Journal of science and medicine in sport最新文献

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the trajectories of physical activity among older adults with subjective cognitive decline and explore the determinants influencing these trajectories within a national cohort.

Design: Cohort study.

Methods: We used data from a national cohort called the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and included 1063 participants. The short international physical activity questionnaire was used to measure the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and group-based trajectory modeling was applied to explore the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity trajectories. The predictors were selected based on the social-ecological model. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to identify the predictors of physical activity trajectories.

Results: Our findings reveal three trajectories of physical activity among older adults with subjective cognitive decline: the rapid decline group (10.35 %), stable inactive group (80.62 %), and rapid growth group (9.03 %). Several determinants emerged as significant predictors influencing these trajectories, including age, smoking status, body mass index, number of comorbidities, mobility activities of daily life, marital status, family size, frequency of social activities, and residence.

Conclusions: Our study highlights the predominance of the stable inactive group among older adults with subjective cognitive decline, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. Addressing some modified determinants, such as smoking status, body mass index, number of comorbidities, mobility activities of daily life, family size, frequency of social activities, and residence is crucial for promoting physical activity in this population.

Objective: To describe the injury epidemiology of the Australian women's professional football (soccer) league (A-League W) over 7 consecutive seasons.

Design: Prospective observational cohort study.

Methods: Match-loss injury data was collected from each A-League W club (n = 8-9) for each competition round (n = 12/season) over 7 seasons (2013/14-2019/20). Data was collected by the head physiotherapist in each club based on the governing body regulations and after initial familiarisation with collection methods. Injuries were collected weekly through a standardised protocol for all clubs and were classified by setting, mechanism, severity, the type and location on the body based on club, round and season. Generalised Linear Models were used to estimate the injury incidences (injury/round/season), whilst rate ratios were reported for total injuries and within abovementioned injury classifications for the change between seasons.

Results: Injury incidence rate ranged between 0.68 (95 % CI: 0.27-1.74) and 1.17 (95 % CI: 0.59-2.34) injuries/match/round across the 7 seasons analysed. There was no significant change over time in injuries by occurrence (i.e. match, training or other), mechanism (contact or non-contact), type or region. The most common injuries were joint and ligament injuries (0.24 (95 % CI: 0.05-1.17)-0.85 (95 % CI: 0.38-1.91) injuries/round/season), ankle injuries (0.13 (95 % CI: 0.02-0.95)-0.41 (95 % CI: 0.13-1.32) injuries/round/season) and non-contact mechanisms (0.48 (95 % CI: 0.18-1.27)-1.07 (95 % CI: 0.52-2.2) injuries/round/season).

Conclusions: Injury incidence trends did not show a significant change over the seven seasons of the A-League W reported here. Key areas of concern for female players remain injuries to the ankle, thigh and knee. Whilst specific to the Australian environment, these outcomes provide further understanding of the type and rate of injury trends in female footballers.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is prevalent in sport however the risk associated with their use in athletes is not well-understood. This review discusses the pharmacology of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the prevalence of their use in different sports and factors driving this. Use is very high in sports such as professional football and is sometimes by routine without indication and without medical supervision. However there is a paucity of evidence in other sports. There is good evidence for use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs following an acute injury but they may prevent normal tissue healing and remodelling if used longer term for musculoskeletal injuries. There are well-known risks of cardiac, gastrointestinal and renal side effects but little specific data for athletes. Renal events are discussed in detail including the cumulative effect that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, dehydration and concurrent illness can have to produce significant renal and systemic insult. We then discuss a pragmatic prescribing model enabling clinicians to utilise the beneficial effects of these medications whilst minimising risks.

Objectives: This study assessed the test-retest reliability of athletic performance tests in a cohort of trained Norwegian female handball players, as well as a sub-analysis of the test-retest reliability for naturally menstruating players.

Design: Eighteen handball players (naturally menstruating: n = 8) completed performance test batteries on three separate occasions.

Methods: The performance test battery included: a 1-repetition Smith machine back squat, maximal handgrip strength tests, counter-movement jumps, squat jumps, a modified agility T-test, and 15-m linear sprints. For the naturally menstruating players, the testing sessions were completed at three hormonally-distinct points within a menstrual cycle (i.e., early follicular, ovulation, and mid-luteal phases). Reliability statistics (intraclass correlations, standard error of measurement, minimum difference, and coefficient of variation) were calculated for each performance test.

