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Accepting controversial measures in times of COVID-19: The democratic delusion paradox 在COVID-19时期接受有争议的措施:民主错觉悖论
IF 2.1 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.7821
S. Passini, D. Morselli
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led most of the involved countries to take measures to contain the spread of the virus. Among these, the authorities banned gatherings and tough measures, involving also the use of force, were at times adopted to disperse people breaking this rule. The aim of this research was to investigate to what extent harsh measures are considered acceptable to prevent such gatherings. Specifically, in line with political orientation theory, we hypothesized that people with a low value-based orientation to authority would be more likely to accept such measures when implemented by countries perceived as democratic. This tendency to assume that a democratic state never adopts anti-democratic measures has been defined a democratic delusion paradox. As hypothesized, results on 359 Italian participants showed that respondents with low scores on value orientation were more likely to be affected by this paradox. They were more likely to consider harsh measures as acceptable if implemented by a country they perceived as democratic. Conversely, when the issuing country was judged to be authoritarian, the use of force was more frequently condemned. The implication of this research was to show the importance of monitoring established democracies and maintaining a sense of critical participation on the policies issued by the authorities. We provide support for the political orientation theory arguing that a political orientation based on values can help watching democratic systems from degenerating into autocracy.
COVID-19大流行的爆发导致大多数相关国家采取措施遏制病毒的传播。其中,当局禁止集会,并有时采取强硬措施,包括使用武力,驱散违反这一规定的人。这项研究的目的是调查在多大程度上可以接受严厉的措施来防止这种集会。具体来说,根据政治取向理论,我们假设,当被认为是民主的国家实施这些措施时,对权威具有低价值取向的人更有可能接受这些措施。这种假设民主国家从不采取反民主措施的倾向被定义为民主错觉悖论。正如假设的那样,对359名意大利参与者的结果表明,价值取向得分低的受访者更容易受到这种悖论的影响。他们更有可能认为,如果由他们认为是民主国家实施的严厉措施是可以接受的。相反,当发出命令的国家被判定为专制国家时,使用武力更经常受到谴责。这项研究的含义是表明监测已建立的民主国家和保持对当局颁布的政策的批判性参与意识的重要性。我们为政治取向理论提供支持,认为基于价值观的政治取向有助于防止民主制度退化为专制制度。
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引用次数: 1
White, or not quite? Predicting Arab American responses to racial categorization forms 白色,还是不完全?预测阿拉伯裔美国人对种族分类形式的反应
IF 2.1 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.5503
N. Hakim, N. Branscombe
We examined the implications of the institutional racial/ethnic designation of Arab Americans as White. Do Arab Americans prefer this categorization or another, and what factors predict categorization in one way or another? In Study 1, a representative sample of Arab Americans in Southeast Michigan (N = 1,001 57% female, ages 18 to 88, Age M = 43.64) completed measures of perceived discrimination, various forms of social identification, and self-categorized from Census-designated racial categories. Self-categorization as “Other” was significantly predicted by experiences of discrimination, Muslim religious affiliation, and having darker skin. In Study 2, with a convenience sample of Arab American college students (52% female, Age M = 20.25), participants were randomly assigned to self-categorize as either “White” or as “Middle Eastern/North African” and then completed measures of perceived discrimination and various forms of social identification. Assigned self-categorization as “Middle Eastern/North African” significantly predicted subgroup respect towards Arabs, but only among those who strongly identified as American. Far from being a neutral, merely reflective method of categorization, the Census and similar categorization forms are sites of racial/ethnic socialization. Respondents bring to such forms their social psychological experience. For many Arab Americans, a host of social experiences indicate the (in)appropriateness and meaning of being forced to self-categorize as White or being allowed to self-categorize differently.
