Journal of Pragmatics最新文献

英文中文

IF 1.7 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Pragmatics

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2025.12.011

Tiancheng Chen

引用次数: 0

Anticipating offense and managing risks: Understanding the disclaimer wúyì màofàn...dànshì... [‘no offense, but ...’] in Chinese social media 预期冒犯和管理风险：理解免责声明wúyì màofàn…dànshì…无意冒犯，但是……在中国的社交媒体上

IF 1.7 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Pragmatics

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2025.12.014

Xinyu Wang, Lingling Chang

Disclaimers have become a common pragmatic strategy for managing potential offense in social media interaction, yet their use in digitally mediated communication (DMC) has remained largely underexplored. This study examines the Chinese disclaimer wúyì màofàn [‘no offense’] + (X), dànshì [‘but’] + (Y), focusing on how it is used to balance implicitness, accountability, and face concerns in context-collapsed, massively polylogal interaction. Drawing on a corpus of 885 Weibo posts, the analysis identifies the disclaimer as a dual marker that indexes both offense-mitigating and offense-intensifying tendencies, depending largely on the alignment between its polite framing and the subsequent act. Typically, it modifies low-to mid-level face-threatening acts such as teasing, criticizing, or complaining, while in fewer cases it frames overtly insulting or ironic remarks displaying features of mock politeness. The disclaimer also occasionally precedes rapport-maintaining acts such as complimenting, revealing posters' heightened metapragmatic awareness of offense risk when addressing imagined audiences. Overall, the study advances understanding of how disclaimers operate as reflexive stance-design resources in public, polylogal online communication.

免责声明已经成为一种常见的实用策略，用于管理社交媒体互动中潜在的冒犯行为，但它们在数字媒介沟通（DMC）中的应用在很大程度上仍未得到充分探索。本研究考察了中文免责声明wúyì màofàn[‘无意冒犯’]+ (X), dànshì[‘但是’]+ (Y)，重点关注如何在情境崩溃、大规模多元互动中使用免责声明来平衡隐含性、问责性和面对问题。根据885个微博帖子的语料，该分析将免责声明确定为一个双重标记，它在很大程度上取决于其礼貌框架与随后的行为之间的一致性，它既表明了减轻冒犯的倾向，也表明了加剧冒犯的倾向。通常，它会修改低级到中级的面部威胁行为，如戏弄、批评或抱怨，而在少数情况下，它会设置明显的侮辱或讽刺言论，显示出模仿礼貌的特征。免责声明偶尔也会出现在恭维等维持关系的行为之前，这表明发帖者在与想象中的听众交谈时，对冒犯风险的元语用意识有所提高。总体而言，该研究促进了对免责声明如何在公共、多元在线交流中作为反射性立场设计资源的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Ostensive marking as a distinctive feature of human communication 明示标记作为人类交际的一个显著特征

IF 1.7 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Pragmatics

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2025.12.016

Nima Mussavifard

Human communication possesses far more expressive power than any other communicative system in nature. In pragmatic theory, this flexibility is attributed to ostensive communication. Nonetheless, there is no consensus on the defining features of this system. Here, I offer an account of ostensive communication that avoids the cognitive demands associated with alternative approaches. These approaches (e.g., Griceanism) are committed to specific proximate, mechanistic formulations (e.g., metarepresentations), which render comparative and developmental research cumbersome. Instead, I propose that we define ostension using ultimate, functional terms that clearly specify the adaptive problem. In this definition, ostension involves the function of marking_NN, i.e., flexibly marking entities (e.g., objects and actions) as communicative. This ability permits humans to produce novel communicative means open-endedly and to establish communication channels. Moreover, the marking_NN function could be implemented through both purely inferential processes and simple code-based signals. Therefore, its presence in infancy is less controversial.

