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Market mindset reduces endorsement of individualizing moral foundations, but not in liberals 市场心态减少了对个性化道德基础的认可,但自由主义者却没有
IF 2.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.8163
T. Zaleskiewicz, Agata Gąsiorowska, A. Kuzminska
People with a market mindset attend to ratios and rates, and allocate rewards adequately to costs but are less sensitive to feelings. In this project, we demonstrate that activating a market mindset also affects people’s acceptance of free-market principles and their endorsement of individualizing moral dimensions—care/harm and fairness/cheating. Experiment 1 documented that a market mindset positively impacted people’s endorsement of fair market ideology. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that the salience of such a market mindset hampered the importance of individualizing moral dimensions. Importantly, we found that political orientation moderated the negative effect of a market mindset on the endorsement of individualizing moral foundations—this effect held for participants who declared moderate and conservative political orientations, but not for liberals.
具有市场思维的人关注比率和费率,并将奖励充分分配给成本,但对感觉不太敏感。在这个项目中,我们证明,激活市场心态也会影响人们对自由市场原则的接受,以及他们对个性化道德维度的认可——关心/伤害和公平/欺骗。实验1证明,市场心态对人们对公平市场意识形态的认可产生了积极影响。实验2和3表明,这种市场心态的突出阻碍了个性化道德维度的重要性。重要的是,我们发现政治取向调节了市场心态对支持个性化道德基础的负面影响——这种影响适用于那些宣布温和和保守政治取向的参与者,但不适用于自由主义者。
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引用次数: 0
“Unavailable, insecure, and very poorly paid”: Global difficulties and inequalities in conducting social psychological research “不可用、不安全、收入非常低”:开展社会心理研究的全球困难和不平等
IF 2.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-16 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.8311
Fouad Bou Zeineddine, R. Saab, B. Lášticová, Arin H. Ayanian, Anna Kende
This paper offers an exploration of research production in social psychology as a global endeavor from the point of view of Anglophone social psychologists (N = 232) across 64 countries. We examine social psychologists’ beliefs regarding the difficulties in conducting research in social psychology and the inequalities that they report between the Global North, South and East Europe, and the Global South. Across all regions, we found pervasive critical awareness of obstacles to conducting research – including underinvestment in the field, precarious and counter-productive labor conditions, and excessive and biased disciplinary standards. However, we also found that colleagues outside the Global North reported quantitatively and qualitatively larger obstacles to research. These included well-known historically-rooted inequalities but also contemporary systemic procedural and distributive injustices in material, human, and social-political capital. Non-Northern colleagues in particular critically reflected on how these inequalities and injustices are amplified by Northern hegemonies in social, institutional, disciplinary, economic, and political systems. Discussion focuses on the implications of these results for social psychologists, social psychology as a discipline, and its situation within broader hierarchical systems and their intersectionalities.
本文从64个国家的英语社会心理学家(N=232)的角度,对社会心理学的研究成果进行了探索。我们考察了社会心理学家对进行社会心理学研究的困难以及他们报告的全球北欧、南欧和东欧以及全球南方之间的不平等的看法。在所有地区,我们发现普遍存在对开展研究障碍的批判性认识,包括该领域投资不足、不稳定和适得其反的劳动条件,以及过度和有偏见的纪律标准。然而,我们也发现,全球北方以外的同事在数量和质量上都报告了更大的研究障碍。其中包括众所周知的历史根源的不平等,但也包括当代物质、人力和社会政治资本方面的系统性程序和分配不公。非北方同事尤其批判性地反思了北方在社会、制度、纪律、经济和政治体系中的霸权是如何放大这些不平等和不公正的。讨论的重点是这些结果对社会心理学家的影响,社会心理学作为一门学科,以及它在更广泛的等级制度中的地位及其交叉性。
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引用次数: 5
Disentangling the factors behind shifting voting intentions: The bandwagon effect reflects heuristic processing, while the underdog effect reflects fairness concerns 拆解投票意向变化背后的因素:从众效应反映了启发式处理,而失败者效应反映了公平问题
IF 2.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.9241
J. Lammers, Marcin Bukowski, A. Potoczek, A. Fleischmann, W. Hofmann
In today’s elections, abundantly available polls inform voters what parties lead and what parties trail. This allows voters to accurately predict the likely outcomes of elections before the final results are in. Voters may react to these ex-ante election outcomes by shifting their votes either toward leading parties, often termed the “bandwagon effect” or toward trailing parties, often termed the “underdog effect”. The published literature presents different perspectives on the strength of both effects and the underlying psychological processes. Three preregistered studies (total N = 1,424) test the psychological causes of both effects. Exploratory Study 1 relates differences in interpersonal, moral, strategic, and epistemic psychological factors to shifts in voting intentions before the 2019 Polish parliamentary elections. Results suggest that the bandwagon effect reflects a lack of political expertise, whereas the underdog effect reflects fairness concerns. To provide experimental evidence, Studies 2a and 2b manipulate these two factors in a simulated election design. The results confirm that low expertise increases the bandwagon effect and that fairness concerns increase the underdog effect.
