Journal of psychoactive drugs最新文献

Data on medication interactions with psychedelics are limited. Here we present what may be the first published report of a hypertensive emergency following the combination of psilocybin mushrooms with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). A 42-year-old man with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder took 1 g of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms, while prescribed tranylcypromine, extended-release dextroamphetamine-amphetamine, and other medications. Approximately half an hour later, he developed severe hypertension with chest pain, palpitations, and headache. Upon hospital presentation, the electrocardiogram demonstrated ST-elevation. The patient was diagnosed with a myocardial infarction and treated with lorazepam, nitroglycerin, and aspirin. He subsequently underwent emergency cardiac catheterization, which revealed no significant cardiac abnormalities. Following overnight hospitalization, he was discharged home with no lasting physical sequelae. Though data are few, past studies suggest that classic serotonergic psychedelics (5HT-2A receptor agonists) such as dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid (LSD), and synthetic psilocybin should not produce hypertensive emergency when combined with MAOIs. We suspect phenylethylamine, found in Psilocybe cubensis and other species of psilocybin mushrooms, interacted with tranylcypromine and dextroamphetamine-amphetamine to produce this hypertensive emergency. Patients prescribed MAOIs should be warned of the potential for hypertensive emergency when consuming psilocybin mushrooms, particularly when also prescribed norepinephrine releasers such as dextroamphetamine-amphetamine.

Cocaine-related mortality rates have risen sharply since 2013 and social vulnerability is a crucial indicator for drug-related mortality rates. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social vulnerability and cocaine-related mortality rates in U.S. counties. The Data were collected from the CDC WONDER, CDC's Social Vulnerability Index (CDC's SVI), and American Community Survey (ACS). The Data were analyzed by spatial autoregression models. According to present results, first, counties with social vulnerability (socioeconomic) were positively related to higher rates of cocaine overdose death (spatial lag: B = 0.323, p < .05; spatial error: B = 0.513, p < .01). Second, counties with social vulnerability (minority status & language) were negatively related to higher rates of cocaine overdose death (spatial lag: B = -0.233, p < .05). Third, counties with social vulnerability (housing type & transportation) were positively related to higher rates of cocaine overdose death (spatial lag: B = 0.413, p < .001; spatial error: B = 0.378, p < .001). In conclusion, the spread of cocaine overdose on U.S. counties with social vulnerabilities demonstrated a disproportionate burden of cocaine-related mortality.

Substance use is a multifaceted disorder of the whole person that is manifested on three levels: intrapersonal, interpersonal, and spiritual. Previous research has demonstrated that self-forgiveness and gratitude help build personal and social resources and reinforce the process of recovery from substance use disorders. The aims of the present narrative review article were to (a) explore self-forgiveness and gratitude as psychological mechanisms of behavioral change in recovery through the lens of positive criminology and recovery capital approach, (b) review the practice of self-forgiveness and gratitude in the Narcotics Anonymous (NA) and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) programs, and (c) present a conceptual model of self-forgiveness and gratitude in long-term recovery. Self-forgiveness and gratitude have been described as positive emotions and prosocial, empathy-based moral virtues that enhance well-being and health by reinforcing the establishment and maintenance of long-lasting positive relationships with self, others, and spirituality. This effect may occur through different levels and psychological mechanisms. This article contributes to the field by presenting the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and spiritual benefits associated with self-forgiveness and gratitude interventions that can initiate and sustain long-term recovery.

Recent studies suggest psychedelic use may be associated with changes in a variety of beliefs or belief-like states, including increased 1) mind perception, 2) non-naturalistic beliefs, and 3) Atheist-Believer status (e.g. believer, agnostic, or nonbeliever). We conducted a prospective longitudinal study among participants (N = 657) who planned to have a psilocybin experience outside a laboratory setting. We asked participants about their beliefs concerning mind perception of various entities, specific metaphysical positions, and Atheist-Believer status both before (and after their experience. Replicating previous findings, we observed increases in mind perception across a variety of living and non-living targets (e.g. plants, rocks). However, we found little to no change in metaphysical beliefs (e.g. dualism) or Atheist-Believer status. Taken together, these findings contrast with those from cross-sectional studies that psilocybin experiences result in changes to Atheist-Believer status and non-naturalistic beliefs but support the relevance of mind perception and mentalization.

Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC), and other minoritized populations are insufficiently represented in research on therapeutic psychedelics. This research was a phenomenological qualitative exploration of a culturally diverse (Hispanic, African American, Asian, Native American, biracial, or LGBTQIA+) and low-income sample of 15 individuals receiving ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KAP) at a sliding-scale fee community clinic. Participants were interviewed after a ketamine session, after a ketamine integration session, and one month later. The interviews inquired about mental and emotional state prior to treatment and the treatment context (traditionally called set and setting), preparation for treatment, experiences during the ketamine and integration sessions, barriers to treatment, perceived stigma if any, reflections on KAPs' impact, and relevance of culture to the treatment. The current analysis, which focuses on participant comments related to diversity, equity, and inclusion that are uniquely relevant to this sample and the research goals, yielded four major themes: Insufficient Financial Resources, Race, Ethnicity, and LGBTQIA+, Stigma, and Culture and Ritual. Themes and subthemes are presented accompanied by representative quotes. Results demonstrate the high salience of culture in the KAP experience and the need to incorporate issues of race, culture, stigma, ritual, and socioeconomic status into treatment planning and outcome research.