人类的交流比自然界中任何其他的交流系统都具有更强的表现力。在语用学理论中，这种灵活性归因于明示交际。尽管如此，对于该系统的定义特征还没有达成共识。在这里，我提供了一个明示沟通的说明，它避免了与替代方法相关的认知需求。这些方法（例如，Griceanism）致力于特定的近似的、机械的公式（例如，元表示），这使得比较和发展研究变得繁琐。相反，我建议我们使用最终的、功能的术语来定义直指，这些术语清楚地说明了适应性问题。在这一定义中，明示涉及标记功能，即灵活地将实体（如对象和动作）标记为交际性的。这种能力使人类能够无限制地创造新的交流方式，并建立沟通渠道。此外，标记神经网络函数既可以通过纯粹的推理过程实现，也可以通过简单的基于代码的信号实现。因此，它在婴儿期的存在较少引起争议。

引用次数: 0

IF 1.7 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Pragmatics

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2025.12.012

Fang Xie, Yubo Wang

引用次数: 0

Appraising impoliteness on X: A case study of Isabel Díaz Ayuso 评价X上的不礼貌行为：以伊莎贝尔Díaz Ayuso为例

IF 1.7 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Pragmatics

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2025.12.010

Sergei Sikorskii, María Luisa Carrió-Pastor

This study applies Appraisal Theory to analyze evaluative patterns in digital political impoliteness, examining how systematic deployment of Judgment and Graduation resources functions as a form of pragmatic exclusion in hostile replies to Spanish politician Isabel Diaz Ayuso on X (formerly Twitter). Through manual annotation of 498 Spanish-language hostile replies collected between April and May 2025, we coded for five Judgment categories (Capacity, Tenacity, Normality, Veracity, Propriety) and intensification mechanisms (Force, Focus). Results reveal that Social Sanction judgments, such as Propriety- (63.5 %) and Veracity- (20.4 %), sharply outweigh Social Esteem evaluations, indicating a focus on moral delegitimization over competence critique.

Intensification was present in 70.1 % of replies, realized through typography, repetition, irony, and emoji. Notably, 29.5 % of replies contained gendered language, disproportionately associated with Propriety- and Normality-judgments (χ² = 52.85, p < 0.000001), suggesting gendered language disproportionately co-occurs with moral and behavioral judgments. Eleven recurrent impoliteness strategies were identified, often combining multiple negative evaluations with multimodal amplification. This case study introduces the concept of evaluative gatekeeping to describe how hostile replies may use neutral-seeming assessment to challenge political legitimacy in gendered terms. These findings suggest that digital hostility toward female political figures may center on moral judgment rather than policy critique, raising implications for pragmatic exclusion and gendered participation in online political discourse.

本研究应用评价理论分析了数字政治不礼貌的评价模式，研究了在X（以前的Twitter）上对西班牙政治家伊莎贝尔·迪亚兹·阿尤索的敌意回复中，判断和毕业资源的系统部署如何作为一种实用主义排斥形式发挥作用。通过对2025年4月至5月期间收集的498个西班牙语敌意回复进行人工注释，我们编码了五个判断类别（Capacity, Tenacity, Normality, Veracity, Propriety）和强化机制（Force, Focus）。结果显示，社会制裁判断，如得体-(63.5%)和真实性-(20.4%)，大大超过了社会尊重评价，表明关注道德非合法性而不是能力批评。在70.1%的回复中，通过排版、重复、讽刺和表情符号实现了强化。值得注意的是，29.5%的回复包含性别语言，与得体性判断和常态性判断不成比例地相关（χ2 = 52.85, p < 0.000001），表明性别语言与道德和行为判断不成比例地同时发生。十一种反复出现的不礼貌策略被确定，通常结合了多重负面评价和多模态放大。本案例研究引入了评估守门人的概念，以描述敌对答复如何使用看似中立的评估来挑战性别方面的政治合法性。这些研究结果表明，对女性政治人物的数字敌意可能集中在道德判断而不是政策批评上，这对在线政治话语中的实用主义排斥和性别参与产生了影响。