在今天的选举中,大量可用的民意调查告诉选民哪些政党领先,哪些政党落后。这使选民能够在最终结果出来之前准确预测选举的可能结果。选民可能会对这些选举前的结果做出反应,将选票转向领先政党,通常被称为“跟风效应”,或转向落后政党,通常称为“劣势效应”。已发表的文献对这两种影响的强度和潜在的心理过程提出了不同的观点。三项预先登记的研究(总N=1424)测试了这两种影响的心理原因。探索性研究1将人际、道德、战略和认知心理因素的差异与2019年波兰议会选举前投票意向的变化联系起来。结果表明,跟风效应反映了政治专业知识的缺乏,而劣势效应反映了公平问题。为了提供实验证据,研究2a和2b在模拟选举设计中操纵了这两个因素。研究结果证实,低专业知识会增加跟风效应,而公平问题会增加劣势效应。
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引用次数: 1
The changing association between political ideology and closed-mindedness: Left and right have become more alike 政治意识形态与思想封闭之间不断变化的联系:左派和右派变得越来越相似
IF 2.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-28 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.6751
Jesse Acosta, Markus Kemmelmeier
Evidence suggests that politically right-leaning individuals are more likely to be closed-minded. Whether this association is inherent or subject to change has been the subject of debate, yet has not been formally tested. Through a meta-analysis, we find evidence of a changing association between conservatism and facets of closed-mindedness in the U.S. and international context using 341 unique samples, over 200,000 participants, and 920 estimates over 71 years. In the U.S., data ranging from 1948 to 2019 revealed a linear decline in the association between social conservatism (SC) and closed-mindedness, though economic conservatism (EC) did not vary in its association with closed-mindedness over time. Internationally across 18 countries, excluding the U.S., we observed a curvilinear decline in the association between SC and closed-mindedness over that same time, but no change in ECs association. We also tested variation over time for attitudinal measures of conservatism ranging between 1987 to 2018. In the U.S., we observed a linear increase in the association between right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and closed-mindedness, with a similar linear increase in the association between social dominance orientation (SDO) and closed-mindedness. Internationally, there was a curvilinear increase in the association between RWA and closed-mindedness, but no change in the association with SDO. We discuss the changes to the political landscape that might explain our findings.
有证据表明,政治上右倾的人更有可能思想封闭。这种联系是固有的还是可能发生变化一直是争论的主题,但尚未经过正式测试。通过一项荟萃分析,我们使用341个独特的样本,超过20万名参与者,以及71年来的920项估计,发现了保守主义与美国和国际背景下的封闭心态之间关系不断变化的证据。在美国,1948年至2019年的数据显示,社会保守主义(SC)与思想封闭之间的关联呈线性下降,尽管经济保守主义(EC)与思想闭塞的关联并没有随着时间的推移而变化。在除美国以外的18个国家的国际范围内,我们观察到在同一时间内,SC和封闭心态之间的联系呈曲线下降,但EC的联系没有变化。我们还测试了1987年至2018年间保守主义态度测量随时间的变化。在美国,我们观察到右翼威权主义(RWA)与思想封闭之间的关联呈线性增加,社会支配取向(SDO)与思想闭塞之间的关联也呈类似的线性增加。在国际上,RWA与思想封闭之间的关联呈曲线增加,但与SDO的关联没有变化。我们讨论了可能解释我们发现的政治格局的变化。
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引用次数: 0
Measuring openness to political pluralism 衡量对政治多元化的开放程度
IF 2.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-21 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.7867
P. Shrout, Mao Mogami, Qi Xu, Yasaman Ghodse-Elahi, Elizabeth R Mutter, M. Riccio, T. Valshtein, V. Baadan, S. Goudarzi
In an era of increased political polarization, it is important to measure how receptive US American citizens are to diverse political views. Being more open to diverse political viewpoints—openness to political pluralism—may involve holding emotional and intellectual tolerance, non-rigidity, and proactive motivation to seek out different political perspectives. In three preregistered studies of US residents, we present a new self-report measure of openness to political pluralism (OPP) consisting of 25 items. In Study 1 (MTurk n = 400), we verified a preregistered bifactor model with four facets, conducted initial validity analyses, and created a short five-item version (OPPS). Both OPP and OPPS have high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. In Studies 2 and 3, MTurk participants (n = 258) and Qualtrics panel participants (n = 296) completed OPP and measures of related constructs to validate our scale. OPP was modestly correlated with actively open-minded thinking (AOT) and highly correlated with open-minded cognition-political (OMC-P). Greater OPP was associated with an inverted U-shape relation to left-right political orientation. It was also correlated with more politically diverse social networks and varied information seeking. We discuss how our measure of openness to political pluralism can be used in future research.