我们研究了将阿拉伯裔美国人指定为白人的制度性种族/族裔的含义。阿拉伯裔美国人更喜欢这种分类还是另一种分类,是什么因素以这样或那样的方式预测分类?在研究1中,密歇根州东南部的阿拉伯裔美国人代表性样本(N=1001 57%女性,年龄18至88岁,M=43.64岁)完成了对感知歧视、各种形式的社会认同以及人口普查指定种族类别的自我分类的测量。歧视、穆斯林宗教信仰和深色皮肤的经历显著预测了自我归类为“其他”。在研究2中,以阿拉伯裔美国大学生为方便样本(52%为女性,年龄M=20.25),参与者被随机分配为“白人”或“中东/北非人”,然后完成感知歧视和各种形式的社会认同的测量。将自己归类为“中东/北非”显著预测了亚组对阿拉伯人的尊重,但仅限于那些强烈认同美国人的人。人口普查和类似的分类形式远非一种中立的、仅仅是反映性的分类方法,而是种族/族裔社会化的场所。受访者将他们的社会心理体验带到了这种形式中。对许多阿拉伯裔美国人来说,大量的社会经历表明,被迫自我归类为白人或被允许以不同的方式自我归类是合适的,也是有意义的。
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引用次数: 0
The role of ideological and intergroup mechanisms in predicting opposition to redistribution and discrimination against the lower social class 意识形态和群体间机制在预测反对再分配和歧视下层社会阶层中的作用
IF 2.1 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-04-27 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.7171
Lea Hartwich, J. Becker
In light of the continuing rise of economic inequality, understanding why even individuals who are concerned about it often still oppose redistributive policies is crucial. This research investigates two mechanisms that may contribute to this phenomenon. Across two studies (N1 = 172; N2 = 232), we find that capitalist ideology strongly predicts opposition to redistributive policies, above SDO as a measure of anti-egalitarianism. This provides support for an ideological perspective whereby opposing redistribution is understood as the result of an endorsement of capitalism with its rejection of government interference in the economy. On the other hand, we did not find support for an intergroup approach whereby, akin to discrimination, opposition to redistribution is understood as a harmful act against its would-be recipients. Classism, referring to negative stereotypes about the lower social class as the beneficiaries of redistribution, predicted only interpersonal discrimination but not support for redistributive policies. We conclude that when it comes to the issue of economic inequality and how to remedy it, the crucial obstacle to redistributive policies appears not to lie in negative perceptions of their recipients but a more fundamental ideological opposition.
鉴于经济不平等的持续加剧,理解为什么即使是关心它的个人也经常反对再分配政策至关重要。这项研究调查了可能导致这种现象的两种机制。在两项研究中(N1=172;N2=232),我们发现资本主义意识形态强烈预测反对再分配政策,高于SDO作为反平等主义的衡量标准。这为一种意识形态观点提供了支持,即反对再分配被理解为支持资本主义并拒绝政府干预经济的结果。另一方面,我们没有发现支持一种群体间方法,即类似于歧视,反对再分配被理解为对潜在接受者的有害行为。古典主义指的是对下层社会阶层作为再分配受益者的负面刻板印象,只预测了人际歧视,而没有支持再分配政策。我们得出的结论是,当涉及到经济不平等问题以及如何补救时,再分配政策的关键障碍似乎不在于对其接受者的负面看法,而在于更根本的意识形态反对。
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引用次数: 0
Mobilising ideas in the COVID-19 pandemic: Anti-lockdown actions and the Identity-Deprivation-Efficacy-Action-Subjective well-being model 在COVID-19大流行中动员思想:反封锁行动和身份-剥夺-功效-行动-主观幸福感模型
IF 2.1 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.8351
F. Lalot, Gaëlle Marinthe, Alice Kasper, D. Abrams
We tested how well the Identity-Deprivation-Efficacy-Action-Subjective-wellbeing (IDEAS) model predicts citizens’ intentions to engage in collective action opposing their government, and their subjective well-being. Representative samples from Scotland, Wales, and the county of Kent in England were surveyed during the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020 (N = 1,536). Results largely support our preregistered hypotheses, confirming that the IDEAS model offers a valid explanatory framework for how relative deprivation predicts both collective action opposing one’s government and levels of subjective well-being. In the case of collective action, there were significant effects of collective relative deprivation (cognitive and affective) and collective efficacy on social change beliefs, which in turn positively predicted collective action intentions. The role of national identification was more nuanced, revealing both negative indirect effects via collective efficacy and relative deprivation, and a positive indirect effect via political orientation. Findings also suggest interesting directions for future research on national identification.