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引用次数: 0

Compliments in telephone and chat counselling 电话和聊天咨询中的赞美

IF 1.7 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Pragmatics

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2025.12.009

Maartje Roodzant , Bogdana Humă , Wyke Stommel , Marie Rickert

Nowadays, counselling is offered through various media, including chat, e-mail, and telephone. Across these media, counsellors strive to build a supportive relationship with their clients, while also upholding the service's institutional goals of providing information and advice. One resource for counsellors to achieve both outcomes is complimenting clients. While existing research highlights the contribution of compliments in various institutional settings for relational and interactional purposes, less is known about their use specifically within counselling contexts. This study aims to shed light on the use of compliments in counselling, zooming in on potential differences between chat and telephone counselling. We employed conversation analysis to examine counsellors' compliments in 57 chat logs and 40 recordings of telephone calls from a Dutch alcohol and drugs information service. Building on work showing that the affordances of different communication media shape the interactional unfolding of counselling sessions, we highlight how counsellors' deployment of compliments relates to such affordances, including medium-specific turn-taking systems and the (un)availability of paralinguistic resources. Our findings reveal that the affordances of chat enable counsellors to deliver specific types of compliments in a manner that does not interrupt the sequential progression of the session. Thus, we challenge the view that chat is less suitable for building a supportive relationship and therefore a less suitable medium for counselling.

现在，咨询是通过各种媒体提供的，包括聊天、电子邮件和电话。通过这些媒体，咨询师努力与他们的客户建立一种支持的关系，同时也坚持提供信息和建议的服务机构目标。对咨询师来说，实现这两种结果的一个资源是赞美客户。虽然现有的研究强调了赞美在各种机构环境中对关系和互动目的的贡献，但对它们在咨询环境中的具体用途知之甚少。这项研究的目的是阐明在咨询中赞美的使用，放大聊天咨询和电话咨询之间的潜在差异。我们采用对话分析的方法，从荷兰一家酒精和毒品信息服务机构的57份聊天记录和40份电话录音中，对咨询师的赞美进行了分析。基于研究表明，不同传播媒介的能力塑造了咨询课程的互动展开，我们强调了辅导员对赞美的部署如何与这种能力相关，包括特定媒介的轮流系统和（非）辅助语言资源的可用性。我们的研究结果表明，聊天的辅助功能使咨询师能够以一种不会打断会话顺序的方式提供特定类型的赞美。因此，我们挑战这样一种观点，即聊天不太适合建立支持性关系，因此不太适合作为咨询的媒介。

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引用次数: 0

Style shifts into an informal speech style in L1-L2 Korean interactions 在L1-L2的韩语互动中，风格转变为非正式的演讲风格

IF 1.7 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Pragmatics

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2025.12.008

Devon Renfroe, Khaled Al Masaeed

This study investigates how speech styles in Korean are negotiated in real time in interactions between first (L1) and second language (L2) speakers. Responding to calls for work in L2 pragmatics to go beyond the use of DCTs and role plays, we report on data taken from elicited conversations in Korean and metapragmatic interviews with two L2 Korean speakers and three L1 Korean speakers. Drawing on interactional sociolinguistics (IS) (Gumperz, 1982), quantitative analysis of speech style distribution as well as line-by-line analysis of speech style shifts were utilized to examine how speakers orient to this potential conversational ‘trouble.’ Quantitative analysis of the interactions revealed marked quantitative differences between each pair and, particularly, each speaker's orientation to the interaction as either conversational facilitator or passive interactional participant. Line-by-line analysis of moments in which the L2 speakers shift into an informal speech style were analyzed and revealed three strategies employed by both L1 and L2 speakers: (1) self-initiated self-repair, (2) metapragmatic commentary, and (3) style mirroring. As the number of Korean language learners continues to increase (Lusin et al., 2023), this study provides a timely perspective on not only what L2 Korean speakers know about Korean speech styles, but what actually happens in L1-L2 interactions.