在政治两极分化加剧的时代,衡量美国公民对不同政治观点的接受程度是很重要的。对不同的政治观点持更开放的态度——对政治多元化持开放态度——可能包括保持情感和智力上的宽容,不僵化,以及积极主动地寻求不同的政治观点。在对美国居民进行的三项预登记研究中,我们提出了一种新的自我报告衡量对政治多元化的开放性(OPP),由25个项目组成。在研究1 (MTurk n = 400)中,我们验证了一个包含四个方面的预注册双因素模型,进行了初步的效度分析,并创建了一个简短的五项版本(OPPS)。OPP和OPPS都具有较高的内部一致性和重测信度。在研究2和3中,MTurk参与者(n = 258)和qualics小组参与者(n = 296)完成了OPP和相关构图的测量,以验证我们的量表。OPP与积极开放思维(AOT)有中度相关,与开放的认知-政治(OMC-P)有高度相关。较高的OPP与左右政治倾向呈倒u型关系。它还与政治上更多样化的社交网络和不同的信息寻求有关。我们将讨论如何在未来的研究中使用我们对政治多元化的开放程度。
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引用次数: 0
The integration of subgroups at the supranational level: The relation between social identity, national threat, and perceived legitimacy of the EU 超国家层面的亚群体整合:社会认同、国家威胁和欧盟合法性认知之间的关系
IF 2.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-17 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.7917
E. Grosfeld, D. Scheepers, A. Cuyvers, N. Ellemers
Previous research suggests that social identity influences public attitudes about the European Union, but little is known about the role of social identity for perceived legitimacy of the EU. This article explores the relation between different forms of identification (national, EU, dual) and EU legitimacy perceptions, and the moderation of this relationship by experienced threat to national power and sociocultural identity. A survey was conducted in six countries (N = 1136). A factor analysis of legitimacy items resulted in two subscales (institutional trust and duty to obey). Separate regression analyses were therefore run on these subscales. All forms of identification were positively related to perceived EU legitimacy, while threat was a strong and universal negative predictor. However, the results suggest that national identification only positively predicted legitimacy when participants experienced no threat to their nation by the EU, while dual identification positively predicted legitimacy even when participants experienced threat. Overall, respect for national identities and their values may offer opportunities to safeguard and improve the perceived legitimacy of the EU. Findings are discussed in terms of the literature on the ingroup projection model and the common ingroup model.
先前的研究表明,社会认同会影响公众对欧盟的态度,但人们对社会认同对欧盟合法性认知的作用知之甚少。本文探讨了不同形式的认同(国家的、欧盟的、双重的)与欧盟合法性认知之间的关系,以及国家权力和社会文化认同所经历的威胁对这种关系的调节。在6个国家(N = 1136)进行了调查。对合法性项目的因素分析产生了两个子量表(制度信任和服从义务)。因此,对这些子量表进行了单独的回归分析。所有形式的认同都与感知到的欧盟合法性呈正相关,而威胁是一个强大而普遍的负面预测因素。然而,结果表明,只有当参与者的国家没有受到欧盟的威胁时,国家认同才能积极预测合法性,而双重认同即使在参与者受到威胁时也能积极预测合法性。总的来说,对国家身份及其价值观的尊重可能会为维护和提高欧盟的合法性提供机会。根据内群体投射模型和普通内群体模型的文献对研究结果进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 1
Political psychology of Southeast Asia 东南亚政治心理学
IF 2.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.10133
Ali Mashuri, I. E. Putra, C. Montiel
This special thematic section spotlights the current state of political psychology in Southeast Asia. Drawing from various research methodologies, five papers published in this special thematic section provide psychological insights into different political topics in the past and present-day Southeast Asia, including 1) Islam and politics; 2) terrorist labelling; 3) violence against minorities; 4) moralised policies; and 5) vote-buying. Overall, this special thematic section contributes to the understanding of the political psychology of non-WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) populations, particularly in Southeast Asia. The need for more publications with non-WEIRD samples in the field of political psychology is discussed, as are some strategies to actualise this goal.