我们测试了身份-剥夺-效能-行动-主观-幸福(IDEAS)模型如何预测公民参与反对政府的集体行动的意图,以及他们的主观幸福感。在2020年10月COVID-19大流行期间,对来自苏格兰、威尔士和英格兰肯特郡的代表性样本进行了调查(N = 1536)。结果在很大程度上支持了我们预先注册的假设,证实了IDEAS模型为相对剥夺如何预测反对政府的集体行动和主观幸福感水平提供了一个有效的解释框架。在集体行动中,集体相对剥夺(认知剥夺和情感剥夺)和集体效能对社会变革信念有显著影响,进而正向预测集体行动意愿。国家认同的作用则更为微妙,既通过集体效能和相对剥夺表现出消极的间接影响,也通过政治取向表现出积极的间接影响。研究结果也为未来的国家认同研究提出了有趣的方向。
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引用次数: 0
Stretching the elastic: UK peace activists’ understandings of social change 拉伸弹性:英国和平活动家对社会变革的理解
IF 2.1 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-04-13 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.11497
E. O’Dwyer, Neus Beascoechea Seguí
While much research has been conducted on the antecedents and outcomes of activism, relatively lesser attention has been paid within social and political psychological research to the understandings of people themselves about their involvement in activism or the ways in which they conceptualise social change. Informed by social representations theory, we conducted interviews with UK peace activists, to examine how they made sense of social change dynamics in the context of their activism, and how the beliefs, opinions, and perceptions of other people (meta-representations) were implicated in these understandings. Three themes were developed using reflexive thematic analysis: (1) imagining and enacting an alternative; (2) impression management; and (3) refining the argument. Participants consistently oriented towards meta-representations of militarism in their activism, which was were consequential both for the ways in which activists communicated with and presented themselves to the public. This reflexive orientation was described as a barrier to social change but also a potential source of strength. Findings are discussed in relation to previous theoretical and empirical work.
虽然对行动主义的前因和结果进行了大量研究,但在社会和政治心理学研究中,人们对自己参与行动主义的理解或他们将社会变革概念化的方式的关注相对较少。根据社会表征理论,我们对英国和平活动家进行了采访,以研究他们如何在行动主义背景下理解社会变革动态,以及他人的信仰、观点和看法(元表征)如何与这些理解相关联。利用反身性主题分析,我们开发了三个主题:(1)想象和制定一个替代方案;(2)印象管理;(3)细化论证。参与者在他们的行动中始终倾向于军国主义的元表征,这对活动家与公众沟通和向公众展示自己的方式都是重要的。这种自反性倾向被描述为社会变革的障碍,但也是力量的潜在来源。研究结果与先前的理论和实证工作有关。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of perceived threat and political mistrust on politicized identity and normative and violent nonnormative collective action 感知到的威胁和政治不信任对政治化身份以及规范性和非规范性暴力集体行动的影响
IF 2.1 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-04-13 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.7979
C. Chan, Robyn E. Gulliver, A. Awale, Katy Y. Y. Tam, W. Louis
The present research examined the interplay of social threat and political mistrust on collective action intentions in the context of Hong Kong social unrest. We investigated perceived social threat from a dominant outgroup and mistrust in the political system as two antecedents of politicized identity, and as indirect predictors of intentions to participate in normative and violent nonnormative collective action. Across two studies (Study 1: N = 398; Study 2: N = 200), we found that perceived social threat, political mistrust, and their interaction had positive significant associations with action intentions (Study 1) and an interactive association (Study 2) with politicized identity. Both studies indicated indirect effects of social threat and political mistrust on both normative and violent collective action intentions through politicized identity. Politicized identity and a broader Hong Kong identity were both directly associated with normative collective action intentions. However, only politicized identity was associated with violent collective action intentions.