本研究探讨了在第一语言（L1）和第二语言（L2）使用者之间的实时互动中，韩语的语言风格是如何协商的。为了响应第二语言语用学研究超越dct和角色扮演的呼声，我们报告了从引出的韩语对话和对两名第二语言韩语使用者和三名第一语言韩语使用者的元语用访谈中获取的数据。利用互动社会语言学（IS）（Gumperz, 1982），对语言风格分布的定量分析以及对语言风格变化的逐行分析被用来研究说话者如何适应这种潜在的会话“麻烦”。“对互动的定量分析揭示了每一对之间显著的数量差异，特别是每个说话者对互动的取向，无论是作为对话促进者还是被动的互动参与者。”对二语说话者转变为非正式语言风格的时刻进行逐行分析，揭示了二语和母语说话者采用的三种策略：(1)自我发起的自我修复，(2)元语用评论，(3)风格镜像。随着韩语学习者的数量不断增加（Lusin et al., 2023），这项研究不仅及时地揭示了第二语言韩语使用者对韩语语言风格的了解，而且还揭示了在L2 -L2互动中实际发生了什么。

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引用次数: 0

The meanings of social meaning 社会意义的意义

IF 1.7 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Pragmatics

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2025.12.005

Marina Terkourafi

In its most inclusive, "social meaning" is an umbrella term for inferences about the speaker, irrespective of how these inferences arise, are represented, or change over time/place. However, once these differences are heeded, what various authors have called "social meaning" turns out to share little beyond this general definition. An important difference stems from the observation that, while for Labov truth-conditional equivalence provided the opportunity for social meaning to arise, in experimental pragmatic accounts it is the difference in truth-conditional content that enables it. Consequently, the two types of social meaning are: a) represented differently (indexically vs. propositionally), b) constituted differently (via association/enregisterment vs. by Gricean inference), and c) differ in their arbitrariness or alienability, with the latter remaining stable across time/place, such that they cannot result in language change. Yet, in both cases, there are at least two competing variants and it is the use of one rather than the other that generates social meaning for the hearer capable of identifying the relevant alternatives. However, even this expanded view of social meaning fails to account for social meaning generated in the absence of any alternatives, when expressions devoid of denotational meaning perform a socially binding function for their users. To take in also these cases of social meaning par excellence, where the sole meaning of an expression is its social one, I propose a conceptualization of social meaning as input and as output to the inferential process that allows us to capture its essentially performative, multi-modal, and hearer-dependent nature.

最具包容性的是，“社会意义”是一个关于说话人的推断的总称，不管这些推断是如何产生的，是如何表现的，或者是如何随着时间/地点而变化的。然而，一旦注意到这些差异，不同作者所说的“社会意义”就会发现，除了这个一般定义之外，它们几乎没有什么共同之处。一个重要的区别源于这样的观察：对于Labov来说，真-条件等价为社会意义的产生提供了机会，而在实验语用学中，是真-条件内容的差异使之成为可能。因此，这两种类型的社会意义是：a)不同的表现形式（指标性vs.命题性），b)不同的构成方式（通过关联/注册vs. Gricean推理），以及c)其任意性或可让与性不同，后者在时间/地点上保持稳定，因此它们不会导致语言变化。然而，在这两种情况下，至少有两种相互竞争的变体，而对于能够识别相关替代词的听者来说，是使用其中一种而不是另一种来产生社会意义。然而，即使是这种扩展的社会意义观点也无法解释在没有任何替代方案的情况下产生的社会意义，当缺乏指称意义的表达对其用户执行社会约束功能时。为了更好地理解这些社会意义，其中表达的唯一意义是它的社会意义，我提出了一个社会意义的概念化，作为推理过程的输入和输出，使我们能够捕捉其本质上的表演，多模态和听者依赖的本质。

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引用次数: 0

Tweeting war and peace: Linguistic analysis of pro- and anti-war messages on Russian Twitter 推特上的战争与和平：俄语推特上支持和反战信息的语言分析