本专题部分着重介绍东南亚政治心理的现状。本专题部分发表的五篇论文借鉴了各种研究方法,对东南亚过去和现在的不同政治主题提供了心理学见解,包括1)伊斯兰教和政治;2) 恐怖主义标签;3) 针对少数群体的暴力行为;4) 道德化政策;以及5)贿选。总的来说,本专题部分有助于理解非WEIRD(西方、受过教育、工业化、富裕和民主)人群的政治心理,特别是在东南亚。讨论了在政治心理学领域需要更多非WEIRD样本的出版物,以及实现这一目标的一些策略。
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引用次数: 0
Vote-selling as unethical behavior: Effects of voter’s inhibitory self-control, decision toward vote-buying money, and candidate’s quality in Indonesia election 作为不道德行为的卖票:印尼选举中选民的抑制性自我控制、对贿选钱的决定和候选人素质的影响
IF 2.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.5643
Rizka Halida, Harry Susianto, Saiful Mujani, Annas J. Pratama
This study examines two stages of vote-selling among voters: to accept or refuse money, and then to vote for the vote-buyer or competitor. Using unethical behavior and money-as-temptation as a framework, we predict that the amount of the money will influence the decision to accept, but that the effect will be lower among voters with higher inhibitory self-control (ISC). We also predict that accepting money will influence the vote choice, but that the influence will be lower when the competitor has higher levels of integrity and leadership. Overall, the voters decision on money offered will moderate the relations between amount of money and vote choice. A population-based survey experiment with 1,220 participants of Indonesian voters was conducted to test these predictions. Participants were randomly assigned to one of 12 groups using a 4 (money offered: IDR50,000 vs. 100,000 vs. 150,000 vs. none) × 3 (candidate's personal quality: high leadership competitor vs. high integrity competitor vs. equal) between-group design. They made two hypothetical decisions: to accept or refuse the money, and to vote for the vote buyer or the competitor. The results showed that participants were signicantly tempted by larger amount of money, but the effect was moderated by ISC. However, there were no significant interaction between decision on money offered and candidates’ quality in influencing vote choice. Results from mediation analysis showed that accepting money was significantly mediate the influence of money on vote choice. Theoretical implications for understanding the practice of vote-buying and vote-selling are discussed.
这项研究考察了选民出售选票的两个阶段:接受或拒绝金钱,然后投票给选票购买者或竞争对手。以不道德行为和金钱作为诱惑为框架,我们预测金钱的数量会影响接受的决定,但在抑制性自我控制(ISC)较高的选民中,这种影响会较低。我们还预测,接受金钱会影响投票选择,但当竞争对手具有更高的诚信和领导力时,影响会更低。总的来说,选民对所提供资金的决定将缓和资金数额和选票选择之间的关系。对1220名印尼选民进行了一项基于人群的调查实验,以检验这些预测。参与者被随机分配到12组中的一组,使用4(提供的资金:50000印尼盾对100000印尼盾对150000印尼盾对无印尼盾)×3(候选人的个人素质:高领导力竞争对手对高诚信竞争对手对同等竞争对手)的组间设计。他们做出了两个假设性的决定:接受或拒绝这笔钱,以及投票给投票买家或竞争对手。研究结果表明,参与者受到更大金额的明显诱惑,但ISC会调节这种影响。然而,在提供资金的决定和候选人在影响选票选择方面的素质之间没有显著的互动。中介分析结果表明,接受金钱对选票选择的影响具有显著的中介作用。讨论了对理解选票买卖实践的理论启示。
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引用次数: 2
Negotiated harms in moralized policies: The case of Duterte’s war on drugs 道德化政策中的协商危害:以杜特尔特的禁毒战争为例
IF 2.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.5623
Danielle P. Ochoa, Michelle G. Ong
Viewing a policy as harmful can lead to its moral condemnation. However, this harmfulness can be constructed and negotiated to lead to different moral positions by building upon available, accessible, and relevant discourses. This study examined how individuals constructed and negotiated harm in moral reasoning about a contentious policy, Philippine President Duterte’s war on drugs, locally known as tokhang. We conducted thematic analysis with attention to discourse to analyze interviews with 12 Filipino young adults, using the Theory of Dyadic Morality as a starting point to make sense of constructions of harm. Reasoning about tokhang showed different constructions of intentional agents and vulnerable victims serving as the basis for moral positions. Moral condemnation of the war on drugs emphasized the vulnerability of its victims and the intentionality of the government and police as agents. On the other hand, moral justification of the policy constructed drug war victims as agentic and guilty of crimes, the police as potentially vulnerable victims acting according to protocol to defend themselves, and rogue agents acting independently of the policy. Ambiguous positions were also made possible when the causality of harm is unclear. These constructions and negotiations were built upon broader discourses deployed in the sociopolitical context of urban young adults, with individual contexts and characteristics contributing to variations in the accessibility and relevance of certain discourses and resulting moral positions.