Medical cannabis use among U.S. Veterans has continued to rise. However, data on cannabis use by older Veterans is generally less available. This study aims to understand the characteristics of older Veterans who enrolled in the Medical Cannabis Patient Program in Illinois and analyze their health outcomes and co-use of cannabis and opioids using longitudinal survey data. Overall, participants reported positive outcomes for pain, sleep, and emotional problems because of cannabis use in two survey periods. Approximately, 62% and 85% respondents reported no change in memory and falls, respectively, with only 3% and 1% reporting a negative outcome for the conditions in both surveys. About 20.4% of those who indicated cannabis use only in the initial survey started to co-use opioids in the follow-up survey, while 44.1% of those who indicated the use of both substances in the initial survey reported no longer using opioids in the follow-up survey. However, these changes were not statistically significant ($\alpha =0.05).$ The logistic regression showed that both clinical and contextual factors affected co-use. In conclusion, older U.S. Veterans may be using cannabis to alleviate their pain and other chronic conditions. More research is needed to understand the effect of cannabis use on reducing or substituting opioids.

Solitary cannabis use has been associated with greater cannabis problems than social use and may be increasingly prevalent due to pandemic-related isolation. However, little is known about patterns, correlates, and consequences of solitary cannabis use. This study sought to characterize solitary cannabis use since pandemic onset, examine psychosocial risk factors, and examine interactions between solitary and social cannabis use frequency on cannabis consequences. College students (N = 168) who were lifetime cannabis users at a private, northeastern university in the US completed an online cross-sectional survey in fall of 2020. Past-year solitary cannabis use was common among life-time cannabis users (42% past year, 29% monthly or more), especially among past-year regular cannabis users (85% monthly or more). Solitary use frequency was associated with interpersonal sensitivity and pandemic-related stress. Further, solitary use attenuated associations of social use frequency with cannabis consequences, such that social use frequency was associated with greater consequences only among exclusively social users. In contrast, regardless of social use frequency, solitary users reported greater cannabis consequences than exclusively social users. Findings suggest solitary cannabis use is concurrently associated with greater cannabis consequences, and affective risk factors (interpersonal sensitivity, pandemic stress) should be considered for prevention and intervention strategies.

The study aimed to assess and compare the serum brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in patients with alcohol dependence, depression and alcohol dependence with comorbid depression. Three groups each of 30 alcohol-dependent, depressive and alcohol-dependent with comorbid depressive patients seeking treatment were included. BDNF levels were estimated, and scales were administered to assess severity of alcohol dependence (using severity of alcohol dependence questionnaire, SADQ) and depressive symptoms (using Hamilton depression rating scale, HDRS). The mean BDNF value in ADS, depression and ADS with comorbid depression group was 16.4 ng/mL, 14.4 ng/mL and 12.29 ng/mL respectively, and the differences were statistically significant. In ADS group and ADS with comorbid depression groups significant negative association existed between BDNF and SADQ scores (r = -0.371, p = .043 and r = -0.0474, p = .008 respectively). There were significant negative association between BDNF and HDRS scores in depression and comorbid ADS and depression group (r = -0.400, p = .029 and r = -0.408, p = .025 respectively). The BDNF level was significantly lower in the ADS with comorbid depression group and was associated with severity of dependence and depression across the groups.

The purpose of this study was to examine the dynamic relationships between daily PTSD symptom severity (PTSS), cognitive and behavioral avoidance coping, and negative drinking consequences following recent injury. Participants consisted of 36 injury survivors (M_age = 34.0, SD = 10.8; 75.0% male; 69.4% White) who completed thrice daily assessments of PTSS, avoidance coping, and negative drinking consequences for 7 days at 6-weeks post-injury. Although hypothesized relationships were not statistically significant in full models with covariates that included alcohol consumption, the confidence intervals associated with focal predictors provided support for predictions. Follow-up analyses without covariates indicated that on occasions when an injury survivor engaged in more avoidance coping and experienced higher levels of PTSS, negative drinking consequences increased by 9% (b = 0.02, SE = 0.01, p = .006). This interaction was primarily driven by cognitive avoidance coping (b = 0.03, SE = 0.01, p = .008). Routine screening of avoidance coping, PTSS, and alcohol consumption in the aftermath of recent injury might assist with identifying survivors at risk for negative drinking consequences. Interventions that address cognitive avoidance coping and drinking among survivors experiencing elevated PTSS may help to prevent the development of this comorbidity.