本研究考察了香港社会动荡背景下,社会威胁和政治不信任对集体行动意图的相互作用。我们调查了来自占主导地位的外部群体的感知社会威胁和对政治体系的不信任,这是政治化身份的两个前因,也是参与规范和暴力非规范集体行动意图的间接预测因素。在两项研究中(研究1:N=398;研究2:N=200),我们发现感知的社会威胁、政治不信任及其互动与行动意图有正相关(研究1),与政治化身份有互动关联(研究2)。这两项研究都表明,社会威胁和政治不信任通过政治化身份对规范性和暴力性集体行动意图产生了间接影响。政治化身份和更广泛的香港身份都与规范的集体行动意图直接相关。然而,只有政治化的身份认同与暴力的集体行动意图联系在一起。
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引用次数: 0
Conspiracy theory vulnerability from a psychodynamic perspective: Considering four epistemologies related to four developmental existential-relational positions 心理动力学视角下的阴谋论脆弱性:考虑与四种发展性存在关系立场相关的四种认识论
IF 2.1 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.8089
R. Webb, Philip J. Rosenbaum
Conspiracy theories command much attention these days. However, the reasons why people come to believe in them is elusive. An overlooked perspective is the developmental one. We propose the importance of looking at the ways our early relationships to “otherness,” authority, and agency inform the different epistemologies or world views that we adopt and, therein, relate to our vulnerability to conspiratorial belief. We describe four existential-relational developmental positions and discuss how these can be paired with a collapsed, crippled, or delimited epistemology or one of wondering.
阴谋论如今备受关注。然而,人们开始相信它们的原因是难以捉摸的。一个被忽视的视角是发展视角。我们提出了研究我们早期与“他者”、权威和能动性的关系如何告知我们所采用的不同认识论或世界观的重要性,并在其中与我们易受阴谋信仰的影响有关。我们描述了四种存在关系发展立场,并讨论了这些立场如何与崩溃、瘫痪或受限的认识论或疑惑论相结合。
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引用次数: 1
From primary to presidency: Fake news, false memory, and changing attitudes in the 2016 election 从初选到总统大选:2016年大选中的假新闻、错误记忆和态度变化
IF 2.1 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.10203
R. Grady, P. Ditto, E. Loftus, L. Levine, R. Greenspan, Daniel P. Relihan
During a contentious primary campaign, people may argue passionately against a candidate they later support during the general election. How do people reconcile such potentially conflicting attitudes? This study followed 602 United States citizens, recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk, at three points throughout the 2016 presidential election investigating how attitudes and preferences changed over time and how people remembered their past feelings. Across political parties, people’s memory for their past attitudes was strongly influenced by their present attitudes; more specifically, those who had changed their opinion of a candidate remembered their past attitudes as being more like their current attitudes than they actually were. Participants were also susceptible to remembering false news events about both presidential candidates. However, they were largely unaware of their memory biases and rejected the possibility that they may have been susceptible to them. Not remembering their prior attitude may facilitate support of a previously disliked candidate and foster loyalty towards a party nominee during a time of disunity by forgetting they ever used to dislike the candidate.
在一场有争议的初选中,人们可能会激烈地反对他们后来在大选中支持的候选人。人们如何调和这种潜在的矛盾态度?这项研究跟踪了602名从亚马逊机械土耳其人招募的美国公民,在2016年总统大选期间的三个时间点,调查了人们的态度和偏好如何随着时间的推移而变化,以及人们如何记住自己过去的感受。在各个政党中,人们对过去态度的记忆受到当前态度的强烈影响;更具体地说,那些改变了对候选人看法的人记得他们过去的态度比实际情况更像他们现在的态度。参与者还容易记住关于两位总统候选人的虚假新闻事件。然而,他们基本上没有意识到自己的记忆偏见,并拒绝接受自己可能容易受到这些偏见影响的可能性。不记得他们以前的态度可能会有助于支持以前不喜欢的候选人,并在不团结的时候通过忘记他们曾经不喜欢候选人来培养对政党提名人的忠诚。
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引用次数: 0
Social invisibility and discrimination of Roma people in Italy and Brazil 在意大利和巴西,罗姆人被社会忽视和歧视
IF 2.1 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.23668/PSYCHARCHIVES.5122
Giannino Melotti, Mariana Bonomo, Julia Alves Brasil, P. Villano
In everyday debates on topics such as cultural differences, it seems relevant to analyze not only institutional conversations or speeches, but also mass-media communications. The way the media portray social events contributes to the construction of our categories of explanation of the world. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the representations of ‘gypsies’ in news articles published in some of the most important national newspapers in Italy and Brazil. Results show that Italian news focuses on the living conditions of Roma people, stereotypes, crimes suffered or attributed to them, and political and cultural debates on the Roma question in Italian cities. Brazilian news indicated themes associated with Roma in the context of artistic-cultural productions (films, soap operas, songs, dances and opera and theatre plays), mentioned with other Brazilian traditional peoples and communities, as well as the death of gypsies during the Nazi period. The paper discusses the processes of social invisibility and the social production of the (re)presentation of cliché images of Roma as a social problem, marginalized in the sphere of public policies and of their fundamental rights.