将一项政策视为有害政策可能会招致道德谴责。然而,这种危害性可以通过建立在可用、可访问和相关的话语之上来构建和协商,从而导致不同的道德立场。这项研究考察了个人如何在对一项有争议的政策——菲律宾总统杜特尔特的禁毒战争——的道德推理中构建和协商伤害,该政策在当地被称为tokhang。我们采用关注话语的主题分析法,对12名菲律宾年轻人的访谈进行分析,以“双重道德理论”为切入点,理解伤害的建构。关于德昌的推理表现出不同的故意代理人和弱势受害者的结构,作为道德立场的基础。对禁毒战争的道德谴责强调了受害者的脆弱性以及政府和警察作为代理人的意图。另一方面,该政策的道德正当性将毒品战争受害者构建为代理人和犯罪者,将警察构建为根据协议为自己辩护的潜在弱势受害者,以及独立于该政策行事的流氓代理人。当伤害的因果关系不明确时,也可能出现模棱两可的立场。这些构建和谈判建立在城市年轻人的社会政治背景下部署的更广泛的话语之上,个人背景和特征导致了某些话语的可及性和相关性以及由此产生的道德立场的变化。
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引用次数: 1
Some psychological determinants of broad union attitudes 广泛工会态度的一些心理决定因素
IF 2.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.9659
Owen McAleese, Martin V. Day
Many societies are grappling with how to reduce high levels of economic inequality. Although often overlooked, labor unions can have significant flattening effects on inequality. However, unions are not highly supported by the general public. To provide some psychological explanation as to why this may be the case, we examined five potential predictors of general union attitudes (i.e., political orientation, prejudice toward union members, meritocratic beliefs, union knowledge and social mobility beliefs). We tested each variable at least twice across three studies (two in the U.S., one in Canada, total N = 1756). Results indicated that stronger political conservative orientation, prejudice feelings towards union members and less accurate knowledge of union activities uniquely explained lower pro-union attitudes across studies. Meritocratic and social mobility beliefs did not meaningfully explain union attitudes. Although mostly correlational, this research provides insight into potential reasons why everyday citizens may support or condemn unions in an increasingly unequal world. Implications for altering union attitudes and support for related policies are discussed.
许多社会都在努力解决如何减少严重的经济不平等问题。尽管经常被忽视,但工会可以在不平等问题上起到显著的平抑作用。但是,工会并没有得到国民的高度支持。为了提供一些关于为什么会出现这种情况的心理学解释,我们研究了一般工会态度的五个潜在预测因素(即政治取向、对工会成员的偏见、精英主义信仰、工会知识和社会流动性信仰)。我们在三项研究(两项在美国,一项在加拿大,总共N = 1756)中对每个变量进行了至少两次测试。结果表明,较强的政治保守倾向、对工会成员的偏见情绪和对工会活动的不准确了解是各研究中亲工会态度较低的唯一原因。精英主义和社会流动性信念并不能有效地解释工会的态度。虽然大多数情况下是相关的,但这项研究提供了深入了解在一个日益不平等的世界里,普通公民可能支持或谴责工会的潜在原因。讨论了改变工会态度和支持相关政策的意义。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Social and Political Psychology
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