Journal of science and medicine in sport最新文献

Regular engagement in moderate levels of exercise is associated with lower levels of inflammation and benefits cardiovascular and overall health outcomes. However, inflammation in response to exercise, like many natural phenomena, shows a biphasic response (acute elevation and typically more chronic improvement in inflammation) that is related to exercise dose, where dose encompasses exercise intensity, duration, and frequency. General training principles dictate that the optimal balanced exercise dose drives adaptations and performance benefits whilst also allowing for adequate recovery. As we review, whilst data are inconsistent, such balance may also minimise the risk of potentially inducing low-grade chronic inflammation. Beyond total exercise dose, other potential factors that may influence the development of low-grade chronic inflammation in competitive athletes include athlete demographics (in relation to sex, age, and experience), sport modality (endurance or contact sports), and other factors such as comorbid metabolic disorders, autoimmune conditions, and diet. Whilst competitive athletes in general have lower risk of cardiovascular disease, male masters' athletes exhibit more atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, and myocardial fibrosis than those who are more modestly active. Inflammation has been proposed as a possible mechanism driving the development of these cardiovascular conditions in athletes. Understanding the nuances of how exercise dose and athlete type influence the inflammatory response to exercise may help identify athletes vulnerable to developing these cardiovascular conditions.

Objectives: To evaluate the test-retest reliability of a novel laboratory-based protocol for inducing and measuring head acceleration in multiple directions under anticipated and unanticipated conditions.

Design: Laboratory-based test-retest reliability study.

Methods: Thirty physically active adults (50% female) completed standardized head perturbations using a custom-built apparatus. Perturbations were applied in flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation under both anticipated (cervical muscle pre-activation) and unanticipated (no cervical pre-activation) conditions across two sessions conducted within one week. Peak linear head acceleration (g) and rotational head acceleration (rad/s²) were recorded using a motion capture system. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC_3,1), standard error of measurement (SEM%), and Bland-Altman plots.

Results: For anticipated perturbations, both linear head acceleration and rotational head acceleration demonstrated good to excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.75-0.90), with SEM% ranging from 3.52% to 8.54%. For unanticipated perturbations, reliability was within the moderate to good range (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.72-0.85), with SEM% ranging from 3.99% to 11.72%. Bland-Altman plots indicated no systematic differences between sessions and no evidence of heteroscedasticity.

Conclusions: Linear and rotational head acceleration showed moderate to excellent reliability across multiple directions and anticipatory conditions, supporting the utility of this laboratory protocol for head impact biomechanics research. Unanticipated perturbations and rotational accelerations were more variable, likely reflecting the complexity of reflexive and asymmetric neuromuscular responses. Together, these findings provide a methodological foundation for future studies on head impact biomechanics and cervical neuromuscular function.

Objectives: This cross-sectional online self-administered survey aimed to investigate professional referees' experiences of concussion during match-play, and their knowledge of the then-current pre-2022 FIFA Medical Concussion Protocol.

Methods: A 25-question survey was emailed to 200 FIFA-accredited referees, with 83 completed responses being returned.

Results: 75% of referees correctly answered five basic questions pertaining to the Concussion Protocol, but only 52% perceived that their concussion knowledge was appropriate, with 28% of referees reported attending structured education on concussion. Interest in learning more about concussions was high, 95%.

Conclusions: Concussion education tailored to future and current referees should be considered a priority.

Objectives: Comprehensive evidence on the association between the COVID-19 pandemic and the prevalence of physical activity in large-scale datasets was limited. We aimed to investigate national trends in sufficient physical activity over 16 years, focusing on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and variation across population subgroup differences.

Design: This population-based cross-sectional study used data from the Korea Community Health Survey, a nationally representative survey in South Korea conducted annually from 2009 to 2024.

Methods: Based on World Health Organization guidelines, sufficient physical activity was defined as engaging in ≥600 mean metabolic equivalent task-min/week. National trends in prevalence analyzed across pre-(2009-2019), intra-(2020-2022), and post-pandemic (2023-2024) periods by various demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.

Results: Among 3,203,485 Korean adults aged ≥19 years (46.4% [1,484,667/3,203,485] male), the prevalence of sufficient physical activity gradually increased before the pandemic, declined significantly in 2020 (30.68% [95% confidence intervals, 30.40-30.96]), and partially recovered by 2022 (35.96% [35.68-36.25]). Annual mean metabolic equivalent task-min/week followed a similar pattern, decreasing in 2020 and rising in 2022. In the subgroup analysis, most groups recovered to pre-pandemic levels in the prevalence. However, older adults (≥65 years), blue-collar workers, and individuals with low income still showed lower levels of physical activity compared to pre-pandemic.

Conclusions: Although physical activity significantly declined during the COVID-19 pandemic, older adults, blue-collar workers, and low-income individuals have yet to recover to pre-pandemic levels in the post-pandemic period. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to support physical activity recovery.

Objectives: To analyze and predict the temporal and spatial trends of ischemic heart disease burden attributable to low physical activity in adults ≥40 years.

Design: Cross-sectional time-trend analysis combined with Bayesian prediction modeling.

Methods: Using Global Burden of Disease 2021 data, this study explored the burden of ischemic heart disease attributable to low physical activity across regions and countries from 1990 to 2021, analyzing its association with the sociodemographic index. The average annual percentage change of age-standardized mortality rate and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate was calculated to quantify the temporal trends, and the Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort model was used to predict the future burden to 2046.

Results: In 2021, low physical activity-related ischemic heart disease caused 231,001 deaths and 3.83 million DALYs in adults ≥40 years. From 1990 to 2021, the average annual percentage change of age-standardized mortality rate and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate was -1.13 and -1.04, respectively. Females had a heavier burden but it decreased faster. Age-standardized mortality rate and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate showed an inverted U-shaped relationship with sociodemographic index. The projections show age-standardized rates declining and then increasing.

Conclusions: Globally, ischemic heart disease burden attributable to low physical activity remains high in adults ≥40 years, particularly among women, older adults, and low-middle sociodemographic index regions. These groups require targeted interventions. Although age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate and age-standardized mortality rate have declined historically, future increases remain possible.