在日常关于文化差异等话题的辩论中,似乎不仅要分析机构对话或演讲,还要分析大众媒体传播。媒体描绘社会事件的方式有助于构建我们对世界的解释类别。本研究的主要目的是分析意大利和巴西一些最重要的全国性报纸上发表的新闻文章中“吉普赛人”的形象。结果显示,意大利新闻的重点是罗姆人的生活条件、陈规定型观念、遭受或归因于他们的罪行,以及意大利城市中关于罗姆人问题的政治和文化辩论。巴西新闻指出,在艺术文化制作(电影、肥皂剧、歌曲、舞蹈、歌剧和戏剧)的背景下,与其他巴西传统民族和社区提到了与罗姆人有关的主题,以及吉普赛人在纳粹时期的死亡。本文讨论了罗姆人作为一个社会问题,在公共政策和他们的基本权利领域被边缘化的陈词滥调的社会隐形过程和社会生产。
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引用次数: 1
How do those affected by a disaster organize to meet their needs for justice? Campaign strategies and partial victories following the Grenfell Tower fire 那些受灾难影响的人如何组织起来满足他们对正义的需求?格伦费尔塔大火后的战役策略和局部胜利
Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.5964/jspp.8567
Selin Tekin, John Drury

Previous research has shown that disasters often involve a sense of injustice among affected communities. But the empowerment process through which ‘disaster communities’ organise strategically to confront such injustices have not been investigated by social psychology. This study addresses this gap by examining how community members impacted by the Grenfell Tower fire self-organized to demand justice in response to government neglect. Thematic analysis of interviews with fifteen campaigners helped us to understand the strategies of those involved in support campaigns following the fire. Campaigners aimed to: overcome injustice against the government inactions in the aftermath of the fire; empower their community against government neglect; create a sense of community for people who experienced injustice. Community members created a petition calling on the government to build trust in the public inquiry; they achieved their goals with the participation of people from wider communities. We found that reaching out to allies from different communities and building shared social identity among supporters were two main ways to achieve campaign goals. The study suggests ways that empowerment and hence organizing for justice can be achieved after a disaster if campaigners adopt strategies for empowering collective action.

先前的研究表明,灾害往往会让受灾社区产生一种不公正感。但是,社会心理学并没有对“灾难社区”通过战略组织起来对抗这种不公正的赋权过程进行调查。本研究通过研究受格伦费尔大厦火灾影响的社区成员如何自组织起来要求对政府忽视的正义来解决这一差距。对15位活动人士的访谈进行专题分析,帮助我们了解了火灾后参与支持活动的人的策略。活动人士的目标是:克服对政府在火灾后无所作为的不公正;使他们的社区免受政府忽视;为遭受不公正待遇的人创造一种社区意识。社区成员创建了一份请愿书,呼吁政府建立对公众调查的信任;他们在更广泛社区人民的参与下实现了目标。我们发现,接触来自不同社区的盟友和在支持者之间建立共同的社会认同是实现竞选目标的两种主要方式。这项研究提出了一些方法,如果活动人士采取增强集体行动能力的策略,就可以在灾难发生后实现赋权,从而组织正义。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Social and Political Psychology
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