Results: Good-to-excellent test-retest reliability was found for all performance measures (intraclass correlation_2,1 point estimates = 0.82 to 0.94), although max squat jumps were somewhat lower (intraclass correlation_2,1 = 0.75 [95 % confidence interval = 0.55, 0.88]). Subgroup analysis for naturally menstruating players also revealed consistently high reliability values for all tests (intraclass correlation_2,1 point estimate = 0.83 to 0.74).

Conclusions: These reliability data support the periodic use of selected athletic tests in routine handball assessments, in order to identify changes in sporting performance and monitor player progress. As test reliability does not appear to be influenced by the menstrual cycle phase, coaches and sports practitioners may schedule testing sessions for all athletes, without concern of a confounding effect from menstrual phases.

Objectives: To evaluate if the tackler correctly adhering, or not, to four different instructions of legal front-on one-on-one torso tackles altered the tackler and/or ball carrier peak inertial head kinematics.

Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: Fifteen rugby-code players measured with three-dimensional optoelectronic motion capture performed two tackle instructions from the Australian National Rugby League coaching manual on under (Dominant National Rugby League) and over (Smother National Rugby League) the ball tackles, and two novel variants of these (under, Dominant, Torso Stick; over, Smother, Pop, Lock). A series of mixed general linear models identified if the tackler adhering (n = 455), or not (n = 139) to the tackle instructions altered peak inertial head kinematics.

Results: The tackler's peak inertial head kinematics did not significantly change whether or not they adhered to each of the tackle instructions. When the tackler did adhere to the instructions, the ball carrier sustained a lower peak inertial head kinematics (p < 0.01) in the Smother National Rugby League tackle but higher peak inertial head kinematics in the Smother, Pop, Lock.

Conclusions: The ball carriers' inertial head kinematics but not the tacklers were increased when the tackler adhered to this study's variants of the over and under the ball tackle instructions, suggesting that the tacklers were more effective in their tackle performance than the traditional tackle instructions when adhering to the tackle instruction. Greater adherence to the under the ball instructions suggests that the over the ball instruction is a more challenging technique to learn.

Purpose: To compare patient-reported outcomes between acute ligamentous ankle injuries 1) without anterior syndesmosis involvement and 2) with anterior syndesmosis involvement (without clinical instability).

Study design: Prospective cohort study.

Methods: Between September 2016 and December 2020 all athletes (≥18) with an acute ankle injury presenting within 7 days post-injury were screened for eligibility. Athletes were excluded if imaging demonstrated a frank fracture or 3T magnetic resonance imaging could not be acquired within 10 days post-injury. Athletes with unstable syndesmosis injuries or athletes who underwent surgery within 1-year post-injury were excluded. Athletes underwent criteria-based rehabilitation and functional outcomes (Karlsson & Peterson score, Foot and Ankle Outcome Score) were assessed at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year.

Results: A total of 94 athletes were included. In 28 athletes (30 %) the anterior syndesmosis was injured. In the first six weeks post-injury, median Karlsson & Peterson score improved from 37 (interquartile range 20.5-49) to 80 (interquartile range 70-90) for the group without involvement versus 35 (interquartile range 25-62) to 82 (interquartile range 72-87) for the group with involvement. FAOS sports improved similarly in both groups. No statistically significant between group differences in functional outcome scores were observed at six weeks, six months and 1 year follow-up.

Conclusions: In athletes, acute ligamentous ankle injuries with involvement of the anterior syndesmosis ligament (without clinical instability) are not associated with worse functional outcome at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1-year post-injury compared to acute ligamentous ankle injuries without involvement.

Objectives: To describe the acute effects of exercise on the morphology, mechanical properties and blood flow of the Achilles tendon, as measured with ultrasound.

Design: Systematic review of cohort studies.

Methods: Seven electronic research databases were systematically searched for exercise intervention-based studies reporting morphology, mechanical properties and blood flow of the Achilles tendon, as measured with ultrasound.

Results: Searches revealed 2460 possible articles and 35 satisfied the inclusion criteria. There is evidence that eccentric heel drops resulted in a reduction in the diameter and cross-sectional area of the tendon whilst running/stretch-shortening cycle activities did not result in a change. The latter did not affect tendon mechanical properties. Tendon blood flow was consistently increased in response to exercise.

Conclusions: The acute response of the Achilles tendon to exercise showed an increase in blood flow and a reduction in diameter following heel drop exercises. Exercise modes were relevant since eccentric and isometric loading resulted in a greater response in the tendon. Activities like running and hopping placing specific demands on the tendon's spring function resulted in a minimal change in tendon morphology and no change in mechanical properties.