We believe that the methodology proposed could function as a blueprint for systematically introducing pragmatic inquiry into World Englishes (WE) research.
对英语（新）变体的语用变化进行理论化的努力主要是在变分语用学（VarPra）领域进行的(Barron and Schneider, 2009；Schneider, 2021)和后殖民语用学（PP） (Anchimbe and Janney, 2017；Anchimbe, 2018)。在这篇文章中，我们将说明如何在VarPra框架内解决PP中提出的批评。以纳米比亚英语的语用学为主要研究对象，我们将提出一种基于民族志和数据驱动的方法来调查语言行为和相关概念，遵循建构主义基础理论(Charmaz, 2006, 2014；Charmaz and Thornberg, 2020)。我们将详细介绍专门为纳米比亚环境设计的研究工具的开发，描述如何与纳米比亚研究伙伴和正在调查的实践社区密切合作设计话语完成任务（DCT）问卷，从而避免种族中心主义偏见并保证生态有效性。这主要包括定量和定性研究方法的系统和协同结合，使我们能够坚持VarPra中心的对比性和可比性原则，同时适当地考虑到所讨论的后殖民语言社区的主视角。我们认为，所提出的方法可以作为系统地将语用探究引入世界英语研究的蓝图。
{"title":"From observation to elicitation: An ethnographically grounded approach to pragmatic variation in Namibian English","authors":"Anne Schröder , Pawel Sickinger","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efforts to theorise pragmatic variation in (new) varieties of English have primarily been made in the area of Variational Pragmatics (VarPra) (Barron and Schneider, 2009; Schneider, 2021) and Postcolonial Pragmatics (PP) (Anchimbe and Janney, 2017; Anchimbe, 2018). In this contribution, we will illustrate how criticism voiced in PP can be addressed within a VarPra framework. Taking the pragmatics of Namibian English as our primary research object, we will present an ethnographically grounded and data-driven approach to the investigation of speech acts and related concepts, following principles laid down in Constructivist Grounded Theory (Charmaz, 2006, 2014; Charmaz and Thornberg, 2020). We will detail the development of a research tool specifically designed for the Namibian context, describing how a Discourse Completion Task (DCT) questionnaire was devised in close cooperation with Namibian research partners and the Community of Practice under investigation, thereby avoiding ethno-centrist bias and guaranteeing ecological validity. This centrally includes a systematic and synergistic combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, allowing us to adhere to the principles of contrastivity and comparability central to VarPra while properly taking into account the emic perspective of the post-colonial language community in question. We believe that the methodology proposed could function as a blueprint for systematically introducing pragmatic inquiry into World Englishes (WE) research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"235 ","pages":"Pages 99-111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the use of sorry as a discourse-pragmatic feature in three African varieties of English: Ghanaian English, Nigerian English and Ugandan English, in terms of its frequencies, forms, positioning, collocational patterns, pragmatic functions and use with different clause types and in various text types. The data for the study, which are extracted from the Ghanaian, Nigerian and Ugandan components of the International Corpus of English, are examined from a variational pragmatic framework, with insights from rapport management theory. The results show similarities and differences in the use of sorry in the three varieties. In all three varieties, sorry appears more often as a single lexical item than in other forms, occurs more frequently with declaratives, and appears more often in the clause-initial position. Moreover, sorry occurs more frequently in Nigerian English than in the other two varieties; it collocates more often with intensifiers and interjections in Ghanaian English, honorifics and politeness markers in Nigerian English, and interjections in Ugandan English. In addition, sorry is used to mark self-repair, regret, empathy, polite redirection, correction, mitigation and interruption at varying degrees in all three varieties. Possible first language influence may have led to some of the differences between the three varieties.
{"title":"“Sorry it took me a long time to reply”: Sorry as a discourse-pragmatic feature in African Englishes","authors":"Foluke Olayinka Unuabonah , Florence Oluwaseyi Daniel, Deborah Abiola Fifelola","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article examines the use of <em>sorry</em> as a discourse-pragmatic feature in three African varieties of English: Ghanaian English, Nigerian English and Ugandan English, in terms of its frequencies, forms, positioning, collocational patterns, pragmatic functions and use with different clause types and in various text types. The data for the study, which are extracted from the Ghanaian, Nigerian and Ugandan components of the International Corpus of English, are examined from a variational pragmatic framework, with insights from rapport management theory. The results show similarities and differences in the use of <em>sorry</em> in the three varieties. In all three varieties, <em>sorry</em> appears more often as a single lexical item than in other forms, occurs more frequently with declaratives, and appears more often in the clause-initial position. Moreover, <em>sorry</em> occurs more frequently in Nigerian English than in the other two varieties; it collocates more often with intensifiers and interjections in Ghanaian English, honorifics and politeness markers in Nigerian English, and interjections in Ugandan English. In addition, <em>sorry</em> is used to mark self-repair, regret, empathy, polite redirection, correction, mitigation and interruption at varying degrees in all three varieties. Possible first language influence may have led to some of the differences between the three varieties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"235 ","pages":"Pages 60-74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2024.11.001
Wei-Lin Melody Chang
In this paper, initial interactions in which Mandarin Chinese speakers are getting acquainted are investigated, with a particular focus on the assessment sequences. Drawing on approximately 18.5 h of audio(visual) recordings, I examine a particular sequential practice in which self-disclosures are found to be followed by assessments sequences, either positive or negative, by other speakers, which then trigger diverse responses by the assessment recipients. From the analysis it emerged that both positive and (implicated) negative assessments are deployed to establish relational connection with the unacquainted recipients, that is, to index solidarity and familiarity. Relational connection is accomplished, on one hand, through initiating positive assessment that the recognition and approval of one’s “face”; on the other hand, it can be also accomplished through launching (implicated) negative assessment with which assessors presuming one’s knowledge about the other and projecting their epistemic authority, i.e., claiming their independent knowledge with respect to the recipients, and thereby establishing familiarity with their counterpart. These findings suggest that assessments and assessment responses are crucial to the negotiation of new interpersonal relationships in initial encounters.
{"title":"“Being your son is rather tiring”: Assessments and assessment responses in initial interactions in Mandarin Chinese","authors":"Wei-Lin Melody Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, initial interactions in which Mandarin Chinese speakers are getting acquainted are investigated, with a particular focus on the assessment sequences. Drawing on approximately 18.5 h of audio(visual) recordings, I examine a particular sequential practice in which self-disclosures are found to be followed by assessments sequences, either positive or negative, by other speakers, which then trigger diverse responses by the assessment recipients. From the analysis it emerged that both positive and (implicated) negative assessments are deployed to establish relational connection with the unacquainted recipients, that is, to index <em>solidarity</em> and <em>familiarity</em>. Relational connection is accomplished, on one hand, through initiating positive assessment that the recognition and approval of one’s “face”; on the other hand, it can be also accomplished through launching (implicated) negative assessment with which assessors presuming one’s knowledge about the other and projecting their epistemic authority, i.e., claiming their independent knowledge with respect to the recipients, and thereby establishing <em>familiarity</em> with their counterpart. These findings suggest that assessments and assessment responses are crucial to the negotiation of new interpersonal relationships in initial encounters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"235 ","pages":"Pages 43-59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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