IF 1.7 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Pragmatics

Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2025.12.007

Natalia Tyulina

This study examines messages on Russian Twitter posted during the first 18 months of the Russian war in Ukraine, analyzing them within the context of propaganda. Rather than assuming that propaganda aligns with one political side, we define one of its core attributes as discourse that seeks to change belief states through systematic cognitive shortcuts—simplified reasoning strategies that bypass critical intellectual evaluation. We adopt a comparative approach grounded in syntactic, lexical, and cognitive linguistic analysis, incorporating syntactic complexity metrics, lexical statistical measures, and cognitive frameworks from social psychology. Our findings indicate that pro-war rhetoric employs more obscure syntactic structures and appropriates lexical items originally used by opponents, effectively dehumanizing domestic dissenters, Ukrainians as a national group, and their allies. In contrast, anti-war discourse maintains directness and transparency, advocating for critical evaluation of information. The results suggest that pro-war narrative qualifies as propaganda, while anti-war narrative does not. Furthermore, the specific linguistic features we identify could aid in developing tools to detect and counter propaganda on social media, thereby enhancing societal resilience against dangerous narratives.

这项研究调查了俄罗斯在乌克兰战争的前18个月里在俄罗斯Twitter上发布的信息，并在宣传的背景下对它们进行了分析。与其假设宣传与某一方政治立场一致，我们将其核心属性之一定义为通过系统性认知捷径——绕过批判性智力评估的简化推理策略——寻求改变信念状态的话语。我们采用基于句法、词汇和认知语言学分析的比较方法，结合句法复杂性度量、词汇统计测量和社会心理学的认知框架。我们的研究结果表明，亲战修辞使用了更多模糊的句法结构，并使用了反对者原本使用的词汇，有效地使国内持不同政敌、乌克兰人作为一个民族群体及其盟友失去了人性。相反，反战话语保持了直接和透明，提倡对信息进行批判性评估。结果表明，支持战争的叙事符合宣传的条件，而反战的叙事则不符合。此外，我们确定的特定语言特征可以帮助开发工具来检测和反击社交媒体上的宣传，从而增强社会对危险叙事的抵御能力。

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引用次数: 0

From complainees to co-complainants: Practices of institutional actors facing complaints 从被投诉人到共同投诉人：面对投诉的机构行为者的做法

IF 1.7 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Pragmatics

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2025.12.004

Tianhao Zhang

Using recorded phone calls between local residents and call-takers of various local institutions during the 2022 COVID-19 lockdown in Shanghai, China as my data, I apply conversation analysis and membership categorization analysis to examine the interactional phenomenon where the institutional call-taker, facing complaints surrounding the impact of COVID-19 from the caller, initiates a complaint and becomes a co-complainant with the caller against a third party – often the Shanghai government – that is proposed to have caused grievances to both participants. Institutional actors initiate their third-party complaints when the callers repeatedly refuse to affiliate with their attempts to shift responsibility or their proposed solutions. This shift from being the complainee to being a co-complainant is regularly accomplished through practices in which the institutional actor: 1) produces implicit counter-complaints; 2) categorize complainants and themselves as categorial co-members; and 3) highlights and upgrades their own grievances. The findings suggest that institutional actors can make relevant their non-institutional identities and go against institutional expectations to achieve the institutional task of directing blame away from their institutions.

我以中国上海2022年新冠肺炎封锁期间当地居民与当地各机构接听者的通话记录为数据，运用会话分析和成员分类分析，研究机构接听者面对主叫方对新冠肺炎影响的抱怨，发起投诉，并与呼叫者一起成为针对第三方（通常是上海政府）的共同投诉人，据称这对双方都造成了不满。当呼叫者一再拒绝配合他们转移责任的尝试或他们提出的解决方案时，机构行为者就会发起他们的第三方投诉。这种从被投诉人到共同投诉人的转变通常是通过以下做法实现的：1)产生隐性的反投诉；2)将投诉人和自己归类为类别共同成员；3)强调和升级自己的不满。研究结果表明，制度行为者可以使他们的非制度身份与制度期望相关联，从而实现将责任从其制度中转移出去的制度任务。

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